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	Sixth Emeritus Faculty Lecture Honoring John Howland Rowe
		Chavin is the modern name of a small town located in a fertile valley on the northeastern slope of the main range of the Peruvian Andes at an altitude of 3,135 meters (about 10,200 feet).
		Chavin Phase D should be at least in part contemporary with the fourth and fifth phases of the Paracas sequence at Ica.
		Chavin art is basically representational, but its representational meaning is obscured by the conventions which govern the Chavin style and, in many cases, by the fact that representational details are not expressed literally but in a figurative or metaphorical fashion.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /ANTH/emeritus/rowe/pub/chavin/index.html (10990 words)

	Bulletin No.3
		In addition, the Kotosh site enabled identification of the several cultural phases which followed the Chavin culture and the chronological sequence of all the cultures from the pre-ceramic period to the Formative period which had not previously been known for the highland area was ascertained.
		Moreover, the origin of the Chavin culture is naturally related to the investigations into the various cultures which preceded the Chavin culture and therefore those investigations into pre-Chavin cultures which aim at definition of Kotosh and the surrounding area and the research into the temple culture of the pre-ceramic period have an extremely important meaning.
		Amongst these, the Kotosh Period culture was situated stradgraphically directly beneath the Chavin culture and at the same time we could recognize the existence of several special cultural elements which were connected with the Chavin culture.
	www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp /publish_db/Bulletin/no03/no03003.html (1335 words)

	Top Literature - Chavín culture
		The Chavín culture represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes.
		Chavin cult first stimulated the use of techniques of producing elaborate cotton textiles, the manufacture of large, light, and strong fishing nets from cotton string, and the discovery of techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy.
		However, priestly classes probably were not present, since complex societies and cities began to arrive only after the disappearance of the Chavín.
	encyclopedia.topliterature.com /?title=Chav%C3%ADn_culture (532 words)

	Chavin
		The Chavin culture existed in what is known today as the modern state of Peru.
		The Chavin culture started in a time period called the Early Horizon in about 400 BC, although many elements of the culture can be traced back about 1,000 years before its start.
		Chavin art bears some resemblance to Olmec art suggesting that there may have been some degree of influence between the two cultures.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/chavin.html (487 words)

	Archaeological Sites
		At an elevation of 3,150 m., Chavin de Huantar was situated at the bottom of Cordillera Blanca’s eastern slopes, approximately halfway between tropical forests and coastal plains.
		At the intersection of major routes, Chavin de Huantar was in the position to control the routes, increase their exchange with others, and receive goods that were not natural to their area.
		Chavin sculpture is seen in the tenoned heads that decorated the Temples and the carved ashlars.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/sites/chavindehauntar.html (712 words)

	Untitled Document
		Chavin de Huantar is located in Conchucos passageway, in the highlands of Ancash region, where Pukcha and Wacheqsa rivers join together at 10,433 feet over the sea level between the white and the fl mountain range.
		The cultural influence of Chavin and its cult expanded through the north until Cajamarca and Lambayeque and by the south up to Ayacucho and Ica, some researchers point that maybe they even reached the jungle.
		In Chavin, the priests, devoted to the study of the natural conditions and the religious administration, accomplished to concentrate the power, this is why the established a theocratic system.
	www.perutourism.com /newsletter2/chavin.htm (504 words)

	Chavin
		The Chavin culture existed in what is known today as the modern state of Peru.
		The Chavin culture started in a time period called the Early Horizon in about 400 BC, although many elements of the culture can be traced back about 1,000 years before its start.
		Whatever the parallels that Chavin art had with other civilizations we can be sure that art played a big role in the lives of the people of Chavin.
	emuseum.mnsu.edu /prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/chavin.html (487 words)

	GOLD \| American Museum of Natural History
		This hammered gold vessel with its distinctive stirrup-shaped neck was made by the goldsmiths of the Chavín culture of Peru that flourished between 900 and 200 BC.
		Cultures such as Moche, Sicán (Lambayeque) and Chimú on present-day Peru's north coast used gold in life and after.
		In the region that became present-day Colombia, a number of separate cultures developed distinct styles and used a wide range of metalworking techniques.
	www.amnh.org /exhibitions/gold/golden/sweat.php (1085 words)

	Chavín culture - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This Early Horizon civilization is believed to have developed around 900 BCE and died out around 200 BCE.
		The Raimondi Stela from the Chavín Culture, Ancash, Peru
		Chavín culture, Achievements, Art, Religion, See also, External links, Andean civilizations, History of Peru, Pre-Columbian cultures, Prehistory and Indigenous peoples in Peru.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Chavin_culture (587 words)

	Eat Healthy. Live Happy. - Chavin: And the Origins of the Andean Civilization
		They are one of the oldest civilizations and laid the cultural foundations of all later Peruvian civilizations.
		The Chavin culture is also known for its beautiful art and design, says Dr. Burger, but the Chavin were also innovative with metallurgy and textile production.
		An important factor of the Chavin culture is its art, which can seem very puzzling to the untrained eye.
	www.valuerecipes.com /index.php/trade/productinfo/ASIN/0500278164 (573 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Chavín de Huantar
		The city's location at the head waters of the Marañon River, between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods.
		Chavín de Huantar was initially built by the Chavín, a pre-Moche culture, around 900 B.C. The site consists of two main structures, the Old Temple and New Temple.
		The population in the surrounding areas grew from about 500 in its initial phase to nearly 3,000 around 400-200 B.C. Several droughts occurred at the time of the occupation of Chavin de Huantar, leading to the increased travel of pilgrims and traders.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Chavin_de_Huantar (530 words)

	Peru : History
		Further complicating matters is the fact that, as one culture succeeded a previous one, it imposed its values and social structure on the vanquished but also assimilated features useful to it, making distinction among some early cultures exceedingly difficult.
		The Chimú were the dominant culture in Peru before the arrival and expansion of the Incas, and they initially represented a great northern and coastal rivalry to the Incas.
		Other cultures that thrived during the same period were the Chachapoyas, who constructed the impressive Kuélap fortress in the northern highlands, the Ica (or Chincha) south of Lima, and the altiplano (high plains) groups that built the finely crafted chullpa towers near Puno and Lake Titicaca.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=814&catID=0814020044 (2484 words)

	PRECOLUMBIAN Unit I Review
		Although the Chavin culture is more often pictured as a synthesizer than as an innovator, it remains the earliest, truly great civilization of Peru and the consolidator of deities and artistic motifs which were to endure for hundreds of years to come.
		Chavin also was the source of the earliest goldwork of South America, ca.
		Chavin ceramics have been found not only at Chavin de Huantar, but at a number of northern coastal valley sites as well.
	infinity.cos.edu /art/strong/module/precol5a/cenandes/default.html (1654 words)

	Visiting Peru - Destination Guide - Chavin de Huantar
		The road to Chavin is one of the Sacred Ways of ancient Peru and we, hundreds of years later, get ready to arrive before those same Gods.
		It is believed that it was due to the fact that it guaranteed the success of the harvests, thanks to the forecast of natural phenomena (the economy of the ancient Peruvian societies was mainly based on farming), and with it the continuity of their Nation.
		Due to the latter it is presumed that the Chavin Culture practised human sacrifices.
	www.peruvianembassy.us /visiting-peru-destination-guide-chavin-huantar.php (1403 words)

	THE DEITY OF SKY: ONE WAY TO INTERPRET THE MOCHE ICONOGRAPHY
		As the Moche culture belongs to the Early Middle Period, the existence of the deity with staves is somewhat problematic as well.
		As the Moche culture is one of the most important successors and inheritors, and as the impact of the Chavín culture on the material culture of Mochica is unquestionable, it is in fact surprising that the deity with staves as a mythological character has not yet been discovered in the Mochican religion.
		The culture of Recuai coincides in time with the late period of the Chavín culture and it was located in the coastal as well as the mountainous region of North-Peru.
	haldjas.folklore.ee /folklore/vol10/sky.htm (2385 words)

	chavin culture
		The Chavín culture is the name of a cultural group in Peru, now thought to have been primarily a religious cult, dated from about 400-200 BC.
		The Chavin culture is names after the old town of Chavin de Huantur and began in Peru about 1200 B.C. The Chavin culture possesses certain distinctive Old...
		As a result, the phase of the Chavin culture in this area and the existence of various pre-Chavin cultures were clarified.
	www.startupaudio.it /search/Chavin-culture.htm (277 words)

	Chavin de Huantar » TravelBlog Archive » The Muddy-Pants Diaries
		Chavin de Huantar is known as, up til now at least, the earliest Peruvian culture… the mother of all the pre-Columbian cultures, like the Cajamarca, Ica, Nazca cultures to the north and the south.
		Chavin was built near the confluence of 2 major rivers.
		The culture was a peaceful culture, as none of the inscriptions uncovered were about war or trophy head decapitations or whatever.
	blogs.bootsnall.com /trisha/?p=141 (1523 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Chav
		The culture was based on the ceremonial centre of Chavín de Huantar, high in the Andes 280 km (175 miles) north of Lima and spread for hundreds of miles along the Peruvian coast.
		Peru A country on the Pacific coast of South America, bounded by Ecuador and Colombia on the north, Brazil and Bolivia on the east, and Chile on the south.
		Recognition of the Chavín Culture is based on similarities in architectural...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Chav (960 words)

	THE ENIGMA OF WHISTLING WATER JARS
		Both of these cultures are developments of the previous Valdavia style of the same region (Feldman and Mosely1978), which in turn show influences from earlier Amazonian styles.
		Similar whistling vessels were made in the Chavin culture of northern Peru as early as 800 BC (see figure 1).
		If the images depicted on the ceramics of these preColumbian cultures were thought to have the ability to exert power through contact with the deity they represented, then how natural it must have been to give that deity a voice through which to speak in the form of a whistling vessel.
	home.eckerd.edu /~ransombc/enigmaofwhistlingwaterjars.htm (1919 words)

	Chavin De Huantar - A Legacy Dating Back to 2000 B.C. - What's New - Peru
		Chavin de Huantar was never cut off from the other cultures around it, some of them quite far away.
		However, later research determined that although Chavin was not the cradle of Peruvian culture, it was, however, one of the most important manifestations of our civilization, since it heavily influenced all future cultures.
		The presence of Chavin culture was also important in the high forest, as evidenced by the ceramics found in the Amazonian region.
	www.enjoyperu.com /peru_travel_tours_information/enjoy_peru_whats_new/chavin-de-huantar-a-legacy-dating-back-to-2000-bc.html (920 words)

	Offerings to the Andean Gods
		In the Lima culture of the central coast, scarce discoveries of Spondylus princeps are registered in circular and rectangular bead forms, but it is not represented in the iconography.
		In this sense, both for the quantity and for the representations, it is a notorious difference to that of the Moche culture.
		Of the revision of the evidence, we arrive at the conclusion that for the period of the Regional Developments, the north coast of Peru was linked in a very near way to the areas of the Ecuadorian coast and habitat of the species of the molluscs here pointed out.
	www.manandmollusc.net /peru2.html (2945 words)

	PERU Culture & Tradition
		These works are just some of the cultural manifestations of a people who communicate mainly through art, using a language whose fundamental aspects are abundance, fertility and confidence in the future.
		The Paracas culture (700 BC) rose to power along the south coast, and was to craft superb skills in textile weaving.
		The culture was led by military authorities in the coastal valleys, such as the Lord of Sipan.
	www.pie-peru.com /en/texts/peru-culture-tradition.html (1442 words)

	PreInca and Inca Cultures
		The known Pre-Inca cultures include the Chavin Culture, the Paracas Culture, the Moche Culture, the Nazca Culture, the Tiahuanacu Culture, the Huari Culture, and the Chimu Culture.
		The Chavin Culture from 1200 to 200 BCE arose in the Andean highlands of north central Peru around the same timeframe as the Olmecs in Central America.
		The Paracas culture from 1100 to 200 BCE developed along the southern Peruvian coastline where the winds and the sea temperatures have created a natural haven for birds and thousands of species of marine life.
	www.blessingscornucopia.com /Peru_Peruvian_Ancient_Civilization_PreInca_and_Inca_Cultures.htm (680 words)

	Chavin
		Based on the funding of IRG's Cultural Preservation Fund, a Chavinese team of young Peruvian conservators, which received training in Lima and Trujillo in artifact conservation at the National Museum, completed cataloging 1,200 artifacts, 3-400 of which are potential museum-class.
		Above: Chavin sculptures and carved stones are found in the tool shed of local community homes and strewn across the floor in collapsing storage structures and left in the open without proper security, cataloguing or conservation.
		The National Institute of Culture of Peru (INC) is the national organization dedicated to the diffusion of the culture.
	www.globalheritagefund.org /where/chavin.html (4042 words)

	EXCEL Spanish Language Centre - Information about Peru
		The South American Indian cultures in the Central Andes evolved from these early settlements of the third millennium BC to culminate almost four thousand years later, in the network of cities, roads and state installations built and managed by the Inca Empire.
		Chavín de Huántar was the first large-scale regional culture and developed in the north central highlands of the upper Marañon Valley around 900 B.C. This Chavín culture quickly spread over the area now comprising the Peruvian departments of Ancash, Lima, Huánuco, and adjacent regions.
		The centuries that followed the decline of Chavín influence were marked by the florescense of many strong regional cultures culminating around the turn of the millennium in the rise of two of Peru’s best known pre-Inca societies: Moche on the north coast and Nazca in the south.
	www.excel-spanishlanguageprograms-peru.org /english/peru.html (1300 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their culture is contemporary with Mycenae and the Trojan War, with the spread of the Aryans through northern India and with the Shang dynasty in China.
		A succession of highly developed cultures, all strongly influenced by the traditions of their predecessors, follows in the same two limited regions of the continent - in central America (also known as Mesoamerica) and in the strip of land between the Andes and the Pacific.
		These are the very ancient Maya, and the relatively upstart dominant cultures of the time, the Aztecs and the Incas.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/histories.asp?pid=ezv&nid=ab05 (269 words)

	Chavín de Huántar, Peru
		Tello developed an elaborate theory that Chavín de Huántar was the launching pad for all of Peru’s advanced cultures.
		During its peak from 400–200 b.c., the Chavín culture spread across Peru as far as Ayacucho in the south and Cajamarca in the north.
		Chavín was Peru’s first pan-Andean culture and set the stage for the Tiahuanaco, Wari, and Inca states.
	www.moon.com /planner/peru/mustsee/chavin_huantar.html (624 words)

	Resources for
		Culturally, the Chibcha resembled the Inca; they practiced farming with the aid of an extensive system of irrigation, wove cotton cloth, and worked gold with a high degree of skill, although they were ignorant of the use of copper and bronze.
		This culture developed in the valleys of Chancay and Chillon, but they extended their influence to Huaura (to the north) and to the right margin of the Rimac river to the south.
		Current Brazilian expansion into the Amazon, however, threatens the physical and cultural survival of the Amazon tribes, as diseases brought by outsiders decimate the indigenous populations, and mineral exploration and highway construction destroy tribal hunting grounds.
	www.xmission.com /~amauta/southamerica.htm (2676 words)

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