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Topic: Chechnia

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	Bülent Gökay, Russia and Chechnia: A Long History of Conflict, Resistance and Oppression
		He was said to be able to jump twenty-seven feet, he could sever the butt of a rifle with one blow of his kindjal, and he was once seen to cleave a Cossack horseman to the saddle in one cut.
		The war in Daghestan and Chechnia was a religious war, not a political movement, neither a national liberation struggle.
		From 1928 to 1936 and from 1940 to 1944, the history of Chechnia was an almost uninterrupted succession of rebellions, uprisings, punitive counter-expeditions, individual terrorism, and religious fanaticism.
	www.alternativesjournal.net /volume3/number2/gokay.htm (4587 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS Journal of Social and Political Studies
		What is happening in Chechnia has consequences for the security of wider Europe and the international community therefore has an obligation and a responsibility to act.
		The Russian authorities justified the military campaign against Chechnia in 1994 with the threat posed by Chechnia as a bastion of “crime and lawlessness.” The campaign of 1999 was initially justified by the threat posed by terrorism emanating from Chechnia.
		No serious negotiations on the status of Chechnia, as prescribed in the Khasaviurt agreement, took place, since both sides were stuck in their positions and were not open for compromises.
	www.ca-c.org /journal/eng-04-2000/14.jons.shtml (744 words)

	Chechen Republic - History - THE CHECHENS AND THE INGUSH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		According to the Soviet Union's Constitution of 1936, the territory (krai) of the North Caucasus consisted of the autonomous regions (oblast) of Cherkessia, Adyghe and Karachay, and the autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Ossetia, Chechnia- Ingushetia and Daghestan.
		In 1785, Mansur Ushurma, a Chechen from Aldy, assumed the title of imam of all the Caucasian Mountaineers, a move which effectively united all the tribes of the North Caucasus: the Chechens, the Ingush, the Daghestanis, the Ossetians, the Cherkess and the Kabardians.
		It is important to stress two characteristics of the social development of the Chechen-Ingush people which contributed to the intense conflict between the forces of the conquerors and the conquered.
	chechen.8m.com /history/avtorh.html (2925 words)

	Sufism In chechnya
		The new tariqat enjoyed an immediate and spectacular success especially in Chechnia, in the Avar country and in northern Daghestan, that is in the areas where the war effort had been particularly strong and where the Russian pressure had been especially severe.
		In 1862-62 a wave of unrest swept over Chechnia, and early January 1864 the Russian authorities, frightened by the fast growing number of Qadiriya murids and convinced that a new revolt was unavoidable, arrested and deported Kunta Haji and several dozen of his murids.
		He was released in 1957 and returned to Chechnia where he again assumed the leadership of his brotherhood.
	members.aol.com /QADIRNAGAR/Sufi2.html (3178 words)

	International Community and Strategies for Peace and Stability in and around Chechnya: Comments on Contributions
		The aim of the military operations in Chechnia was to quell Chechen separatism.
		But he is the legitimate president of Chechnia, elected by the Chechen population in January 1997, in an election organized by the assistance of OSCE and confirmed as “free and fair” by approximately 200 international observers.
		Shortly before the military operations in Chechnia were stepped up in mid September 1999, Prime Minister Putin denounced the legitimacy of the Chechen president and unilaterally abrogated the August 1996 Khasaviurt Agreement, bringing the previous Russian-Chechen war to an end.
	www.caucasus.dk /publication7.htm (991 words)

	SIA CHECHENPRESS \|\| NEWS \|\| A.-KH. Sadulaev: "Chechen people will never become the slave of Russia" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		But today in Chechnia a political authority if to speak about the President who is also Supreme commander in chief of Armed forces of the country, is the international standard.
		But in Chechnia and in the next republics from the beginning of the Second russian-Chechen war invaders not only profane Korans, but also take away any Islamic literature, naming it vakhabists, tear and burn books, tramble down their legs.
		The reasons of distribution of war from Chechnia in other regions of Northern Caucasus are those, it continues to be distributed and today.
	www.chechenpress.co.uk /english/news/2005/09/14/01.shtml (7777 words)

	CA&CC Press® AB
		Therefore, the Russian policy toward Chechnia from 1991 and particularly from 1994 has been governed by the assumption that all national republics of the Russian Federation and, particularly, those in the Northern Caucasus are prone to separatist tendencies.
		I would argue that the strongest incentive for independence in Chechnia was the common assumption that as long as Chechnia remains a subject of Russian and not international law its population is not immune against Russian punitive policies (just as the ones that we are witnessing now).
		In this respect, I believe that the military operation that has led to huge scale destruction and victimized the whole population of the republic is unlikely to strengthen the long term trust between the leadership of the national republics and Federal Center.
	www.ca-c.org /dataeng/b2-11.zelk.shtml (798 words)

	Fine-Art.com - Community - 200 year conflict putin call to fame -10yrs ->40,000 children slaughtered no less - black ...
		The brutal war carried out by the Russian army and security forces for over 10 years in Chechnia has fuelled the growth of separatist movements, increasing the desperation of the local people and driving layers of young people towards Islamic radicalism and suicide bombing.
		One is struck by the repetition of the same remedies and mistakes in the military and political field for the last two hundred years.
		The continuation of the war against Chechnia is indispensable for Putin's regime for two main reasons.
	dart.fine-art.com /aqd-asp-im_90299-buy-m.htm (1186 words)

	Russia's war on Chechnia
		The brutal assault of the Russian army on Chechnia is another step in the descent of the whole post-Soviet society towards capitalist barbarism.
		We have said long ago that the process of restoration of capitalism and integration of the former USSR into the world capitalist system is bound up with the destruction of the economies and cultures of the peoples of the former Soviet Union.
		The recent article in the Trotskyist newspaper, the International Workers Bulletin correctly stated that the primary concern of both the Moscow warlord Yeltsin and of the local warlord Johar Dudayev is neither the principle of the unity of Russia or the self-determination of Chechnia.
	web.mit.edu /fjk/Public/essays/chechnia.html (1757 words)

	SECURITIZATION OF REGIONAL POLITICS IN RUSSIA: INTEREST GROUPS PERSPECTIVES
		The capabilities of regions to accommodate the troops pulled out from abroad were directly influencing the schedule of evacuation and, hence, the state of Russian relations with the countries under consideration.
		In the ethnically divided regions (Dagestan), as well as in those where the power on the regional level is either paralyzed (Chechnia) or unstable (Karachaevo-Cherkessia), traditional institutions of local self-government play important security functions in terms of preventing civil wars and atrocities.
		In particular, the principle of “delayed decision” in Chechnia was proposed by the “Hague Initiative” and later implemented in the Khasaviurt Agreements signed by Alexander Lebed with the rebels in 1996.
	www.policy.hu /~makarychev/eng11.htm (8613 words)

	Caucasus Foundation
		As a titular nationality amounting to nearly 90 per cent of the republic's population, the problems of Chechnia are significantly different from those of other republic.
		The Chechens were led by Sheikh Mansur in an uprising in 1785 and fought the Russians during the Caucasian War of 1817-64 in the leadership of Imam Shamil.
		Chechnia was occupied by Russia in 1858 and many residents were exiled to the Ottoman Empire in 1865.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /english/bgkafkas/bukaf_cec.html (1023 words)

	F.A.Q.
		Chechnia or Chechen republic is also considered to be a part of Russian Federation but it is not safe to go there.
		In a few words Chechnia is not a region with criminals but a region-state with feudal society.
		Chechnia war has no effect more then 100 km round range.
	www.elbrus.org /eng1/faq1.htm (3063 words)

	The Long View
		They actually withdrew from Chechnia for a while in the 1990s, after attempts to suppress the separatist movement failed.
		The Russians probably would have reconciled themselves to an independent Chechnia, or at least might have negotiated a new status for the country within the Russian Federation.
		The pacification of Chechnia is an appalling undertaking on all sides, but negotiation is not an option.
	www.johnreilly.info /30Oct02.htm (1077 words)

	SIA CHECHENPRESS \|\| PRESS \|\| A.Idigov: "Nobody has the right to change the Constitution of CHRI" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In this connection, "unrecognized" Chechnia was considered to be a starting point from which the former empire should revive.
		In Chechnia nobody has the right to change Constitution of CHR-Ichkeria, this right belongs only to the Chechen people to decide which is necessary under condition of its free will.
		As we know, Chechnia since 1991 is not a part of the failed Russian empire - the USSR, and to new Russian Federation - Russia has no any relation, as did not sign the agreement - the federal contract (March, 31, 1992) about formation of this state.
	chechenpress.co.uk /english/news/2005/08/01/05.shtml (6348 words)

	Review of Tombstone of Russian Power
		After charting out the origins and the course of the war, the bulk of the book concentrates on the elements of the Russian defeat (the collapse of state power; the weakness of patriotism, the Cossacks, and Russian diasporas) and the Chechen victory (the legacy of history; the social and cultural strengths of the Chechen nation).
		Dudaev’s radical nationalism was a product of the collapse of state power in Chechnia; it was rhetoric designed to compensate for his lack of real state authority.
		If Russia is ever to be an imperial threat again, according to Lieven, the lessons of Chechnia tell us that it will have to be born by a new type of Russian nationalism and national identity.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /GENOCIDE/reviewsw21.htm (965 words)

	Chechen-Russian wars
		This story about one year of the war in Chechnia is the confession of a Russian officer, and a participant in this war.
		Chapter I "Prehistory of the conflict in Chechnia" gives details on how General Dudaev got arms and what kinds of arms he obtained, and how much weapons were left in Chechnia.
		According to the author, a professor of history in the Makhachkala branch of the Russian Humanities University, Wahhabism, a sectarian doctrine, developed because of social tensions and religious intolerance, is characterized by extreme politicization and instrumentally used by certain interested parties.
	www.panrus.com /books/category.php?langID=1&catID=60 (878 words)

	russiaenemy
		The generation of Chechens who received Soviet education was replaced by a generation of Chechens who have been socialized under the banner of Islam and who have spent almost all of their lives in war-torn villages amid the notorious “mopping up” procedures of the hungry and demoralized Russian troops.
		Andrei Kuraev, a known professor of Orthodox theology and a publicist, straightforwardly regarded the war between Russia and Chechnia as a confrontation between the agricultural and nomadic civilizations.
		Contrary to the previous terminology, which described the conflict as a war between Russia and Chechnia, Kuraev suggested that the Chechens, as an ethnic group, were at war with the Russians.
	www.msu.edu /~shlapent/russiaenemy.htm (9214 words)

	Russian Chechnya, Chechnia map, Chechnya war and Russia, war in Chechnya with Russia, Russia Chechnya, map of Chechnya, ...
		Russian Chechnya, Chechnia map, Chechnya war and Russia, war in Chechnya with Russia, Russia Chechnya, map of Chechnya, Chechnya conflict on RussiansAbroad.com
		The Republic of Chechnya, located on the north slope of the Caucasus Mountains within 100 kilometers of the Caspian Sea, is strategically vital to Russia for two reasons.
		In 1995 and early 1996, Grachev's inability to obtain a favorable outcome and continued disarray in top command echelons indicated that he had lost control of the military establishment.
	www.russiansabroad.com /russian_history_330.html (918 words)

	AGAINST RUSSIA'S WAR IN CHECHNIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since September 11, Russian President Vladimir Putin justified his army's brutal policies in Chechnia using the same language that was used by President Bush.
		There are recent suggestions that there may be a quid pro quo between the US and Russian administrations, with Russians providing general support to American-led campaign against "international terrorism" and the Western world turning a blind eye from a brutal Russian occupation in Chechnia.
		Russia's war of attrition in Chechnia has killed tens of thousands of civilians, and destroyed and depopulated much of the small north Caucasian republic.
	www.tbns.net /keele/chech.html (7202 words)

	Military Issues (General)
		It contains documents on Chechnia collected by MVD, the Defense Ministry, and other government bodies, and represents their version of the events in Chechnia in 1991-95.
		This analytical report focuses on the military aspects of the war started by the federal Russian government in Chechnia in December 1994.
		Chapter I "Prehistory of the conflict in Chechnia" gives details on how General Dudaev got arms and what kinds of arms he obtained, and how much weaponry was left in Chechnia by the Soviet army.
	www.panrus.com /books/category.php?langID=1&catID=56 (614 words)

	Sufism in Chechnyia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The order, which took the name "Kunta Haji tariqat" in the Caucasus, practiced the loud zikr as opposed to the silent zikr of the Naqshbandis, with ecstatic dances, songs and later even music, all practices forbidden by Shamil and the Naqshbandiya.
		but recent Soviet sources reveal that three years later, after the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush population, guerilla fighting was still going on in the higher mountains of Chechnia, Ingushetia and eastern Ossetia.
		He [the leader of the querrilas] was captured only in 1947 by Soviet troops and condemned to ten years imprisonment.
	www.naqshbandi.net /haqqani/sufi/sufis_chechen.html (3235 words)

	[No title]
		Now many ask: ´´Why did separate figures, that times in Chechnia, create staffs for the cancellation of the functioning constitution?´´ It was clear, that there was no higly conditions for free expression of opinion by the people and if the authority had given in to this, it would have lost its legitimacy.
		And if were entered, under any kind, the international (western) forces, for future detachment Chechnia it would look at them, as the consent of the Kremlin to disorder of Russian Federation - Russia, not speaking that is lost there would be a fight for revival of Great Russia.
		We read further: ´´the own state caused by democratization through a transition period of several years of the international guardianship that will result in realization of legitimate aspirations of the Chechen Republic should be offered to Chechen people and will allow the Chechen society to recover from accident of last decade´´.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /absoluten/showarticle.php?articleID=1271 (5891 words)

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