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Topic: Chelmno Land

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	Chelmno Land - Definition, explanation
		Chelmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chełmińska, German: Kulmerland, Kulmer Land, Culmerland or Culmer Land) is the old land in the turn of Vistula, between Vistula, Drweca and Osa rivers with main city in Chełmno; (Kulm), now in central Poland.
		In 10th century Chelmno Land (south of the Osa River) was inhabited by the lekhitic tribes of Kuyavians and Masovians.
		In the Middle Ages Chelmno Land was a subject to constant raids of the pagan Prussians.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ch/chelmno_land.php (516 words)

	Chelmno Land - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chelmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chełmińska, German: Kulmerland, Kulmer Land, Culmerland or Culmer Land) is the old land in the turn of Vistula, between Vistula, Drweca and Osa rivers with main city in Chełmno (Kulm), now in central Poland.
		In 10th century Chelmno Land (south of the Osa River) was inhabited by the lekhitic tribes of Kuyavians and Masovians.
		In the Middle Ages Chelmno Land was a subject to constant raids of the pagan Prussians.
	secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Chelmno_Land (553 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chelmno
		Chełmno is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capitol of Chelmno Land also known as Kulmland.
		The town of Chelmno together Chelmno Land was part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after Thirteen Years' War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of Chelmno Voivodship.
		Chelmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chełmińska, German: Kulmerland, Kulmer Land, Culmerland or Culmer Land) is the traditional name for a district around the city of Chełmno, in north-western Poland.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chelmno (1191 words)

	culmerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Culmland or Chelmno Land - (Polish: Ziemia Chelminska, German: Kulmerland) is a traditional name for the district around the city of Chełmno (German: Kulm or Culm) in northern Poland.
		Chelmno and Toruń (then called Thorn), at the Vistula river and north of the Drwęca river, lay on the border with Masovia.
		Poland was able to recover this land in 1466 after the Thirteen Years War against the Teutonic Knights, when the Second Treaty of Thorn placed it under the Polish crown as a part of Royal Prussia.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Culmerland.html (503 words)

	Chełmno - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chełmno (-Polish, German: Kulm) is a town in northern Poland with 22,000 inhabitants (1995) and the historical capital of Chełmno Land.
		In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Chełmno Land (Kulmerland).
		Chełmno and Chełmno Land were part of the Teutonic Knights' state until 1466, when after the Thirteen Years' War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of Chełmno Voivodship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chelmno (342 words)

	Chełmno Land - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chełmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chełmińska, German: Kulmerland) is a historical region in central Poland bounded by the Vistula and Drwęca rivers.
		In the 10th century Chełmno Land was inhabited by the Lechitic Kuyavian and Masovian tribes.
		In the Middle Ages Chełmno Land was subject to to constant raids by the pagan Prussians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chelmno_Land (492 words)

	Wikipedia: Chelmno
		The first written mention about Chelmno is known from a document allegedly issued in 1065 by Polish duke Boleslaus I of Poland for the Benedictine Monastery in Mogilno.
		The town of Chelmno together Chelmno Land was part of Teutonic Knights state untill 1466, when after Thirteen-Year-War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland.
		Between 1807 and 1815 Chelmno was part of Duchy of Warsaw.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/c/ch/chelmno.html (163 words)

	CheÅmno - miasto zabytkÃ³w i zakochanych
		Chelmnoâ¦ the city of the enamoured; the publication was commissioned by the Chelmno City Council in 2004.
		Chelmno, published by ZET in Wroclaw, commissioned by the Museum of the Chelmno Land, 2003, 44 colour photographs of Chelmno, at the back - descriptions of the monuments in Polish and German.
		The Museum of the Chelmno Land, a leaflet published to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the establishing of the museum, published by the Museum of the Chelmno Land, 2003.
	www.chelmno.pl /main/index2.php?id_linku=241&lang=en&p=ti&kiosk= (2185 words)

	PGSA - Slownik Geograficzny Terms
		Chelmno law - charter defining terms under which towns were incorporated in Prussia, Pomerania and Mazovia.
		It was originally a full-sized farm a peasant received from his lord, in return for work on the lord’s land.
		In Malopolska the Franconian lan was used, 23-28 hectares; in Mazovia and Podlasie the Chelmno lan was 16.8-17.0 hectares; and in the Kingdom of Poland the New Polish wloka was about 16.8 hectares.
	www.pgsa.org /towns/SlownikTerms.htm (1231 words)

	Polish History - Part 2
		The system of the princely law, of the strongly centralized authority in the hands of the dynasts, the dependence of the magnates on the prince, was eroding under the impact of a gradual feudalization of social relations.
		The Teutonic Knights, invited by the Mazowsze Prince, Konrad, to settle in the Chelmno Land, then conquered the lands of the Prussians and later, starting with the early 14th century, turned their expansion towards Poland.
		The Poles were beaten in the battle of Legnica and Henry the Pious of Silesia was killed, yet Poland preserved her independence, avoiding the fate that had befallen Ruthenia when it was conquered by the Mongols.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history2.htm (869 words)

	Grand Duchy of Poznan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1817 Chelmno land was moved to West Prussia.
		The land is mostly flat, drained by two major watershed systems; the Notec (German: Netze) in the north and the Warta (German: Warthe) in the center.
		Ice Age glaciers left moraine deposits and the land is speckled with hundreds of "finger lakes", streams flowing in and out on their way to one of the two rivers.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/g/gr/grand_duchy_of_poznan.html (1408 words)

	Thirteen Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The main contributors were from the gentry of Culmer Land, from Thorn, Culm and from the Hanseatic cities of Elbing and Danzig.
		The Teutons were able to capture another city, Klajpeda, but their offensive in other directions was stopped by the burghers of Toruń and of Chelmno Land,.
		Teutons were raiding the Polish lands and enjoying quite a few successes (for example, komtur of Chojnice, captured for a few months one of the Polish cities in northern Greater Poland).
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Thirteen_Years'_War (5107 words)

	Chelmno
		It is not related to Chelmno concentration camp, which was located near a much smaller village of the same name, Chełmno nad Nerem.
		The town of Chelmno together Chelmno Land was part of Teutonic Knights state until 1466, when after Thirteen Years' War Chełmno was incorporated back into Poland and made the capital of Chelmno Voivodship.
		At these times the city was part of the Hanseatic League.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/c/ch/chelmno.html (227 words)

	Sambians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sambians were an Old Prussian tribe inhabiting land of Sambia, north of the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad).
		The other three dioceses, arranged by the papal legate William of Modena, were Pomesania, Warmia and Chelmno Land.
		According to a legend, Sambia, like the other Prussian lands was named for a son of Widewuto or Waidewut, named Samo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sambians (134 words)

	Story of the Chelmno Baby
		Chelmno is all about the story of a small infant, murdered sixty years ago, his remains unearthed and then buried properly only recently.
		It was with anger that I stood beside the baby’s grave, and it was with sadness that I left it.
		All that we have left, I suppose, is to find some comfort in the knowledge that many attended the baby's funeral and that he now rests close to his parents.
	www.paulasays.com /articles/about_poland/story_of_the_chelmno_baby.html (852 words)

	Royal Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Royal Prussia (Polish: Prusy Królewskie, German: Königliches Preussen) was a Polish province formed from the western part of the Lands of the Teutonic Order following the Thirteen Years War or "War of the Cities".
		The resulting war ended in October 1466 with the Second Treaty of Toruń, which provided for the Order's cession to the Polish crown of its rights over the western half of Prussia, including Gdańsk Pomerania, Elbląg, Malbork (Marienburg) and Chełmno (Kulm) districts and the bishopric of Warmia.
		The eastern part of Prussia remained under the rule of the Order and its successors, until 1660 under Polish suzerainty as a Polish fief, becoming the Duchy of Prussia in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg adopted Lutheranism and secularised his land as its hereditary ruler.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Royal_Prussia (325 words)

	Regions of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chelmno Land or Culmland (Polish: Ziemia Chemiska, German: Kulmerland, Kulmer Land, Culmerland or Culmer Land) is the traditional name for a district around the city of Chelmno, in north-western Poland.
		It is located on the right bank of the Vistula river, from the mouth of the Drweca (German Drewenz) river to Chelmno.
		In the Middle Ages Chelmno Land was a subject to constant raids of the pagan Old Prussian.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Regions-of-Poland (480 words)

	VisitTorun.pl
		They were just Teutonic Knights who came to the lands by the lower Vistula River and immediately after crossing the River from Kuiavia to the Chelmno Land established their first fortified town.
		Following the negotiations in 1228 he gave the Order the Chelmno Land as a fief for the time until the conquest was over.
		The Chelmno Charter, after had been adjusted to the local conditions, was a very favourable adaptation of the German statutes.
	www.visittorun.pl /index.php?strona=7 (792 words)

	Chelmno - Brick Gothic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chełmno — spread picturesquely over nine hills on the Chelmno highlands — is the former capital of the historic Chelmno Land lying between the three rivers Wisla (Weichsel), Drweca (Drewenz) and Osa (Ossa).
		Thanks to the relic of St. Valentine, which has been housed in the Chelmno parish church for centuries, the feast of St. Valentine, the 14th February, is celebrated each year in Chelmno, the “town of lovers.”
		Chelmno becomes the seat of the first commandery of the Teutonic Order, the Chelmno or Kulm Commandery.
	www.eurob.org /en/cities/welcome/index.php?city=Chelmno&language=en (558 words)

	physics - Origins of Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The land extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lakes district was called "Prussia" by its Polish neighbours in the 10th century AD.
		People inhabiting those lands from at least the 5th century BC spoke a variety of languages belonging to the western branch of the Baltic language group, whose modern representatives are Latvian and Lithuanian.
		In 1243, the Papal legate William of Modena divided Prussia into four bishoprics, Chelmno Land (Ziemia Chelminska, Kulmerland), Pomesania, Warmia (Ermland), and Sambia under the archbishopric of Riga.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Origins_of_Prussia (785 words)

	Chelmno Things To Do - Travel Guides - VirtualTourist.com
		On the territory of convent complex probably Chelmno's oldest object is situated - Mciwoj tower.
		Chelmno Town Hall is situated in the centre of old town (market) square.
		Today museum of Chelmno Land is in the town hall.
	www.virtualtourist.com /travel/Europe/Poland/Chelmno-502887/Things_To_Do-Chelmno-BR-1.html (712 words)

	Baltic Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The land extending from the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to the Masurian Lakes district wascalled "Prussia" by its Polish neighbours in the 10th century.
		People inhabiting those lands from at least the 5th century BCEspoke a variety of languages belonging to the western branch of the Baltic language group, whose modern representatives are Latvian and Lithuanian.
		It is notknown when and how the first general names came into being in the lands that did not have a tribe name tradition such asPomesania, Pogesania or Sasinia in the western peripheries of the Prussian settlements.
	www.therfcc.org /baltic-prussia-271140.html (742 words)

	Tierra De Chelmno (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chelmno y Torun descansan en el río de Vistula.
		En la 10ma tierra de Chelmno del siglo (sur del río de Osa) fue habitado por las tribus lekhitic de Kuyavians y de Masovians.
		En edades del centro la tierra de Chelmno era a conforme a incursiones constantes del Prussians pagan.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/ti/Tierra%20De%20Chelmno.htm (562 words)

	Celtic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Every time Polish land was captured, the population was massacred, and Germans were brought to live in the captured lands.
		The Poles and Lithuanians realised they were not strong enough to oppose the terror which the knights visited on the far fringes of their land, and had to bear the invasions and insults in silence.
		But the same happened in the lands occupied by the Teutonic Knights, assembling from the farthest reaches of their territory, and from France and England and Holland as well.Both sides understood that a titanic battle would follow.
	www.geocities.com /religion75/celtic.html (7070 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Royal Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During the war, the Prussian Confederation, led by the cities of Gdansk (Danzig), Elblag (Elbing) and Torun (Thorn) and gentry from Chelmno Land rose (February 1454) with Polish support against the Order's rule.
		The eastern part of Prussia remained under the rule of the Order and its successors, until 1660 under Polish suzerainty as a Polish fief, becoming the Duchy of Prussia in 1525 when the Order's Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg adopted Lutheranism and secularised his land as hereditary ruler.
		Royal Prussia included Eastern Pomerania (Pomeranian Voivodship), Chelmno Land, Malbork Voivodship, Gdansk, Torun and Elblag.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Royal_Prussia (311 words)

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