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	energy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Chemical energy is a special kind of potential energy; it is the form of energy involved in chemical reactions.
		The chemical energy of a substance is due to the condition of the atoms of which it is made; it resides in the chemical bonds that join the atoms in compound substances (see chemical bond).
		The average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules is measured by the temperature of the body.
	www.bartleby.com /65/en/energy.html (671 words)

	Potential energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chemical potential energy is slightly different, at least in its macroscopic manifestation: it is the energy that is available for release from chemical reactions (for example, by burning a fuel).
		Gravitational potential energy is the energy that would be released if an object in a gravitational field (such as the earth's gravitational field) were allowed to fall from its current position to a given reference level (such as the surface of the earth).
		Chemical energy is a form of potential energy related to the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chemical_energy (2289 words)

	Lesson 1-6 Energy and Chemical Reactions
		Energy is usually defined as "the ability to do work." In this definition, the term work is not being used like we use it in English.
		Energy is not always found in a convenient form, so many of man's inventions are designed to transform one type of energy to another.
		These chemical changes, which were introduced to you in lesson 1-5, are always accompanied by a change in energy.
	www.fordhamprep.org /gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson16.htm (1117 words)

	Energy forms and definitions, kinetic energy and potential - basic energy concepts for teachers and students - from ...
		is the energy contained in a moving mass or in a moving particle (a particle is a tiny bit of matter).
		Energy is being transferred, by the process of heat flow, from his body to the surrounding water.
		In fact temperature in a gas is often described (not defined!) as the average kinetic energy of all the atoms and molecules in the gas.
	www.ftexploring.com /energy/enrg-types.htm (2190 words)

	Energy: Experiment 1
		Energy is the rearrangement of chemical and nuclear bonds to achieve a more stable state.
		Chemical energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules.
		Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy, which is proportional to the average velocity, of all the molecules in a certain vicinity.
	matse1.mse.uiuc.edu /~tw/energy/d.html (1192 words)

	Energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, electrical energy stored in a battery, the chemical energy stored in a piece of food (along with the oxygen needed to burn it), the thermal energy of a water heater, or the kinetic energy of a moving train.
		Similarly, gravitational potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of moving water (and the blades of a turbine) in a dam, which in turn is transformed into electric energy by a generator.
		Energy can be transformed into matter and vice versa, although both energy and matter continue to exhibit rest mass throughout any such process (thus in a closed system, conversion of matter to energy or energy to matter makes no difference in the system mass).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy (6232 words)

	Energy: Glossary
		binding energy: energy contained in holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom or holding the atoms together in a molecule.
		energy efficiency: the amount of energy extracted from a system divided by the amount of energy put into the system in order to recover the energy.
		geothermal energy: energy from the inner core of the earth; specifically from hot, molten rock pushing through to near the surface of the earth heating the water.
	matse1.mse.uiuc.edu /~tw/energy/glos.html (1818 words)

	Chemical Energy
		It is obvious that the amount of energy released in a chemical reaction is related to the amount of reactants.
		In this case, the energy source came from chemical reactions instead of at the expense of internal energy described in the previous module.
		Endothermic reactions absorb energy, and in all cases, the energy is supplied from another source, in the form of electrical energy, heat or light.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c120/chemener.html (1777 words)

	Classroom Energy - All About Petroleum - What is energy? - American Petroleum Institute (API) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This heat energy is, in turn, captured in the form of steam and used to drive a turbine generator, creating kinetic energy.
		The energy content of a fuel is measured in terms of the heat it can generate.
		One Btu is the amount of energy required to raise the heat in one pound of water by 1°F. 100,000 Btu is called a Therm.
	www.classroom-energy.org /teachers/energy_tour/pg1.html (724 words)

	Science Experiments: Chemical Energy \| Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Whether heat energy is given off or absorbed during a chemical reaction depends on the bonds that hold the atoms together.
		When the bonding structure of the products requires less energy than the bonding structure of the reactants, the excess energy may be released as heat.
		The chemical reaction of rusting breaks the bonds in the oxygen molecules, releasing heat energy.
	science.enotes.com /science-experiment/chemical-energy (695 words)

	ippex online
		Energy is often defined as "the ability to do work," and Energy makes the world go around, you might say.
		The unit of energy with which you are probably most familiar is the calorie.
		There are many different states of energy: nuclear energy, chemical energy, potential and kinetic energy, to name a few.
	ippex.pppl.gov /interactive/energy (208 words)

	Chemical Energy
		The energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule is called chemical energy.
		To break the bond requires energy -- in chemical language it is called endothermic.
		ATP is the molecule used by life to carry chemical energy.
	www.historyoftheuniverse.com /chemener.html (214 words)

	The Energy Story - Chapter 5: Stored Energy and Batteries
		Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be saved in various forms.
		Some of that heat energy is the energy that is flowing through the circuit.
		This energy is stored in the plant cells is used by the plant to grow, repair itself and reproduce itself.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter05.html (753 words)

	Chemical Energy Summaries
		Further, chemical modification methods are coupled with structural and spectroscopic measurements, such as synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy and scattering, solid- state NMR spectroscopy and imaging, laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry, high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, and small angle neutron scattering, to probe coal structure, in particular, the large molecular building blocks.
		Chemical kinetics models based on elementary reaction rate parameters are being developed to describe the mechanisms in the plasma, on the surface, and at the plasma-surface interface where excited molecules, radicals, ions and electrons interact with adsorbates on the catalyst surface.
		Chemical equilibria under study are ionization-ion association, metal complexation, metal ion hydrolysis, solubilities, volatilities, and adsorption reactions.
	www.er.doe.gov /production/bes/chm/96sumbook/ceon.html (6168 words)

	Scientific Forms of Energy
		Energy is found in different forms, such as light, heat, sound and motion.
		Sound is produced when a force causes an object or substance to vibrate——the energy is transferred through the substance in a wave.
		Energy changes form, but the total amount of energy in the universe stays the same.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/science/formsofenergy.html (918 words)

	Chemical Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chemical energy is the greatest source of energy used by man. From flashlight batteries to commerical airlines, it is the energy released from chemical reactions that power our economy.
		Heat energy is absorbed when the ammonium and nitrate ions break apart leaving the liquid mixture cold, which feels nice on a twisted ankle.
		The total amount of energy released in a known reaction can be calculated very accurately from tables of molecular bonding energy found in many chemistry texts.
	www.uvi.edu /Physics/SCI3xxWeb/Energy/ChemicalEnergy.html (1290 words)

	Chemical Energy (1/24/00)
		Chemical energy is the energy stored in molecules by virtue of the arrangement of atoms with the molecule.
		Energy, in all its forms, must be conserved in a chemical transformation.
		Since the Energy and Enthalpy are very closely related, and the Enthalpy changes during a typical chemical reaction are much easier to measure, Enthalpy is a widely used quantity to gauge the 'internal chemical energy content' or 'ability to provide heat' for chemical substances.
	itl.chem.ufl.edu /2045_s00/lectures/lec_6.html (1073 words)

	Process Engineering \| Use it or Lose it: Chemical Industry Energy Consumption \| Chemical Processing
		One of the chemical industry’s biggest—and most misunderstood—business opportunities is the recovery of income lost to energy waste.
		• Energy management is a process, not a project. Sure, engineering hardware projects are part of the solution. But energy-smart behaviors, folded into standard operating procedure, represent about 30 percent of potential energy savings.
		The barriers to industrial energy efficiency include lack of awareness, lack of cross-departmental cooperation, outdated accounting techniques, restrictive budget and financial criteria, lack of management accountability, lack of resources, and complacency. We will take up a spirited discussion of these in next month’s column.
	www.chemicalprocessing.com /articles/2005/501.html (354 words)

	Chemical Bonding
		A chemical bond is a mechanism that is used to chemically combine atoms.
		Inversely, bond energy corresponds to the amount of energy that is required to break a bond.
		The energy term corresponds to the energy released, or bond energy.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/bonding/bonding.html (798 words)

	energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Therefore energy is a prerequisite for chemical reactions.
		However the sum of the potential abnd kinetic energy is the same throughout the ball's dropping history.
		Molecular of chemical energy can mean several things: Chemical bonds are a source of energy, the movement of molecules in space is kinetic energy, the vibrations and rotations of molecules is another soource of chemical energy.
	www.iun.edu /~cpanhd/C101webnotes/matter-and-energy/enrgy.html (224 words)

	Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Energy is everywhere in nature-sunlight, wind, water, plants, and animals.
		Energy is always changing from one kind to another.
		Chemical reactions that give up heat energy are called exothermic reactions.
	www.nyu.edu /pages/mathmol/textbook/energy.html (403 words)

	Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Though activation energy is, of course, required to get this reaction started, ultimately there is a net gain in energy from the reaction… it is an exergonic reaction
		This is the (chemically available) energy that exists within, for example, the food you eat is associated with electrons locked into chemical bonds.
		Indeed, one can think of the energy required to drive forward the endergonic dehydration synthesis reaction as energy that becomes trapped in chemical bonds and is associated with electrons that are now farther from atomic nuclei than they otherwise might have been (in fact, were).
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/campbl09.htm (1649 words)

	Energy/chemical reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chemical reactions may be viewed in terms of the amount of energy rrequired by the reaction at various stages.
		In these diagrams, the total amount of energy, both kinetic and potential in the chemicals involved in the reaction is plotted as a function of time.
		Chemical reactions can be classified into two types depending on whether or not the chemical products of the reaction have more or less energy than the chemical starting material.
	staff.jccc.net /pdecell/metabolism/energyhill.html (271 words)

	The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Chemical Engineering: Energy, Conservation and Efficiency
		The BSD funds research and analyses on liquid and gaseous fuels produced from dedicated energy crops such as grasses and fast-growing short-rotation trees.
		Describes the research focus for studies of alternate energy, energy conservation, and HVAC in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A University.
		Describes the Department's mission, plans, organizational structure, etc. Provides links to energy related Information Services; Information of high current interest; Announcements of new home pages, databases, etc.; References to the Department's declassified information; and OPENNET which locates and organizes qualitative information about renewable energy and energy efficient technologies.
	www.che.ufl.edu /www-che/topics/energy.html (967 words)

	SolarPACES Home Page
		Additional uses include environmentally benign technologies in fields such as detoxification of chemical wastes and energy storage which are aimed at the medium to long term.
		The International Energy Agency (IEA), founded in 1974 is the energy forum for industrialized countries.
		An important function of the IEA is the promotion of enhanced international collaboration on energy research and the development and application of new and efficient energy technologies.
	www.solarpaces.org (1010 words)

	Chemical Energy Equivalents
		The human body converts the chemical energy from food into mechanical energy and body heat.
		Firewood is the major source of energy in many parts of the world.
		You can change the number of kilowatt-hours at the top of each page and see how the energy equivalents change in response (press [Tab] after you've made your change to recalculate the other values on the page).
	www.wattsonschools.com /calc-chem.htm (321 words)

	Department of Energy - Chemical Science
		The Department of Energy’s Office of Science provides support in the broad chemical sciences for basic research in atomic, molecular and optical science; chemical physics; photochemistry; radiation chemistry; physical chemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; analytical chemistry; separation science; heavy element chemistry; geochemistry; geophysics; and physical biosciences.
		This research seeks to understand chemical reactivity through studies of the interactions of atoms, molecules, and ions with photons and electrons; the making and breaking of chemical bonds in the gas phase, in solutions, at interfaces, and on surfaces; and energy transfer processes within and between molecules.
		Ultimately, this research leads to the development of such advances as efficient combustion systems with reduced emissions of pollutants; new solar photo conversion processes; improved catalysts for clean and efficient production of fuels and chemicals; and better separations and analytical methods for applications in energy processes, environmental remediation, and waste management.
	www.energy.gov /sciencetech/chemicalscience.htm (156 words)

	ITP Chemicals: OIT Times: Chemical Industry's Energy Use Profiled in New OIT Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		OIT recently published a new report titled, nergy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Chemical Industry./i> Joining a list of four similar reports for the aluminum, steel, metalcasting and petroleum refining industries, the document provides benchmark energy use and pollution emissions data based on several DOE, EPA and other official reports.
		It an excellent reference for chemical engineers and others working in, selling to, buying from or otherwise engaged with the chemical industry.
		Six chemical production processes that offer the greatest opportunity for energy-use reductions are identified in the report.
	www.eere.energy.gov /industry/chemicals/news_detail.html/news_id=7758 (192 words)

	CSC: Chemical & Energy
		In a rapidly evolving global marketplace, chemical, energy and natural resources companies have an opportunity.
		Chemical companies face aggressive global competition, high energy prices and growing environmental and regulatory pressures.
		Read our chemical, energy and natural resources case studies here.
	www.csc.com /industries/chemicalenergy (117 words)

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