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Topic: Chemical rocket

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	Rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine.
		A chemical reaction is initiated between the fuel and the oxidizer in the combustion chamber, and the resultant hot gases accelerate out of a nozzle (or nozzles) at the rearward facing end of the rocket.
		Rockets must be used when there is no other substance (land, water, or air) or force (gravity, magnetism, light) that a vehicle may employ for propulsion, such as in space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rocket (1640 words)

	Rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust from within a rocket engine.
		Rockets are also used for deceleration, to transfer to a lower-energy orbit, for example to enter into a circular orbit from outside, to de-orbit for landing, for the whole landing if there is no atmosphere (e.g.
		Modern rockets were born when, after receiving a grant in 1917 from the Smithsonian Institution, Robert Goddard attached a de Laval nozzle to a rocket engine's combustion chamber, doubling the thrust and enormously raising the efficiency, giving the real possibility of practical space travel.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Rocket (1591 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Most satellites have simple reliable chemical rockets (often (additional info and facts about monopropellant rocket) monopropellant rockets) or (additional info and facts about resistojet rocket) resistojet rockets to keep their station, although some use (additional info and facts about momentum wheel) momentum wheels for (additional info and facts about attitude control) attitude control.
		The total of a vehicle can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and is the (additional info and facts about specific impulse) specific impulse of the rocket.
		A rocket engine accelerates its reaction mass by heating it, producing hot high-pressure (A fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely) gas or (Colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended) plasma.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sp/spacecraft_propulsion.htm (4662 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have experimentally used ion thrusters with some success (a form of electric propulsion).
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by its area expansion ratio—the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rocket_engine (3276 words)

	[No title]
		A rocket does much the same, except that the cold gas is replaced by the much faster jet of glowing gas produced by the burning of suitable fuel.
		Rockets that do not have the hollow core must be ignited at the lower end of the propellants and burning proceeds gradually from one end of the rocket to the other.
		The major components of a chemical rocket assembly are a rocket motor or engine, propellant consisting of fuel and an oxidizer, a frame to hold the components, control systems and a cargo such as a satellite.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec03.html (3310 words)

	Rocket Thrust
		Chemical rocket engines use the combustion of propellants to produce exhaust gases as the working fluid.
		Chemical rocket engines do not typically rely on the surrounding atmosphere as a source of oxygen.
		Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps used to move the fuel and oxidizer, and you usually load the fuel and oxidizer into the rocket just before launch.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktth1.html (920 words)

	NASA Quest > Space Team Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The fuel of a liquid-propellant rocket is usually kerosene or liquid hydrogen; the oxidizer is usually liquid oxygen.
		As a basic principle of rocket flight, it can be said that for a rocket to leave the ground, the engine must produce a thrust that is greater than the total mass of the vehicle.
		Up to a point, bigger rockets can carry more payload than smaller rockets, but when they become too large their structures weigh them down too much, and the mass fraction is reduced to an impossible number.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/teachers/rockets/rocketry.html (3796 words)

	Rocket Article, Rocket Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rockets have also been used for landing on the Moon, in the descent stage of the Apollo LunarModule.
		Because the pressures on the rocket walls are lower, the use ofrockets in warfare preceded the use of the gun, which required a higher level of metal technology.
		Modern rockets were born when, after receiving a grant in 1917 from the Smithsonian Institution, Robert Goddard attached a de Laval nozzle to a rocket engine's combustion chamber, doubling the thrustand enormously raising the efficiency, giving the real possibility of practical space travel.
	www.anoca.org /rockets/aircraft/rocket.html (1057 words)

	Chemical Rocket Launcher
		Unfortunately, rocket launchers remain expensive and prone to failure due to temperature extremes, enormous heat flux in the throat of the thrust chamber, severe vibration, low reliability of high-performance turbopumps, and the use of corrosive and flammable chemicals.
		Small rocket engines are usually pressure-fed, which means that there is no pump and the pressure in the fuel tank and the oxidizer tank is high enough to deliver the propellants to the combustion chamber.
		Solid rocket in tube is a solid propellant rocket which burns on the outside and flies inside a steel tube or a tunnel.
	www.islandone.org /LEOBiblio/SPBI101.HTM (4216 words)

	AEI: September 1995, Rocket Function
		In a rocket that you can buy at a hobby shop, the power comes from a solid fuel with an integrated oxygen source, the gas is the product of burning that fuel, and the nozzle is formed by packing in the solid fuel.
		The most powerful chemical rockets ever built were just slightly more than adequate to the task of taking men to the moon and back.
		The engineers who became advocates of nuclear rocket propulsion were sometimes derided by their peers as being "stargazers." However, their decision to pursue nuclear rocket engines was based on a clear-headed, numerically-based approach to technology.
	www.atomicinsights.com /sep95/rocket.html (870 words)

	PERMANENT - Transportation - Chemical Rockets
		Rockets are the main propulsion system man has used in space to date.
		The fuel burn is a chemical reaction between a "fuel" and an "oxidizer".
		A good theoretical discussion of the performance of various chemical rocket propellants is given in a paper titled The Power to Go Beyond by the NASA Lewis Research Center, and discusses some lunar (and Martian) propellant alternatives.
	www.permanent.com /t-rocket.htm (1675 words)

	Propulsion Division Progress Report: April 7, 1998
		An analysis was conducted to compare the mass of propellant needed for a chemical rocket to that needed for a nuclear rocket.
		Based on the earlier research conducted in chemical rockets, a chemical rocket would not be able to reach the velocity changes needed without using an enormous amount of propellant.
		This is because chemical rockets use propellants with higher molecular weights than the propellants of nuclear rockets.
	mmae.iit.edu /~MAE442/propprg5.htm (515 words)

	Rocket Fuel Chemical Found in Breast Milk of Women in 18 States
		A toxic component of rocket fuel has been found in breast milk of women in 18 states and store-bought milk from various locations around the country.
		The chemical is present in the Colorado river, which provides water to Los Angeles, Phoenix and Las Vegas and is used to irrigate 70 percent of the nation's lettuce crops, according to the Environmental Working Group, which studied the problem in 2003 in cooperation with scientists at Texas Tech.
		Also in January, a study out of Russia claimed children near Kazakhstan's Baikonur Cosmodrome, where rockets are launched, are twice as likely to require medical attention as other children in the region.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/050224_rocket_fuel.html (684 words)

	Chemical Rockets
		Summary: The oldest and most primitive type of rocket propulsion are chemical rockets, in which two or more chemicals are mixed together to produce a powerful chemical reaction.
		Rockets were of greater utility in low gravity worlds like Luna and Mars.
		In fact, their cheapness, robustness and (with the less exotic propellants) reliability made them very easy to manufacture by robot factory or autofab during the middle interplanetary age, and they remained the standard short range transport right up until the nanoswarm crisis, and again during the First Federation period.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/chemical.html (792 words)

	ABC News: Rocket Fuel Chemical Found in Organic Milk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		WASHINGTON Nov 30, 2004 — The government has found traces of a rocket fuel chemical in organic milk in Maryland, green leaf lettuce grown in Arizona and bottled spring water from Texas and California.
		The greens had 71.6 parts per billion of the compound, the primary ingredient in solid rocket propellent.
		That was lowered to 6 ppb in drinking water to account for the chemical also lacing food, Mayer said.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/wireStory?id=293356 (517 words)

	Lecture #29: Chemical Rockets
		Chemical rockets will almost certainly play a major role in space operations for the foreseeable future.
		When the total kinetic energy of the rocket and its exhaust are taken into consideration, the highest efficiency occurs when the exhaust is equal to the instantaneous rocket velocity, as shown in the figure at right.
		Assuming that a rocket nozzle is designed to be most efficient part way along the rocket's flight path, explain the effects reducing efficiency before and after this point.
	fti.neep.wisc.edu /~jfs/neep533_lect41_chemRkt_99.html (914 words)

	Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia
		This raises the concern as yet unreported in the press that Milosevic may be planning to use or threatening to use, as a last resort, chemical weapons in Kosovo or in greater Serbia, especially if NATO ground troops enter the conflict.
		The development of chemical agents and weapons in the former Yugoslavia began in the late 1960s.
		According to a public document, "Yugoslav Army Involvement With Chemical Weapons," prepared by the Yugoslav Federal President's office in September 1991, thousand of rockets for the 262mm multiple rocket launcher system, were produced with chemical weapons warheads filled with phosgene and BZ.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/serbia/cw (730 words)

	Panel: Rocket Fuel Chemical in Water Is Safe
		11, 2005 - A chemical found in rocket fuel and present in drinking water supplies across the United States is less dangerous to humans than federal regulators had previously thought, according to a report released Tuesday by the National Research Council (NRC).
		A panel of experts advising the NRC has concluded that perchlorate, a water-soluble chemical found in armaments and fireworks, is safe for human consumption at approximately 20 times the dose previously set by the Environmental Protection Agency.
		Officials began widespread testing for perchlorate after it was found in drinking water and soil in California in the 1980s.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/99/105168.htm (417 words)

	Space Exploration Technology: Space Exploration and Nuclear Propulsion
		Because there is a limited energy release in chemical reactions and because a thermodynamic nozzle is being used to accelerate the combustion gases that do not have the minimum possible molecular weight, there is a limit on the exhaust velocity that can be achieved.
		Early rocket scientists got around this problem by building a rocket in stages, throwing away the structural mass of the lower stages once the propellant was consumed.
		Nuclear propulsion systems have the ability to overcome the Isp limitations of chemical rockets because the source of energy and the propellant are independent of each other.
	www.astrodigital.org /space/nuclear.html (2331 words)

	Dangers of Rocket Fuel Chemical Downplayed (washingtonpost.com)
		A chemical from rocket fuel that has seeped into drinking-water supplies nationwide is safe at higher doses than federal environmental officials had concluded, according to a report released yesterday.
		The chemical, perchlorate, can be ingested safely at doses more than 20 times those deemed safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, an expert panel convened by the National Academy of Sciences concluded.
		The conclusion was praised by defense contractors facing potentially billions of dollars in cleanup costs but denounced by environmental activists, who accused the Defense Department, defense industry and White House of exerting undue influence on the panel.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A63761-2005Jan10.html (565 words)

	Rocket fuel chemical found in mothers' milk - Women's Health - MSNBC.com
		LUBBOCK, Texas - A toxic chemical used in rocket fuel was found in virtually every sample taken in a new study of nursing mothers' milk, but researchers said it is too early to know whether the perchlorate levels are dangerous.
		While the chemical occurs naturally, the National Academy of Sciences has said most of the contamination is from its use in rocket fuels, fireworks and explosives.
		In dairy milk, all but one of 47 samples had detectable levels of the chemical.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7025323 (639 words)

	Titan Rocket Booster - Chemical Soup on the Grand Banks :: Canadian Democratic Movement :: Alternative News Media on ...
		It is used as a rocket fuel, typically with nitrogen tetroxide as the oxidizer, with which it ignites on contact.
		Not only did it make a good rocket fuel, there were also indications that it made a good fertilizer, but there were problems.
		For one, it's quite unstable-- the chemical plant in which it was being manufactured had several very thick concrete walls separating the various stages of the process, in hopes that an explosion would only wreck part of the plant.
	www.canadiandemocraticmovement.ca /modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=659 (1245 words)

	Newborns exposed to rocket fuel chemical, study finds
		A study from Texas Tech University indicates that nursing mothers may be passing perchlorate, a chemical linked to thyroid problems, through breast milk to their young charges.
		Perchlorate contamination is common at sites scattered throughout the nation; the chemical is used in rocket fuel and other aerospace applications.
		Nursing mothers could inadvertently be feeding their newborns nearly twice the recommended safe amount of perchlorate, a key ingredient of rocket fuel, according to a new study from Texas Tech University.
	www.newstarget.com /005390.html (1132 words)

	ARTICLE: Rocket fuel chemical found in lettuce, organic milk (The Virginian-Pilot - HamptonRoads.com/PilotOnline.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The federal government has found traces of a rocket fuel chemical in milk from across the country, including Virginia, and in most of the lettuce tested in several states.
		Asked whether that level of chemical in milk was worrisome, Mayer, the EPA’s regional perchlorate coordinator for Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada, said, “The answer is, we don’t know yet.” California has had the most extensive testing for perchlorate in food and water.
		While the compound is the primary ingredient of solid rocket propellant, it also occurs naturally — and that has complicated efforts to pin blame for its occurrence in soil and water.
	home.hamptonroads.com /stories/story.cfm?story=78829&ran=124640 (929 words)

	NewsNet5.com - Health - Study Finds Rocket Fuel Chemical In Breast Milk
		The concentration of the chemical in the breast milk samples was on average five times those detected in dairy milk pulled from grocery stores.
		Perchlorate is a toxic chemical from rocket fuel and weapons production and is also formed naturally through lightning.
		The chemical, which has been showing up in many segments of the environment, can interfere with iodide uptake in the thyroid gland, disrupting adult metabolism and childhood development, according to a news release from the American Chemical Society.
	www.newsnet5.com /health/4228157/detail.html (491 words)

	NBC11.com - Health - Rocket-Fuel Chemical Found In California Milk Samples
		The group found the rocket fuel chemical in almost every sample tested -- 31 out of 32 samples purchased from grocery stores in Los Angeles and Orange counties.
		The study comes as state and federal regulators prepare new standards to regulate the chemical.
		Perchlorate has been found in the Colorado River, which is a major drinking water source for Southern California and Arizona.
	www.nbc11.com /health/3446561/detail.html (314 words)

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