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Topic: Chemical species

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Chemistry

	Species : Chemical species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Species is a taxonomic concept used in biology to refer to a population of organisms that are in some important ways similar.
		A morphological species is a group of organisms that have a distinctive form: for example, we can distinguish between a chicken and a duck because they have different shaped bills and the duck has webbed feet.
		The key to defining a biological species is that there is no significant cross-flow of genetic material between the two populations.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ch/Chemical_species.html (387 words)

	Dynamic immunochemical and like chemical species sensor apparatus and method - Patent 5227134
		A sensor as in claim 1 wherein the chemical species whose concentration is to be measured comprises a soluble antigen, wherein the first reagent comprises an immobilized antibody, and wherein the second reagent comprises an immobilized antigen.
		A sensor as in claim 1 wherein the chemical species whose concentration is to be measured comprises a soluble antigen, wherein the first and second reagents comprise an immobilized antigen, and wherein the solution includes a concentration of soluble antibodies which are bindable with the antigens.
		When the immunochemical species to be detected is either the first or second immunoreagents, a high concentration of the immunochemical species in the first solution will result in frequent binding of the species either with the immunoreagent on the surface area or the immunoreagent on the particles.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5227134.html (3856 words)

	Chemical Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We have a special name for each part or form in which a chemical exists when it is dissolved in solution.
		OH, which does not dissociate into ions the specie present is the same as before it was put into solution except that it is surrounded by water molecules.
		Usually the molecular species are present in much greater numbers than the ionic species because only a small percentage of the molecules in a weak electrolyte actually dissociate.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch105-03/chemical1.htm (211 words)

	Tropospheric Chemistry Modelling
		As species are introduced onto the mechanism worksheet, running the macro, allows that species to be cross-referenced with species that are already present in that, or any other mechanism, via the construction and update of the background reference file.
		If the species is unknown it is appended to the bottom of the species file with a unique code name, and used in all subsequent cross-checking.
		Interpretation of the coded species names is possible by exploring the species file, which is also accessible from specific VOC mechanism pages.
	www.chem.leeds.ac.uk /Atmospheric/MCM/main.html (3297 words)

	MIT Global Change Joint Program Report 25
		Long-term trends of chemical species in the atmosphere are determined by emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources as well as by atmospheric transport, physical and chemical processes, and deposition.
		To identify the impacts of chemical species on climate change, on the one hand, and of climate change on chemical processes, on the other, we have also carried out sensitivity runs which include or exclude radiative effects due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, and sulfate aerosols produced from anthropogenic sulfur emissions.
		Calculations of transport, chemical reaction rates, and deposition fluxes of chemical species are made in turn by using meteorological variables calculated by the climate sub-model.
	web.mit.edu /globalchange/www/rpt25.html (4517 words)

	Non-invasive chemical species delivery apparatus and method - Patent 4250878
		An electrode is attached to the pouch so that when the pouch is placed against the skin, with the membrane portion in contact with the skin, and an electric potential is applied to the electrode, chemical species in the pouch are caused to migrate through the membrane and into the skin.
		Such bioelectrodes typically include an open receptacle having a generally planar base for holding the fluid to be iontophoresed, one electrode carried within the receptacle for maintaining electrical contact with the fluid, and a second electrode for contacting the skin to produce a potential gradient between the skin and the fluid in the receptacle.
		In use, the pouch 4 containing a solution with a selected chemical species such as lidocaine hydrochloride is placed against a person's skin with the membrane 12 (such as polyacrylonitrile) making contact with the skin.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4250878.html (3248 words)

	MIT Global Change Joint Program Report 24
		Predicted concentrations of chemical species in the chemistry sub-model are used interactively to calculate radiative forcing in the climate sub-model which in turn provides winds, temperatures, and other variables to the chemistry sub-model.
		The lifetimes of chemical species in the atmosphere are affected by many processes, including atmospheric transport, chemical reactions, wet and dry deposition, exchange with the ocean or vegetation, and emissions from both human-related and natural processes.
		Specifically, the transport of chemical species is driven by dynamical variables predicted by the climate model and the calculations of gaseous and aqueous phase reactions are based on the temperatures, radiative fluxes, and precipitation rates computed in the climate model.
	web.mit.edu /globalchange/www/rpt24.html (7387 words)

	Chemical Formula Search
		Species with two C, and four H. Species with two C, and four H. Species with two C, and four H. Species with two C, and four H. Species with two C, zero or more H and one or more F. Search options (step 2)
		When checked, this option indicates that species containing elements not specified in the formula will also be matched.
		This option indicates that species containg more atoms than specified of a given element will be matched.
	webbook.nist.gov /chemistry/form-ser.html (424 words)

	HYLE 4-2 (1998): The Chemical Core of Chemistry I: A Conceptual Approach
		If the investigation of chemical properties is the core field of experimental chemistry, as we have suggested in the last section, then we must conclude that the logical structure of systematical chemical knowledge is a network structure.
		A sample of a pure chemical substance, it is said in the introduction, consists of molecules of a single sort, whereas homogeneous mixtures consist of molecules of different sorts.
		Instead, ‘the chemical core’ is simply that part of chemistry that can be conceptually well-distinguished from interdisciplinary, applied, and specialized fields of chemistry, all of which have their own rights, of course.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/4/schumm.htm (13266 words)

	MINEQL+ - Chemical Equilibrium Modeling System Ver 4.5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In essence, the chemical equilibrium approach provides you with a thermodynamic snapshot of your system: the pH, ionic strength, the distribution of dissolved chemical species, how much solid phase formed, etc. This is the type of information that is critical to understanding what happens chemically in water.
		The chemical equilibrium approach would tell you if lead solids were forming or if an observed change in pH was due to the addition of a new ion to solution.
		Chemical equilibrium is complicated enough without introducing additional complexity in the form of a computer.
	www.mineql.com (2533 words)

	ASCL: CSENV: A code for the chemistry of CircumStellar ENVelopes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The chemical species can be atoms, molecules, ions, radicals, molecular ions, and/or their specific quantum states.
		The chemical species interact with one another and can are subject to photo-processes (dissociation of molecules, radicals, and molecular ions as well as ionization of all species).
		The chemical species are shielded from the photons by circumstellar dust, by other species and by themselves (self-shielding).
	www.ascl.net /csenv.html (288 words)

	Multi-stage process for combusting fuels containing fixed-nitrogen chemical species - Patent 4343606
		A multi-stage process for combusting a fuel containing fixed-nitrogen chemical species in a combustion chamber which comprises the steps of: p1 (a) mixing the fuel with air which has been preheated to a temperature in the range of 450.degree.
		Since an equivalence ratio of 1.0 or less favors the formation of NO.sub.x species at elevated temperatures, it is necessary that the mixing in the third step take place under conditions such that the temperature of the combustion products-second oxidizing agent mixture is maintained at a level not in excess of about 1800.degree.
		Once the conversion of fixed-nitrogen chemical species to molecular nitrogen has been maximized by the first stage process conditions of this invention, completing the combustion in the second stage (at equivalence ratios of 1.0 or less) and at lower temperatures (about 1750.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4343606.html (3275 words)

	WHAT IS CHEMKIN? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Complex chemically reacting flow simulations are commonly employed to develop a quantitative understanding and to optimize reaction conditions in systems such as combustion, catalysis, chemical vapor deposition and plasma processing.
		Chemical reaction mechanisms containing hundreds of reactions and involving fifty or more chemical species are not uncommon in such models.
		It has the capability of calculating, as a function of temperature, the pure species viscosity, pure species thermal conductivity, and binary diffusion coefficients for every gas-phase species in the mechanism.
	www.sandia.gov /1100/CVDwww/chemkin.htm (527 words)

	Textiles Having the Ability to Deliver Reactive Chemical Systems
		In general, the more reactive chemicals work quicker, but are also more likely to react with and be used up in competing chemicals that have nothing to do with the microbes that should be the target or their action.
		Chemical degradation of the fiber surface to create reactive groups may be possible in the case of some "condensation" polymers.
		Initially, we are measuring the surface conductivity of grafted poly(acrylic acid) salts as a function of temperature and frequency to measure the mobility of the storage polymer.
	www.eng.auburn.edu /department/te/ntc/99/broughton/c98a17.html (2063 words)

	Chemical Species Gas Sensors
		For a large number of chemical sensing applications, a single sensor is not sufficient to adequately characterize the environment.
		The gas sensors being developed by the Chemical Species Gas Sensors team at NASA Glenn were designed with NASA's primary objective of advancing aeronautic and aerospace technology in mind but can be used in a variety of commercial applications.
		The NASA Glenn Chemical Species Gas Sensors Team is actively involved in developing chemical species gas sensor technology for a variety of aeronautic and aerospace applications which can be used in commercial applications.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/chemsensors (2580 words)

	Orchid Smuggling and Conservation
		Rare species that are not yet endangered may be removed from the wild and commercially traded, but those who do so must adhere to strict regulations designed to ensure that no more orchid species become endangered or extinct.
		This threatens many species of orchid, namely the exotic ones, although no one knows exactly how many species of orchids are threatened by smuggling or how quickly these species are becoming endangered.
		Often smugglers will simply misdeclare a species on the import and export permits, which is easy to do because identifying endangered species is difficult for non-experts, and it is difficult to spot a rare species when it is not in bloom.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/orchid.htm (3324 words)

	Chemical Kinetics: Reaction Rates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed with which a chemical reaction occurs and the factors that affect this speed.
		An analytical technique such as spectrophotometry is used to measure the concentrations of the species in the reaction mixture (which is in the tube at the bottom) and how those concentrations change with time.
		Select the species (A, B, or C) whose slope is shown and use the contols to step through the points on the graph.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/kinetics/ReactionRates.html (494 words)

	Combustion and oxide formation (from oxidation-reduction reaction) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Many oxidation–reduction reactions are as common and familiar as fire, the rusting and dissolution of metals, the browning of fruit, and respiration and photosynthesis—basic life functions.
		rapid chemical reaction between substances that is usually accompanied by generation of heat and light in the form of flame.
		Chemical bonds are the transfer, or sharing, of electrons between atoms.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-49290 (813 words)

	Ca to Cl
		If the equilibrium mixture of a chemical reaction is disturbed by a sudden change, especially of some external parameter (such as temperature, pressure, or electrical field strength), the system will readjust itself to a new position of the chemical equilibrium or return to the original position, if the perturbation is temporary.
		For example, two conformational isomers may be interconverted sufficiently slowly to be detectable by separate NMR spectra and hence to be considered to be separate chemical species on a time scale governed by the radiofrequency of the spectrometer used.
		In common chemical usage, and in this Glossary, generic and specific chemical names (such as radical or hydroxide ion) or chemical formulae refer either to a chemical species or to a molecular entity.
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iupac/gtpoc/CaCl.html (2316 words)

	Species Concentration
		There are times when you need to deal with the concentration of chemical species in solution rather than the concentration of a chemical compound.
		reaction rates) we will need to focus on the concentration of the particular chemical species that are reacting with one another or of particular interest to us for some other reason.
		It is simply a matter of specifying that the concentration refers to a particular chemical specie rather than a chemical compound.
	dl.clackamas.cc.or.us /ch105-04/species.htm (240 words)

	Textiles Having the Ability to Deliver Reactive Chemical Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The target chemical activity chosen for this proposal is the inactivation of microorganisms, but the principles revealed should prove useful to other areas (catalysis, pollution abatement, etc).
		The use of textile materials to support and dose active chemicals is not new, it is as old as the application of an ointment to a gauze for covering a wound.
		Relatively safe chemical species which are known to be biocidal include alkyl surfactants of appropriate chain length, certain phosphorous compounds, certain quaternary ammonium compounds, phenols, oxidants (halamines, peroxides), and photooxidants (certain semiconductor oxides).
	www.p2pays.org /ref/04/03804.htm (1492 words)

	Chemical Thesaurus 4 reaction chemistry software by meta-synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A thesaurus, from the Greek, is a storehouse, and the Chemical Thesaurus is a storehouse of information about chemical species and chemical interactions and reactions, here.
		Likewise, the chemical thesaurus allows you to move from chemical species to chemical species (via their chemical reactions):
		However, this should be seen as a strength, not a weakness because The Chemical Thesaurus attempts to model reaction chemistry space from the ground up.
	www.meta-synthesis.com /Products/ChemThes3.html (748 words)

	Application to Mixtures of Ideal Gases
		It has been shown that if several phases are in equilibrium with each other, then the chemical potential of any chemical species will be the same in each phase.
		A clever approach would be to determine the chemical potential in the phase where it is most simple to calculate.
		In this manner, the determination of chemical potential in any phase can be determined by finding the ideal gas mixture that is equilibrium with it.
	pruffle.mit.edu /3.00/Lecture_20_web/node2.html (428 words)

	[41.01] Transport of chemical species by transient eddies in the stratosphere of Titan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Their results indicate that large scale barotropic eddies may carry angular momentum equatorward from high latitudes, thereby closing the angular momentum budget, and may play an important role in the transport and mixing of chemical species and in the maintenance of the state of superrotation of the stratosphere.
		We have used a 2-dimensional, latitude-longitude model of the shallow-water equations on the sphere to investigate the dynamics of the interaction between transient eddies and the mean flow.
		Furthermore, the mixing of trace species by the global circulation appears to depend strongly on latitude: tracer transport from the poles to lower latitudes is negligible, whereas there is considerable mixing by eddies up to some 60 degrees, where the unstable region lies.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v31n4/dps99/53.htm (334 words)

	boundary conditions and constant
		For example, this might happen if there is a vast overabundance of the species compared to the other ones, or the particular species is maintained (buffered) by some external means.
		There cannot be a Rule for that species, and there cannot be an ODE generated for the species' concentration from the system of reactions.
		Previously there was no way to decide whether a species was to be determined by an algebraic equation when that species wasn't calculated by an scalar rule, ODE rule or reaction.
	www.sbml.org /wiki/boundary_conditions_and_constant (534 words)

	Linux for Astronomy V7,8,9
		species as a function of radius in a stationary, non-clumpy,
		The chemical species interact with one another and can are subject to
		The chemical species are shielded from the photons by circumstellar
	www.randomfactory.com /lfa/csenv-info.html (478 words)

	WT Chemistry
		It is difficult to overestimate the role of NMR in fundamental and applied chemistry where practically each chemical study, from the simplest organic molecules to complex molecular systems such as proteins, leans upon the data obtained by NMR experiments, carried out on different nuclei.
		Dispositions of resonance lines in the spectra, characterized by chemical shifts (ppm), and their splitting due to spin-spin coupling, measured in Hz, depend on the electronic environments of nuclei.
		We meet some of the great characters of chemical history portrayed on cigarette cards, and are introduced to some fascinating lesser-known persons.
	www.wordtrade.com /science/chemistry (1851 words)

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