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	Chemiosmotic hypothesis
		The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis is the proposal in 1961, by Peter D. Mitchell, that the mitochondrion functioned as a kind of electrochemical capacitor, using the energy of NADH[?] and FADH
		The problem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored.
		Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and in 1978, Peter Mitchell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ch/Chemiosmotic_hypothesis.html (157 words)

	Term-Papers.us - Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
		The seeds of the chemiosmotic hypothesis, which lay in Peter's attempts to understand bacterial transport and homeostasis, were pollinated by the earlier ideas of H. Lundergard, Robert Robertson, and Robert Davies and A.G. Ogston, on the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis to proton gradients.
		The challenge of the upstart chemiosmotic hypothesis to the prevailing chemical view of mechanism was to become a running battle, in which Peter engaged the establishment single-handed for several years before the first of a growing band of brothers (and sisters) joined him in the fray.
		Although the chemiosmotic hypothesis was Peter's most important contribution, he continued to introduce new ideas, including the Q-cycle hypothesis, which has dominated discussion of the mechanism of electron transfer and proton pumping in the quinol oxidizing complexes since 1975, and now seems well established as the basic mechanism.
	www.term-papers.us /ts/ha/sff201.shtml (1910 words)

	<<112>>
		He claims that, for him at least, the meaning of the term 'chemiosmotic hypothesis' is unclear and that, in his opinion, other scientists appear to interpret the hypothesis in various ways, some of which are incompatible with Spencer's own position (which is itself said to be variable).
		If the chemiosmotic hypothesis means something different for each participant, then its increasingly widespread verbal endorsement in no way indicates that there is growing uniformity of scientific belief within the network.
		In 6P, Grant describes Spencer's hypothesis in a way which we have just seen Spencer himself expressly repudiating; that is, he claims that chemiosmosis ignores the issue of surface conductance (6P1-2) and he proffers a highly simplified version of the concept of chemiosmosis (6P7).
	www.soc.surrey.ac.uk /Books/OPB/ch6.htm (10965 words)

	GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF OUR WORK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		For over thirty years the chemiosmotic hypothesis [Mitchell, 1966], confirmed by a great number of experimental data, occupies the dominant place whenever questions related to the coupling systems are considered [Nicholls, Ferguson, 1992].
		However, during the long period of the existence of the hypothesis, it has been accumulated a considerate number of facts which cannot be adequately explained in terms of delocalized chemiosmosis, [Ferguson, 1985, Kell, 1992, Krulwich et al., 1996].
		The necessity to explain such experimental data stimulated appearance of a number of modifications of the chemiosmotic hypothesis [Mitchell, 1985, De Kouchkovsky et al., 1984, Ferguson, 1995, Westerhoff et al., 1984].
	members.tripod.com /mitoart/gendescr.htm (1243 words)

	HISTNEUR-L Archives
		Unfortunately for you it devastates the position of Hille, all of neuroscience, and biochemistry, and renders the chemiosmotic hypothesis a non-issue.
		What you're asking me to believe then is that the chemiosmotic hypothesis, which contaminates molecular biology and neuroscience with a sick and twisted version of electricity, is correct, and that the clinical ineffectiveness of the very disciplines which hold up this idea is due to something else.
		I hope I have exhausted your increasingly feeble attempts to resuscitate the joke of the chemiosmotic hypothesis and the reputations of those who have founded their academic sinecures on its continuing respectability.
	www.bri.ucla.edu /nha/hnl/msg02287.htm (1879 words)

	The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978 - Presentation Speech
		The basic idea of this hypothesis is that the enzymes of the electron-transport and ATP-synthesizing systems are localized in the membrane with a well-defined orientation and are functionally linked to a vectorial transfer of positively charged hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane.
		The chemiosmotic hypothesis was received with reservation by many workers in the field which is, in a way, understandable, since it was unorthodox, fairly provocative, and based on little experimental evidence.
		In fact, the basic postulates of the chemiosmotic hypothesis are today generally regarded as experimentally proven, thus making it a fundamental theory of cellular bioenergetics.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/presentation-speech.html (954 words)

	Chemiosmotic hypothesis Summary
		The chemical hypothesis postulated that the chemical components were coupled at all stages of the process but the absence of any high energy intermediates linking oxidation with phosphorylation has been seen as telling evidence against this theory.
		The other theory and the one presently accepted by most biochemists, is the chemiosmotic theory, in which the oxidation and phosphorylation are uncoupled pathways.
		That is, the oxidation of chemical species in the respiratory chain results in the evolution and ejection of protons from the inner mitochondrial matrix separately from the inner rush of protons that drives the ATP synthesis.
	www.bookrags.com /Chemiosmotic_hypothesis (956 words)

	BOT6566 - Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		This hypothesis requires energy, has a rate of 7-15 mm/h, is specifically inhibited by certain transport inhibitors, the driving force is provided by a transmembrane proton motive force, the cellular efflux of the auxin anion occurs via a saturable transport protein, which is auxin-specific and located at basal end of transport-competent cells.
		Note the chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that energy is expended only to maintain the electrogenic and chemical (pH) gradients.
		In Arabidopsis the PIN 1 gene encodes a 67-kDa protein with similarity to bacterial and eukaryotic carrier proteins, and this protein is detected at basal-end of auxin-transport-competent cells in vascular tissues where it acts as a transmenbrane component of the auxin efflux carrier.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/tmullins/bot6566/lecture2.html (629 words)

	BOT6566 - Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		This hypothesis requires energy, has a rate of 7-15 mm/h, is specifically inhibited by certain transport inhibitors, the driving force is provided by a transmembrane proton motive force, the cellular efflux of the auxin anion occurs via a saturable transport protein, which is auxin-specific and located at basal end of transport-competent cells.
		Note the chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that energy is expended only to maintain the electrogenic and chemical (pH) gradients.
		In Arabidopsis the PIN 1 gene encodes a 67-kDa protein with similarity to bacterial and eukaryotic carrier proteins, and this protein is detected at basal-end of auxin-transport-competent cells in vascular tissues where it acts as a transmenbrane component of the auxin efflux carrier.
	www.botany.ufl.edu /BOT6566/lecture2Hormones.html (629 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In the 1960s, ATP was known to be the energy currency of life, but the mechanism by which ATP was created in the mitochondria was assumed to be by substrate-level phosphorylation.
		Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis was the basis for understanding the actual process of oxidative phosphorylation.
		Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory turned out to be one of the two seminal discoveries in biology in the 20th century (DNA being the other).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Peter_D._Mitchell (487 words)

	Oxidative Phosphorylation--Respiratory chain and Chemiosmotic hypothesis
		The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that a proton-motive force is responsible for driving the synthesis of ATP
		The chemiosmotic hypothesis was proposed by Peter Mitchell.
		The chemiosmotic hypothesis of Peter Mitchell states that a proton-motive force is responsible for driving the synthesis of ATP
	www.db.uth.tmc.edu /faculty/alevine/1521_2000/oxphos2.htm (1635 words)

	Biof. ves. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		At the present t ime the overwhelming majority of works concerned with the study of energy coupling in biomembranes use Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis [1] as a theoretical basis.
		Among the most substantial objections to the orthodox chemiosmotic coupling principle is the variable ratio of phosphate potential to the magnitude of protonmotive force [8, 9].
		Also good agreement with the experimental data, incompatible with the delocalized chemiosmosis principle, was shown earlier for theoretical dependences of ATP synthesis and respiration rates on the membrane potential when the latter was changed in various ways [6, 7].
	members.tripod.com /mitoart/articles/ph-p/Ph-p.htm (1174 words)

	Mailing List complex-science@necsi.org Message 4939
		The British biochemist Peter Mitchell won a Nobel Prize in 1978 for proposing and experimentally "proving" his hypothesis that mitochondria make ATP by first kicking protons out of the mitochondrial matrix space into the cytosol and coupling the phosphorylation of ADP to the return of the protons back into mitochondria [1].
		Since 1978, almost all the textbooks in biochemistry cite the chemiosmotic hypothesis as the "proven" mechanism oxidative phosphorylation.
		But purely from a theoretical point of view, Mitchell's compatriot R. Williams expressed his opposition to the chemiosmotic conception because of the unnecessary loss of free energy that must accompany the export of protons from the small mitochondrial volume to the much larger cytosolic space.
	necsi.org:8100 /lists/complex-science/message/4939.html (765 words)

	Mitochondrion
		Because of the unique matrilineal transmission of mitochondrial DNA, scientists in population genetics and evolutionary biology often use data from mitochondrial DNA sequences to draw conclusions about genealogy and evolution.
		These and similar pieces of evidence motivate the endosymbiotic hypothesis — that mitochondria originated as prokaryotic endosymbionts.
		Essentially this widely accepted hypothesis postulates that the ancestors of modern mitochondria were independent bacteria that colonized the interior of the ancient precursor of all eukaryotic life.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/mitochondrion.html (922 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		It was proposed by Peter Mitchell, and is often referred to as the Mitchell Hypothesis.
		EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE CHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS A. A proton gradient is in fact generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane during electron transport.
		D. The components of the ETC and the ATPase were found to be vectorially oriented in the membrane, as predicted by the Mitchell hypothesis.
	bob.usuf2.usuhs.mil /biochem/carbohydrates/oxidph.txt (1618 words)

	ELECTRON TRANSPORT
		The chemiosmotic theory of Mitchell claims that the energy from electron transport is stored as a chemical concentration gradient of protons across the membrane (pH gradient) and a charge gradient.
		The ATP synthetase (ATP synthase, H+ ATPase) is a large, lollipop shaped protein-enzyme -carrier that is situated in the inner membrane of mitochondria (also in prokaryotic cell membranes and chloroplast inner membranes).
		Thus, the reverse (as proposed in the chemiosmotic theory) must be possible.
	www.mrs.umn.edu /~goochv/CellBio/lectures/et/et.html (963 words)

	Why science cannot conquer cancer/AIDS without your help
		The association-induction hypothesis is the first and only unifying theory of cell physiology in existence.
		In 1966 Dr. Richard Keynes---Professor in Physiology of the Cambridge University of England and a pupil and coauthor of Sir Alan Hodgkin, Nobel Laureate, of the Physiological Laboratory of the Cambridge University--- announced publicly (in a lecture and in print) that "Ling is responsible for a major heresy in this field".
		After publicly rejecting the AI Hypothesis, and spreading misbegotten rumor about my work on the sodium pump, my former graduate student, A was to win the rich and coveted support of the Howard Hughes Foundation for Medical Research and in time became a highly popular figure, lecturing to over-flowing halls all over the place.
	www.gilbertling.org (12890 words)

	Box 2
		The molecular mechanism for this regulation was explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Peter Mitchell, to whom the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded in 1978
		The three key features of the chemiosmotic hypothesis are as follows: (1) energy derived from fuel oxidation and mitochondrial respiration is converted to
		Although the model has many compelling features, several observations indicate that the chemiosmotic hypothesis, when applied to the in vivo state, is an oversimplification and that additional layers of regulation must exist.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v404/n6778/box/404652a0_bx2.html (480 words)

	chemiosmotic theory
		Peter Mitchell was born in Mitcham, in the County of Surrey, England, on September 29, 1920.
		This theory was first received with scepticism; but, over the past 15 years, work in both Mitchell's and many other laboratories have shown that the basic postulates of his theory are correct.
		Even though important details of the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear, the chemiosmotic theory is now generally accepted as a fundamental principle in bioenergetics.
	sps.k12.ar.us /massengale/chemiosmotic_theory.htm (1504 words)

	Chemiosmotic hypothesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Chemiosmotic hypothesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The problem with the older paradigm is that no high energy intermediate was ever found, and the evidence for proton pumping by the complexes of the (Click link for more info and facts about electron transfer chain) electron transfer chain grew too great to be ignored.
		Eventually the weight of evidence began to favor the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and in 1978, Peter Mitchell was awarded the (Click link for more info and facts about Nobel Prize in Chemistry) Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chemiosmotic_hypothesis.htm (124 words)

	Marcel Weber - Philosophy of Experimental Biology - Reviewed by Robert L. Perlman, University of Chicago - ...
		Here, Weber's example is the controversy over the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation and the ultimate acceptance of Peter Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis.
		While Weber gives a good account of the experimental success of the chemiosmotic hypothesis, he leaves some aspects of this controversy unexplained.
		The acceptance of the chemiosmotic hypothesis is one of the few episodes in the history of experimental biology that can usefully be understood as a Kuhnian revolution.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1881 (1988 words)

	Scientists reveal fine detail of cell's energy machinery
		Professor Iwata and his team are the first to solve the structure of a respiratory enzyme that produces the proton motive force by the "redox-loop mechanism" originally proposed by Peter Mitchell.
		A biography of Dr Peter Mitchell and details of his 'chemiosmotic hypothesis' can be found at the Nobel Foundation website: http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1978/press.html
		Mitchell's theory, known as the 'chemiosmotic hypothesis', marked a radical departure from previous theories and sparked a fierce controversy in modern biochemistry.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/icos-srf030502.php (836 words)

	Mailing List complex-science@necsi.org Message 3303
		chemiosmotic hypothesis proposed by P. Mitchell in 1961
		to this hypothesis, the primary purpose of the proton gradient
		chemiosmotic hypothesis to such an extent that it now became
	necsi.org:8100 /lists/complex-science/Message/3303.html (798 words)

	Mitchell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		In 1965, Peter Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle, with the practical help of one technician, Roy Mitchell (unrelated to Peter Mitchell), and with the administrative help of their company secretary, embarked on the programme of research on chemiosmotic reactions and reaction systems for which the Glynn Research Institute has become known.
		, awarded to Peter Mitchell as the sole recipient, recognized his predominant contribution towards establishing the validity of the chemiosmotic hypothesis, and ipso facto, the long struggle to convince an initially hostile establishment.
		One of his specific interests in this field of knowledge is the use of money as an instrument of personal responsibility and of choice in free societies, and the flagrant abuse and basically dishonest manipulation of the system of monetary units of value practised by the governments of most nations.
	www.geocities.com /bioelectrochemistry/mitchell.htm (1388 words)

	Lecture 14 and 15, Transport
		The demonstration of the mitochondrial transport systems (and the wider context of the chemiosmotic controversy) stimulated an explosive growth in the search for transport systems in bacteria, chloroplasts, the cell membrane, and in other intracellular organelles.
		Early evidence for the chemiosmotic hypothesis came from studies of ion transport by mitochondria.
		This protonophoric activity has been much investigated, and the demonstration of a strong correlation between protonophoric activity in artificial membrane systems, and uncoupling activity, was a strong piece of evidence favoring the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/crofts/bioph354/lect14.html (2176 words)

	HISTNEUR-L Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		As for electric currents in the body and the chemiosmotic hypothesis, they are probably beyond the scope of the LECTURES ON PHYSICS.
		" Since Feynman gave his famous lectures in 1961 and 1962, it is very unlikely that he had heard of the chemiosmotic hypothesis.
		The Cell is a biology text and treats neuroscience only peripherally, yet it expounds on the chemiosomotic hypothesis with great enthusiasm and at length.
	www.bri.ucla.edu /nha/hnl/msg02279.htm (407 words)

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