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Topic: Chemosynthesis

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	Chemosynthesis
		Chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of 1-carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules (e.g.
		Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from 1-carbon molecules.
		Many chemosynthetic microorganisms are consumed by other organisms in the ocean, and symbiotic associations between chemosynthesizers and respiring heterotrophs are quite common.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Chemistry/Chemosynthesis.php (241 words)

	What is Chemosynthesis?
		Chemosynthesis is a process certain organisms use to produce energy, akin to photosynthesis, but without the utilization of sunlight.
		The organisms that use chemosynthesis, all bacteria, manufacture carbohydrates and other organic molecules from the oxidization of sulfates or ammonia.
		Organisms that use chemosynthesis are extremophiles, living in harsh conditions such as the absence of sunlight and a wide range of water temperatures, some approaching the boiling point.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-chemosynthesis.htm (390 words)

	PBS - Scientific American Frontiers \| Beneath the Sea \| Life Above Boiling
		The word "chemosynthesis" is often used when we talk about hydrothermal vents.
		The microbial process of chemosynthesis is more often called "chemolithoautotrophy" by microbiologists.
		You'd have to say that the vent discovery from a microbiological point of view was one of the major biological events in the 20th century.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1207/features/1132.htm (603 words)

	SCOPE 21 - The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions, Chapter 19, Interactions Between the Carbon and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This appears to be a common microbial behaviour in the marine environment where, due to the powerful buffering capacity of the CO system, acidophilic and obligately sulphur oxidizing bacteria are not able to produce a pH low enough for a successful competition with the non-acidophilic bacteria (Tuttle and Jannasch, 1973).
		Chemosynthesis based on the bacterial oxidation of hydrogen, ammonia, nitrite, iron, and possibly manganese may occur in marine and non-marine environments alike.
		S for the electron source and, except for some assimilatory sulphate reduction, is not involved in the direct interaction between the sulphur and carbon cycles as shown in Figure 19.1.
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope21/chapter19.html (2993 words)

	Chapter 17 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		carbon fixation - the process in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds by the processes of photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.
		chemoautotrophs - the autotrophs that carry on chemosynthesis.
		chemosynthesis - a form of autotrophic nutrition in which energy for synthesizing organic compounds is obtained from inorganic compounds rather than from light.
	members.aol.com /duett007/vocab/seventeen.html (231 words)

	Astrobiology: The Living Universe - Chemosynthetic Theory
		The process of chemosynthesis can be divided into a series of six stages which lead to the origin of the first living cell.
		The first phase of chemosynthesis is when random molecules in the atmosphere of primitive Earth form simple organic
		This stage of chemosynthesis is characterized by the improvement in the organization of the coacervates and it marks the first appearance of true living things.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003763/index.php?page=origin04 (1133 words)

	Chemosynthesis Another Design for Life - Does God Exist? - MayJun98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The difference is that light dependent organisms use chloroplasts to produce the carbon dioxide, and chemosynthesis organisms are sulfide oxidizing bacteria.
		When you realize that humans armed with computers and huge amounts of data and hardware could not design a biosphere that would work, it would seem that believing chance to be the creating force of life on planet Earth would be out of any reasonable possibility.
		Chemosynthesis and photosynthesis speak loudly about God's wisdom and planning in the cosmos.
	www.doesgodexist.org /MayJun98/ChemosynthesisAnotherDesignForLife.html (411 words)

	chemosynthesis - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		chemosynthesis process in which carbohydrates are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water using chemical nutrients as the energy source, rather than the sunlight used for energy in photosynthesis.
		Most life on earth is fueled directly or indirectly by sunlight.
		In these ecosystems, the primary producers in the food web are bacteria whose life functions are fueled by inorganic chemicals that seep up from the earth's crust.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-chemosyn.html (336 words)

	Alaska Demo: Day 1, July 29, 1999
		This did not mean that all living things near hydrothermal vents relied only on chemosynthesis, but that part of the food web was dependent on chemosynthesis.
		Since chemosynthesis is less rare than we thought, our thinking about early life on earth has undergone a revolution too.
		Chemosynthesis opens new possibilities about the early origins of life on Earth.
	earthguide.ucsd.edu /aldemo/day1/d.html (1001 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Gulf of Mexico Expedition: Chemosynthetic Life in the Gulf of Mexico
		In this activity, students will be able to explain the process of chemosynthesis, explain the relevance of chemosynthesis to biological communities in the vicinity of cold seeps, and describe three physiological adaptations that enhance an organism’s ability to extract oxygen from its environment.
		In this activity, students will be able to explain the process of chemosynthesis, explain the relevance of chemosynthesis to biological communities in the vicinity of cold seeps, and describe three energy-obtaining strategies used by organisms in cold-seep communities.
		In this activity, students will be able to explain the process of chemosynthesis, explain the relevance of chemosynthesis to biological communities in the vicinity of cold seeps, and construct a graphic interpretation of age-specific growth, given data on incremental growth rates of different-sized individuals of the same species.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/02mexico/background/edu/media/gom_lessons.html (749 words)

	Glossary, "Investigating Marine Life", Census of Marine Life
		Unlike photosynthesis, chemosynthesis does not require sunlight, so this process can occur at great depths in the ocean.
		Vents are home to many unusual creatures, many of which use chemosynthesis or symbiosis to obtain their nutrition.
		Hydrothermal vents and seeps, seeps are similar to vents, but are generally much cooler and often don't have as high a level of biodiversity.
	www.coml.org /edu/glossary/g1.htm (2389 words)

	Autotroph Summary
		There are two types of autotrophs, divided according to the processes by which they make their food.
		Producers that use chemicals from inorganic chemical reactions as their source of energy are using the process known as chemosynthesis.
		Chemosynthesis generally occurs where there is no sunlight for photosynthesis, and bacteria are the only organisms that carry out this process.
	www.bookrags.com /Autotroph (1235 words)

	ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The bacteria performing chemosynthesis provides the nutrition for the thermal vent ecosystem.
		Pyrodicium is able to perform chemosynthesis by reducing inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and utilizing carbon dioxide as the main carbon source.
		It can be said that this environment would not be abe to be inhabitable without the presence of bacteria such as Pyrodictium due to the fact that all organisms need a carbon source, and in the thermal vent ecosystem, hyperthermophiles such as Pyrodictium provide the carbon required.
	www.geocities.com /tlu_dreamer/ecology.html (374 words)

	Chemosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are responsible for the primary production in oxygen-deficient environments, generally fall into four groups: methanogens, halophiles, sulfur reducers, and thermoacidophiles.
		Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis - 6{CO edit] See Also
		This page was last modified 22:41, 11 December 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chemosynthesis (274 words)

	fossilevol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chemosynthesis is a simpler process than photosynthesis where the addition of sunlight is needed to process chemicals to biological compounds.
		A simple link can not be found because today vent microbes depend on dissolved oxygen in the water for chemosynthesis.
		In the early earth, which was a lot more tectonically active we had more hydrothermal vents, and these vent, were producing hydrogen gas.
	hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca /raymond/fossilevol.html (255 words)

	Chemosynthesis
		Most life on Earth is dependent upon photosynthesis, the process by which plants make energy from sunlight.
		However, at hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean a unique ecosystem has evolved in the absense of sunlight, and its source of energy is completely different: chemosynthesis.
		Chemosynthesis is the process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/nemo/explorer/concepts/chemosynthesis.html (219 words)

	Photosynthesis - Other Approaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Chemosynthesis works by oxidizing an inorganic substance (remember - oxidation is a loss of electrons, so this inorganic substance is the electron donor) and transporting these electrons through the membrane, like in oxidative phosphorylation and in photosynthesis.
		The methanogens are also special in that they can oxidize hydrogen gas to directly reduce NAD+ to NADH, rather than having to waste energy by making ATP through chemosynthesis and then driving it backwards through the electron transport chain.
		It is important to note that these organisms still incorporate their carbon into the Krebs Cycle for processing into amino acids, nucleic acids, and sugars.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/ps/other.html (833 words)

	From the Top of the World...
		Unlike photosynthesis, chemosynthesis requires no light and can occur at the extreme temperatures and high pressures of the deep ocean.
		In this activity, students will grow and observe succession and chemosynthesis of bacterial colonies: one lighted, the other in the dark.
		The activity provides a rough analog to both processes of chemosynthesis and succession; processes which occur at deep sea hydrothermal vents and form the base of the food web in the absence of sunlight.
	www.bigelow.org /foodweb/chain4.html (1049 words)

	DLESE Find a Resource > Subject: Chemical oceanography + Collections: DCC
		As they proceed, they should be able to define the process of chemosynthesis, and contrast this process with photosynthesis.
		Students will also explain the process of methane-based chemosynthesis and explain the relevance of chemosynthesis...
		In this lesson students will discover the relative energy content of light hydrocarbons that might serve as substrates for chemosynthesis in deep-water coral communities.
	www.dlese.org /library/browse_su_04_ky_09-30.htm (747 words)

	LESSON PLANS: 11 Chemosynthesis Lessons reviewed by Teachers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		They consider the relevance of chemosynthesis to biological communities in the vicinity of cold seeps.
		They are able to explain the relevance of chemosynthesis to biological communities in the vicinity of cold seeps.
		Chemosynthesis for the Classroom - Students observe the development of chemosynthetic bacterial communities.
	www.lessonplanet.com /search/newsearch?media=lessons&keywords=Chemosynthesis (359 words)

	Energy in an Ecosystem
		We still don't know just how significant chemosynthesis is in the biosphere overall, but we do know that it is important.
		There was a time when a biology teacher could say with confidence that all ecosystems on Earth ultimately depended on light energy.
		Entire ecosystems exist along deep, midoceanic ridge zones supported not by photosynthesis, but by chemosynthesis.
	www.cod.edu /people/faculty/fancher/Energy.htm (820 words)

	New Page 1
		Bacteria found in the organisms surrounding the vent and in the vents themselves use chemosynthesis to make food out of these compounds.
		Scientists were surprised to find communities in the deep sea because they thought that you need sun light to survive.
		These were the first complex communities of living things ever found that depend on chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis..
	www.ibiblio.org /virtualcell/amazingbiology/oceanography/chemof.htm (357 words)

	Teacher Tips - Planet Ocean - DiscoverySchool.com
		These animals are amazing because they get their food via chemosynthesis — the creation of food from chemical energy rather than sunlight.
		Explain the concept of chemosynthesis, or the creation of food using chemical energy rather than sunlight.
		For additional information about chemosynthesis and tubeworms, explore the tube worms section of this learning adventure to discover more.
	school.discovery.com /schooladventures/planetocean/tips.html (1632 words)

	LECTBP
		Note that what is placed in this figure in Protista within the Domain Eukarya is now usually split up into about 20 separate kingdoms, which each are as different from each other as cows are from mushrooms.
		Archaea are unicellular, have no cell nucleus, can be autotrophs or heterotrophs; can perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis; and their DNA contains both exons (parts of DNA that code for proteins) and introns (junk DNA, of which we do not know the function, but it does not code for proteins).
		Bacteria are likewise unicellular, have no cell nucleus, may be autotrophs or heterotrophs; may perform photosynthesis and chemosynthesis; but their DNA has exons only.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /ees123/life.htm (1209 words)

	Habitats: Hydrothermal Vent - Hydrothermal Vent Life
		Thus, they cannot be the basis of the food chain as they are for us and for every other creature with which we normally come in contact.
		Animals at these depths depend on bacteria that are able to convert sulfur found in the vent's fluids into energy through chemosynthesis.
		Larger animals then eat the chemosynthetic bacteria or eat the animals that eat the bacteria.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/ocean/habitats/vents2.htm (230 words)

	AMNH - Life Forms
		Instead, the tiny Archaea which form the basis for this unique food chain, derive energy and nutrition from the hot, mineral-rich waters venting from the sulfide structures.
		In fact, the very idea of communities of large animals based on the process of chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis was beyond the imagination of most people.
		Since their discovery, biological research has resulted in a good basic understanding of the physiology and ecology of these hydrothermal life forms.
	www.amnh.org /nationalcenter/expeditions/blacksmokers/life_forms.html (937 words)

	NeMO Curriculum - Part 1, page 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The chemicals in hydrothermal vent fluid would be toxic to most forms of life familiar to us, but amazingly, a unique ecosystem has evolved to live at hydrothermal vents.
		These organisms are not dependent on sunlight and photosynthesis, but instead rely on chemosynthesis, a process in which certain microbes use chemicals in the vent water to produce energy.
		They in turn form the base for an entire food chain of animals.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/nemo/education/curr_p1_12.html (87 words)

	Wordsmith.org: Wordsmith Talk: chemosynthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Just a heads-up on a term I heard this morning in a radio interview with an oceanographer who dives on Alvin.
		She explained that vent animals on the ocean floor are able to live due to a process called chemosynthesis in which the organisms digest chemicals.
		The vents effuse sulfates of some type and the organisms--including white worms two meters long that have bright red gills--are able to digest these sulfates due to the activity of some kind of bacteria indwelling the (in this case) worms.
	wordsmith.org /board/showthreaded.php?Number=121207 (187 words)

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