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	Cherenkov effect
		Cherenkov radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a velocity greater than the speed of light in that material.
		In nuclear reactors, the intensity of Cherenkov radiation is related to the frequency of the fission events that produce high-energy electrons, and hence is a measure of the intensity of the reaction.
		Cherenkov radiation is also used to characterize the remaining radioactivity of spent fuel rods.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ce/Cerenkov_effect.html (594 words)

	Cherenkov Radiation
		Cherenkov and the theoretical interpretation by I. Tamm and I.
		The Cherenkov effect involves radiation emitted by the medium under the action of the field of the particle moving in it.
		Cherenkov light in the atmosphere is produced by charged particles traveling faster than the speed of the light in air.This emission is governed by the value of n, the refractive index, which is proportional to atmospheric density.
	www.gae.ucm.es /~emma/tesina/node4.html (925 words)

	Cherenkov radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of a TRIGA reactor
		Cherenkov radiation (also spelled Cerenkov or sometimes Čerenkov) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle passes through an insulator at a speed greater than the speed of light in that medium.
		In pool-type nuclear reactors, the intensity of Cherenkov radiation is related to the frequency of the fission events that produce high-energy electrons, and hence is a measure of the intensity of the reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cherenkov_radiation (1221 words)

	Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov
		Later Cherenkov was promoted to the section leader, and in 1940 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences.
		This Cerenkov effect, associated with charged atomic particles moving at velocities higher than the speed of light in the local medium, proved to be of great importance in subsequent experimental work in nuclear physics, and for the study of cosmic rays.
		Cherenkov was awarded USSR State Prizes in 1946 (with Vavilov, Frank, and Tamm), in 1952, and 1977.
	www.mlahanas.de /Physics/Bios/PavelACherenkov.html (341 words)

	Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		The principal contribution of the Russian physicist Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov (1904-1990) was the explanation of a certain pale bluish radiation as a consequence of high-speed electrons passing through refractive mediums.
		Sergei Vavilov's 1934 paper, which appeared at the same time as the Cherenkov study, suggested that the gamma-ray-induced glow was due to the slowing down of the electrons in the water (an example of the bremsstrahlung process).
		Cherenkov and Vavilov, together with Igor Evgenievich Tamm and Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, received the Stalin Prize in 1946 for their explanation, theory, and practical application of the Cherenkov radiation.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/pavel-alekseevich-cherenkov (496 words)

	Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cherenkov was born in 1904 to Aleksei and Mariya Cherenkov in the small village of Nizhniaya Chigla in Voronezh Oblast, Russia.
		Cherenkov died in Moscow on January 6, 1990, and was laid to rest in Novodevichy Cemetery.
		Cherenkov was awarded a number of USSR State Prizes, the first in 1946, sharing the honor with Vavilov, Frank and Tamm, and two more in 1952, and 1977 for solo efforts.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Pavel_Alekseyevich_Cherenkov (443 words)

	What's a "DIRC"?
		It is a ring imaging Cherenkov detector based on total internal reflection and uses long, rectangular bars made from synthetic fused silica ("quartz") as both radiator and light guide.
		Cherenkov radiators are 4.9 m-long rectangular quartz bars oriented parallel to the z axis of the detector.
		The wedge is a 9 cm long block of synthetic fused silica with the same width as the bars, and a trapezoidal profile (2.7 cm high at the bar end and 7.9 cm high at the quartz window which provides the interface to the water).
	www.slac.stanford.edu /BFROOT/www/Detector/DIRC/dirc_whatsit.html (804 words)

	Cherenkov Effect \| World of Physics
		Cherenkov was born in the Voronezh region of Russia on July 15, 1904.
		It was at this institute that Cherenkov carried out the elaborate experiments that revealed the cause of the radiation that was eventually given his name.
		Cherenkov concluded that the radiation was produced when high-speed charged particles pass through a material at a speed that is greater than the speed of light in the material.
	www.bookrags.com /research/cherenkov-effect-wop (444 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Cherenkov
		Cherenkov radiation or Cerenkov radiation [for P. Cherenkov ], light emitted by a transparent medium when charged particles pass through it at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium.
		The effect, discovered by Cherenkov in 1934 while he was studying the effects of gamma rays on liquids and explained
		On the threshold of Cherenkov astronomy; radiation of extremely high energy from several celestial objects is leading astronomers to extend their science's spectral range yet again.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Cherenkov (334 words)

	CERN Courier - More light on the Cherenkov - IOP Publishing - article
		Cherenkov radiation is one of the main techniques for particle identification, but details of the underlying theory are still under debate.
		Cherenkov radiation derives its name from Pavel Cherenkov, who as a young PhD student at Moscow's Lebedev Institute in the early 1930s, was assigned by Sergei Vavilov the task of investigating what happens to the radiation from a piece of radium when it is immersed in a fluid.
		After heroic investigations, where Cherenkov would typically prepare for a working day by staying in a totally dark room for one hour, he found that the radiation was produced by electrons and was essentially independent of the liquid used, thereby ruling out fluorescence.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/38/9/4/1 (335 words)

	Cherenkov Radiation in EAS
		This critical energy, as well as the Cherenkov angle, varies with height since the Cherenkov threshold velocity depend on the refractive index of the atmosphere.
		For a single relativistic particle moving high in the atmosphere, the Cherenkov angle is less than a degree, but opens to about 1 degree at 8 km altitude, and due to the greater air density, opens to about 1.4 degrees at see level.
		Because all of the emitting particles are ultra-relativistic the Cherenkov angle is saturated.
	www.gae.ucm.es /~marcos/tesina/html/node25.html (392 words)

	Cherenkov radiation. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The effect, discovered by Cherenkov in 1934 while he was studying the effects of gamma rays on liquids and explained in 1937 by I. Tamm and I. Frank, is analogous to the creation of a sonic boom when an object exceeds the speed of sound in a medium.
		Thus, by simply measuring the angle between the radiation and the path of the particles, the particles’ speed may be determined.
		The effect is used in the Cherenkov counter, a device for detecting fast particles and determining their speeds or distinguishing between particles of different speeds.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Cherenk-rad.html (202 words)

	Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cherenkov discovered that light is emitted by electrons as they pass through a transparent medium at a speed higher than the speed of light in that medium.
		Cherenkov graduated from Voronezh State University in 1928; he later became a research student at the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (now the Russian Academy of Sciences).
		Cherenkov continued to do research in nuclear physics at the Lebedev Institute, where he became a full professor in 1959.
	physics.nobel.brainparad.com /pavel_alekseyevich_cherenkov.html (210 words)

	Atmospheric Cherenkov light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Charged particles moving through the atmosphere with a velocity larger than the local speed of light (the vacuum speed of light divided by the refractive index of the air) emit Cherenkov light.
		The first to realize that cosmic-ray air showers would produce enough Cherenkov light to be detectable was Blackett in 1948 and the first to detect this light were Galbraith and Jelley in the early 1950s.
		In the 1950s and 60s Cherenkov light was used to study properties of air showers induced by cosmic rays (protons and heavier atomic nuclei).
	www.mpi-hd.mpg.de /hfm/CosmicRay/ChLight/Cherenkov.html (547 words)

	Cherenkov
		This is possible because the speed depends on the energy and the mass of a particle.
		A device known as a ring-imaging Cherenkov counter enables the direction and the velocity of particles to be measured electronically.
		Huge light detectors are used to capture this Cherenkov light during the night, to help in studies of cosmic rays, whose origin is largely unknown.
	www.branta.connectfree.co.uk /cherenkov.htm (1145 words)

	Is there an equivalent of the sonic boom for light?
		The effect known as Cherenkov radiation was observed as a faint blue glow by Pavel Cherenkov in 1934 when he was asked to look at the effects of radioactivity in liquids.
		It is possible to detect the Cherenkov radiation as it forms circles on a surface and can be used to measure the speed and direction the particle was travelling in.
		Although Cherenkov radiation is indeed a light equivalent of the sonic boom, there are also some essential differences.
	www.weburbia.com /physics/cherenkov.html (726 words)

	Coherent Effects for Charged Particles
		As mentioned in the introduction, Cherenkov detectors are used primarily for identifying the type of a particle (whose momentum or energy is, at least approximately, known), rather than for tracking the position of the particle.
		This is typically arranged by being sensitive to a certain range of Cherenkov angles, for example by having mirrors and/or baffles between the radiator and the light detector.
		Ring-Imaging Cherenkov detectors use spherical mirrors to focus the cone of Cherenkov light into a ring on a position-sensitive light detector or array of detectors.
	www.shef.ac.uk /physics/teaching/phy311/coherent.html (853 words)

	Inside STACEE
		The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE) is a new experiment dedicated to the study of GeV/TeV gamma rays from astrophysical sources.
		Although the heliostats have been designed for the collection and concentration of sunlight for solar energy research, the STACEE collaboration has demonstrated that it is also possible to use these mirrors at night to collect the quick flashes of blue Cherenkov light that result from gamma-ray air showers.
		By reflecting the Cherenkov photons to secondary mirrors on the central tower, the flashes can be recorded by a camera of photomultiplier tubes, which will turn the light into a measurable electric signal.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~stacee/staceehowitworks.html (1068 words)

	Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But the Cherenkov signal is so weak that an individual shower could not be detected and identified.
		The cumulated Cherenkov signal from the many electromagnetic showers can be detected and the recorded image presents some very specific characteristics both in its geometrical and time structure.
		An infinitely short gamma ray burst would generate a Cherenkov signal on the ground with duration of the order of 40ns while individual showers produce signals with duration shorter the 20ns.
	cherenkov.physics.iastate.edu /old/SGARFACE.html (843 words)

	Physics Division \| The Milagro Gamma-Ray Observatory \| Los Alamos National Laboratory
		Cherenkov light is the electromagnetic equivalent of a sonic boom.
		These are large mirrors that focus the Cherenkov light generated by the air shower onto an array of PMTs, which form an image of the air shower.
		Properties of the image are used to distinguish between air showers generated by gamma-ray primaries and nuclear primaries.
	www.lanl.gov /milagro/detecting.shtml (454 words)

	Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Cherenkov Pavel Alekseyevich - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich (1904-1990), Russian physicist and Nobel laureate.
		Cherenkov Radiation, also spelled 'Cerenkov', electromagnetic radiation produced when electrically charged particles, such as electrons, travel...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Cherenkov_Pavel_Alekseyevich.html (84 words)

	In the BTeV experiment
		Cherenkov photons are produced at a characteristic angle, called the "Cherenkov angle", given by:
		Particles from the interaction point (from right to left as shown) pass through these radiators and produce Cherenkov photons.
		O gas are reflected from a spherical mirror and focused onto an array pf multi-anode photomultiplier tubes.
	www.phy.syr.edu /~sblusk/cherenkov_mapmts.htm (222 words)

	Cherenkov Counter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cherenkov counters are therefore most commonly used as detectors for identifying particles, in conjunction with momentum measurements, e.g.
		Their index of refraction is carefully optimized for the particle masses and momentum range of the experiment in question.
		c) Ring imaging Cherenkov counters (RICH): In these detectors, particles pass through a radiator, and the radiated photons are usually focused onto a position-sensitive photon detector by a focusing device (mirror).
	rd11.web.cern.ch /RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node25.html (175 words)

	Cherenkov angle reconstruction
		Data are used where four HPDs, (2,3,5,6), have no filter in front of their input windows, but where two HPDs, 4 and 7, have mylar filters.
		The method used to reconstruct Cherenkov angles in data is illustrated in Figure 11 and requires the following parameters to be determined :
		Figure 11: Schematic of the Cherenkov angle reconstruction in the tilted spherical mirror geometry.
	ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk /preprints/1999/21/nim1/node10.html (256 words)

	Someone told me that Cherenkov radiation...
		Someone told me that Cherenkov radiation is analogous to breaking the sound barrier.
		Cherenkov detectors are also used to measure velocity accurately.
		The blue glow is the Cherenkov light that is emitted by the electrons from beta decay going on in the nuclear fuel.
	education.jlab.org /qa/radglow_01.html (421 words)

	ESPN.com Soccernet Europe: News - Cherenkov takes drug overdose
		MOSCOW, Aug 13 (Reuters) - Former Spartak Moscow captain Fyodor Cherenkov was in hospital after taking an overdose of sleeping pills, a Moscow hospital spokeswoman said on Monday.
		'Cherenkov was badly poisoned by taking too many sleeping pills and after detoxification regained consciousness and is now recovering,' a spokeswoman for the Sklifosovsky hospital said by telephone.
		Alexander Shikunov, Spartak's technical director, said that Cherenkov, 42, had been given the wrong pills by his relatives and they had had a bad effect on him.
	www.soccernet.com /europe/news/2001/0813/20010813cherenkov.html (204 words)

	Cherenkov Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When a particle travels faster than the speed of light in water, it produces a shock wave that is the equivalent of a sonic boom made by a jet travelling faster than the speed of sound in air.
		This shock wave takes the form of blue light called Cherenkov light, after the Russian physicist Pavel Cherenkov,wall of the detector.
		This light is detected by an array of light sensitive photomultipliers, as illustrated below.
	hep.bu.edu /~superk/cherenkov.html (158 words)

	REU Web Site Presentation of IceCube
		This is called the Cherenkov effect, and while it's not 'seeing' a neutrino directly, it's more like observing the effects of it.
		When a jet breaks the sound barrier in air, not only is there a sonic boom, but there is a visible cone of condensation from a dramatic change in pressure.
		Most of the time that's impossible, but keep in mind that the 3*10^8 value that you learn in physics class is the speed of light in a vacuum.
	www.astro.wisc.edu /~heroux/cherenkov.html (791 words)

	Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A large-acceptance detector using photons from Cherenkov radiation for a measurement of the particle velocity
		Particles pass through a radiator, the radiated photons may be directly collected by (or are focused by a mirror onto) a position-sensitive photon detector.
		A detailed treatment of errors in Cherenkov detectors can be found in [Ypsilantis94].
	rkb.home.cern.ch /rkb/PH14pp/node162.html (228 words)

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