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Topic: Chernobyl accident

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	Chernobyl accident - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chernobyl station (51°23′14″N, 30°06′41″E) is situated at the settlement of Pripyat, Ukraine, 11 miles (18 km) northwest of the city of Chernobyl, 10 miles (16 km) from the border of Ukraine and Belarus, and about 70 miles (110 km) north of Kiev.
		In January 1993, the IAEA issued a revised analysis of the Chernobyl accident, attributing the main root cause to the reactor's design and not to operator error.
		The Chernobyl Shelter Fund was established in 1997 at the Denver G7 summit to fund the Shelter Implementation Fund.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chernobyl_accident (6145 words)

	Chernobyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chernobyl (Ukrainian: Chornobyl (Чорно́биль), Russian Chernobyl (Черно́быль) is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus (51°16′0″N, 30°13′60″E).
		Chernobyl roots were used in folk medicine for deworming and to heal neurotic conditions, although an overdose could lead to neurological disorders, including memory loss.
		Chernobyl remains inhabited by a small number of residents who decided to return to their homes after the accident, but the majority of the evacuated population now live in specially constructed towns such as Slavutich.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chernobyl (1078 words)

	MSN Encarta - Chernobyl’ Accident
		Chernobyl’ Accident, accident at the Chernobyl’ nuclear power plant in the Ukrainian republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) that produced a plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western USSR, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia.
		Chernobyl’ also called into question the basic safety of nuclear power in both the USSR and several Eastern European countries whose power plants contained reactors based on the RBMK reactor design used at Chernobyl’.
		The accident, coupled with a general economic decline that set in during the final years of the USSR, also resulted in a dramatic scaling back of Soviet plans to use nuclear power to generate the bulk of electric power in Soviet regions remote from oil and gas energy resources.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761563993 (1799 words)

	Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Links
		Chernobyl Nuclear Accident and its Ramifications Features a series of documents and articles about this catastrophe which took place in the Ukraine in the 80s.
		Chernobyl - Canadian Nuclear Association Presents a series of factsheets regarding the cause and aftereffects of the nuclear disaster which took place in the Ukraine in 1986.
		Chernobyl - the accident - Bellona Foundation fact sheet by Nils Bøhmer describes the causes of the accident, its after-effects, and fallout measured in Norway.
	www.nacworldwide.com /Links/Chernobyl-Nuclear-Accident.htm (280 words)

	Chernobyl - SourceWatch
		Chernobyl (Chornobyl in Ukrainian) is a town in northern Ukraine not far from Kyiv.
		The particular design of the RBMK graphite modified reactor at Chernobyl has a positive void coefficient, which means that the power of the reactor increases in the absence of the coolant.
		The initial evidence that a major nuclear accident had occurred came not from Soviet sources, but from Sweden, where on April 27 workers at a nuclear power plant were found to have radioactive particles on their clothes.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Chernobyl (1528 words)

	Chernobyl accident at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Chernobyl accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union) is widely regarded as the worst in the history of nuclear power generation.
		The Chernobyl station is situated at the settlement of Pripyat, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of the city of Chernobyl (Ukrainian: Chornobyl) and 65 miles (104 km) north of Kiev, in Ukraine.
		The IAEA notes that, while Chernobyl releases as much as 400 times the radioactive contamination of the Hiroshima bomb, it was 100 to 1000 times less than the contamination caused by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the mid-20th century.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /Chernobyl_accident.html (2414 words)

	Chernobyl disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		However, it was not possible to disentangle the effects of Chernobyl from the much larger harmful effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
		The Chernobyl accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst accident in the history of nuclear energy, worse than all others put together.
		Unsupported large estimates of the casualties from Chernobyl are a staple of the anti-nuclear movement.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/progress/chernobyl.html (1343 words)

	Chernobyl, Ukraine - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Chernobyl' Accident, accident at the Chernobyl' nuclear power plant in the Ukrainian republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) that produced a plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and Scandinavia.
		The accident, which took place on April 26, 1986, was the worst nuclear power accident in history.
		By most measures, the country most seriously affected by the accident is Belarus (which changed its name from Belorussia after it, along with the other Soviet republics, became independent with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991).
	www.galenfrysinger.com /chernobyl_ukraine.htm (1771 words)

	Chapter I The site and accident sequence - Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact
		At the time of the Chernobyl accident, on 26 April 1986, the Soviet Nuclear Power Programme was based mainly upon two types of reactors, the WWER, a pressurised light-water reactor, and the RBMK, a graphite moderated light-water reactor.
		The old town of Chernobyl, which had a population of 12 500, is about 15 km to the South-east of the complex.
		The accident occurred at 01:23 hr on Saturday, 26 April 1986, when the two explosions destroyed the core of Unit 4 and the roof of the reactor building.
	www.nea.fr /html/rp/chernobyl/c01.html (2517 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Chernobyl Accident
		The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel and without proper regard for safety.
		The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators in the context of a system where training was minimal.
		The Chernobyl disaster was a unique event and the only accident in the history of commercial nuclear power where radiation-related fatalities occurred.* However, its relevance to the rest of the nuclear industry outside the then Eastern Bloc is minimal.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/chernobyl/inf07.htm (2832 words)

	AEI: April 1996, Accident at Chernobyl
		On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, it is appropriate to understand what went wrong and what has been done to prevent it from happening again.
		During the night of April 26th, all the Chernobyl operators had to offer as a reason to discontinue the test was a sense of confusion over the plant indications.
		It took far longer than it should have to find the technical cause of the accident, largely because efforts were made to protect the designers and their powerful bosses and to fix the blame on the less politically connected operators.
	www.atomicinsights.com /apr96/Chernobyl.html (1016 words)

	Chernobyl Annotated Bibliography
		This is another in a series of early underestimations of the severity of the Chernobyl accident and the extent of the erratic fallout patterns which characterized the plume pulse pathway.
		At first glance it would seem to be the definitive summary of the radiological impact of the Chernobyl accident, particularly in view of the polychrome radiometric maps which appear to document the fallout patterns in a number of countries (not all of the maps are in color, but the ones that are look very impressive).
		This report is an update on the Chernobyl accident with a particular emphasis on the radiological and health impact; the bibliography of this report cites a large number of research projects pertaining to this subject and is probably the largest single compilation of health physics related data-derived from the Chernobyl accident available in one location.
	www.davistownmuseum.org /cbm/Rad7.html (6354 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| The Chernobyl accident: What happened
		Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequences of the accident.
		Although the 600,000 workers involved in the recovery and clean-up after the accident were exposed to high doses of radiation, the exact amount cannot be accurately measured.
		The initial media cover-up of the scale of the accident, which happened a year after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, helped give rise to the programme of Glasnost (Openness) and Perestroika (Reconstruction) which led ultimately to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/778477.stm (578 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Nuclear Portal \| Chernobyl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chernobyl.info - This is a new communications platform on the long term consequences of the Chernobyl accident, provided by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
		Chernobyl, ten years on, radiological and health impact - The complete text of the NEA Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health report, published in 1995.
		International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident (IPHECA) - The IPHECA was established by the World Health Organisation (WHO) to support national programmes, monitor health consequences and indicate future work needed to ensure that maximum information is gained from this disaster.
	www.world-nuclear.org /portal/chernobyl.htm (395 words)

	WHO \| Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident
		Bennett continued: “This was a very serious accident with major health consequences, especially for thousands of workers exposed in the early days who received very high radiation doses, and for the thousands more stricken with thyroid cancer.
		Approximately 1000 on-site reactor staff and emergency workers were heavily exposed to high-level radiation on the first day of the accident; among the more than 200 000 emergency and recovery operation workers exposed during the period from 1986-1987, an estimated 2200 radiation-caused deaths can be expected during their lifetime.
		About 4000 cases of thyroid cancer, mainly in children and adolescents at the time of the accident, have resulted from the accident’s contamination and at least nine children died of thyroid cancer; however the survival rate among such cancer victims, judging from experience in Belarus, has been almost 99%.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en (1750 words)

	Chernobyl Children's Project International
		Chernobyl Children's Project International fully supports this holistic approach to alleviating suffering in the region.
		In the case of Chernobyl, millions of people will continue to be exposed to such doses of radiation for decades to come.
		This natural fear is exacerbated by the fact that the extent of the accident was not openly disclosed for many years.
	www.ccp-intl.org /facts.html (1622 words)

	Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident
		In 2001, on the occasion of the fifteenth anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, two international scientific conferences were held in Kiev, Ukraine.
		The second conference entitled "Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident: Results of the 15-year follow-up Studies ", was held 4-8 June 2001, only considered the health effects of the accident, presented medical lessons learnt and developed recommendations for public health services and for future research.
		The first of these was to establish the Chernobyl Forum, through which the relevant organizations within the UN system the governments of the primarily affected countries (Belarus, Russia and Ukraine) and other relevant international organisations could discuss their views on the consequences of the accident and implement, jointly or individually.
	www-ns.iaea.org /appraisals/chernobyl.htm (620 words)

	Chernobyl' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In April 1986, Chernobyl' (Chornobyl' in Ukrainian) was an obscure city on the Pripiat' River in north-central Ukraine.
		Chernobyl' has become a metaphor not only for the horror of uncontrolled nuclear power but alsofor the collapsing Soviet system and its reflexive secrecy and deception, disregard for the safety and welfare of workers and their families, and inability to deliver basic services such as health care and transportation, especially in crisis situations.
		The Chernobyl' catastrophe derailed what had been an ambitious nuclear power program and formed a fledgling environmental movement into a potent political force in Russia as well as a rallying point for achieving Ukrainian and Belorussian independence in 1991.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/soviet.exhibit/chernobyl.html (361 words)

	CHERNOBYL: TIME Coverage
		U.S. While atomic-energy officials around the world were trying to escape the political fallout from the Chernobyl accident, some of their American colleagues were fearful that the tragedy could doom their industry for years, perhaps even decades, to come.
		Now the accident is transforming the East-West political climate and perhaps altering diplomatic relations between the U.S. and its European allies.
		On the surface, relations among the nearly 600 delegates to last week's symposium on the nuclear accident at Chernobyl were cordial, detached and scientific.
	www.time.com /time/daily/chernobyl/chernobyl.index.html (1641 words)

	THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT — CAN IT HAPPEN HERE?
		In that accident, a substantial fraction of all of the radioactivity in the reactor was dispersed into the environment as airborne dust — its most dangerous form.
		After the Chernobyl accident, there were serious questions raised about safety hazards in these U.S. production reactors, but it was eventually concluded that they contain design features that assure their safety.
		After the Chernobyl accident, both government agencies and the nuclear industry were eager to investigate and learn from the experience.
	www.phyast.pitt.edu /~blc/book/chapter7.html (5527 words)

	Articles - Chernobyl accident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (originally named after Vladimir Lenin) in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union).
		In the first year after the accident, the number of cleanup workers in the zone was estimated to be 211,000, and these workers received an estimated average dose of 165 millisieverts (16.5 rem).
		The IAEA notes that, while the Chernobyl accident released as much as 400 times the radioactive contamination of the Hiroshima bomb, it was 100 to 1,000 times less than the contamination caused by atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the mid-20th century.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Chernobyl_accident (6482 words)

	Medical consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP: forecast and actual data in the National Registry
		The Chernobyl Registry is headed by leading two Russian experts in radiation epidemiology, the RAMS Academician A.F. Tsyb and Professor V.K. Ivanov.
		accident, no difference was observed in the rate of leukemias between liquidators and the expected rate.
		accident, that is induction of radiation-related cancer among liquidators and population in Russian territories contaminated by radionuclides.
	phys4.harvard.edu /~wilson/radiation/Si2002/Chapter_1.html (2744 words)

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