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Topic: Chess in early literature

	Chess article - Chess Persian Shah board game square pawns knights bishops rooks queen - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chess (from the Persian word Shah) is a board game for two players played on a square board divided into eight rows (or ranks) and eight columns (or files) creating 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl although other colours are sometimes used).
		Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on tactics and strategy, and for this reason, it is sometimes known by the sobriquet the "Game of Kings".
		Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way to increase mental prowess.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Chess (1446 words)

	Chess Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess.
		Chess openings are a sequence of moves, often memorized, which will help a player build up their position and prepare for the middlegame.
		Early on, the pieces in European chess had limited movement; bishops could only move by jumping exactly two spaces diagonally, the queen could move only one space diagonally, pawns could not move two spaces on their first move, and there was no castling.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Chess (2896 words)

	Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary; the term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characterss.
		Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses — the properties attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/l/li/literature_1.html (2365 words)

	Chess
		Chess is a two-player strategy board game of pure skill and one of the deepest and most complex games commonly played.
		Chess is played on a square board divided into 64 squares upon which move 16 "white" and 16 "fl" pieces.
		In May 2002, several leaders in the chess world met in Prague and signed a unity agreement which should ensure the crowning of an undisputed world champion by 2003, and restore the traditional cycle of qualifying matches by 2005.
	www.fastload.org /ch/Chess.html (932 words)

	Chess Guide - Online Games Information
		Chess (the "Game of Kings") is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares.
		Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in clubs, tournaments, on-line, and by mail (correspondence chess).
		At one time, chess games were recorded using Descriptive chess notation, a somewhat clumsy notation that takes more space, more time to say, and more time to explain than its replacement, algebraic chess notation.
	www.chess.freegames.eu.com (1169 words)

	Literature - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" (as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary), but has generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		For example, the works of Charles Dickens are perceived by almost everyone as being "literature", whereas the works of Jeffrey Archer tend to be looked down on as unworthy of inclusion under the general heading of English literature.
		Poetry is perhaps the oldest form of literature: The Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh dates from around 3000 B.C.; the Bible and the works of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey.
	openproxy.ath.cx /li/Literature.html (2004 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chess (from the Persian word Shah) is a board game for two players played on a square board divided into eight rows (or ranks) and eight columns (or files) creating 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl although other shades are sometimes used).
		The most commonly held belief is that Chess originated in India, having spawned from the game Chaturanga which appears to have been invented in the 6th century A.D. Chess eventually spread westward to Europe and eastward as far as Korea, spawning variants as it went.
		By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted from Italy: pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the en passant capture therewith (see pawn for explanation), bishops acquired their modern move, and the queen was made the most powerful piece.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Chess (1144 words)

	The School Network: What is Literature? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is commonly held that a literature of a nation, for example, is the collection of texts which make it a whole nation.
		Typically, though, poetry is literature that makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses--those properties attached to the written or spoken form of a word, rather than to its meaning.
		Early novels in Europe were not, at the time, viewed as significant literature.
	www.school-resource.com /c/literature (2030 words)

	Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)").
		The word "literature" as a common noun can refer to any form of writing, such as essays or poetry; "Literature" as a proper noun refers to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture.
		Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title "literature", such as some of the works by Simon Blackburn; but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar as that of mathematics.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Literature.htm (2587 words)

	literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
		Typically though, poetry as a form of literature makes some significant use of the formal properties of the words it uses — these properties being attached to the written or spoken form of the words, rather than to their meaning.
		Poetry perhaps pre-dates other forms of literature: early known examples include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (dated from around 3000 B.C.), the Bible and the surviving works of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey).
	www.findthelinks.com /arts/literature.htm (2028 words)

	CHESS FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Chess, sometimes also known as international chess, is a board_game and mental sport for 2 players.
		Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in clubs, tournaments, online, and by mail (correspondence_chess).
		Blitz_chess is a version of chess where a chess clock is used to limit the time control for each player.
	www.palfacts.com /chess (2790 words)

	World Chess Championship Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on Chess tactictactics and strategy.
		Chess is one of the world's most popularitypopular games; it has been described not only as a game, but also as an art, science, and sport.
		Chess is sometimes seen as an Abstract strategyabstract wargame; as a "mindmental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a Chess as mental trainingway of enhancing mental prowess.
	www.echostatic.com /World_Chess_Championship.html (1643 words)

	Chess - Biocrawler definition:Chess - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chess is a board game and mental sport for two players.
		A theory that chess arose in China earlier, arose because when chess spread to China, it took over the board and the name of a Chinese board game called the "astronomical game", which is recorded as existing in the 2nd century BC; the rules of the "astronomical game" are now lost.
		At first considered only a curiosity, the best chess playing programs like Shredder or Fritz have risen in ability to the point where they can seriously challenge and even defeat the best humans, and regularly defeat the average human Grandmaster.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Chess (1783 words)

	A Trap for the Historian
		Chess is a scientific game and its literature ought to be placed on the basis of the strictest truthfulness, which is the foundation of all scientific research.
		As long as something as fundamental as that is lacking in chess literature, it is strange for anyone to believe that the heritage has been adequately chronicled.
		For early tourneys — perhaps up to 1930(?) — it would be useful to document the winning compositions as well, as original sources are becoming increasingly more difficult to obtain.
	www.chessarch.com /excavations/0018_anders/anders.shtml (1218 words)

	Chess
		Many variants of chess are being played throughout the world; amongst them, the most popular are Xiangqi (China) and Shogi (Japan), both of which come from the same historical stem as chess.
		Chess originated from the Indian game Chaturanga, about 1400 years ago.
		FIDE has also become involved in the organisation of this match, and there are reports that it will take place under their aegis in November 2003 in Buenos Aires.
	usapedia.com /c/chess-1.html (1181 words)

	Versus de scachis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If this date is accurate it makes the work the earliest known reference to chess in a Europe.
		See also: Chess in Europe, Chess in early literature.
		Helena M. Gamer, The Earliest Evidence of Chess in Western Literature: The Einsiedeln Verses, Speculum, Vol.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Versus_de_scachis (139 words)

	The Origin of Chess
		Chess has been shown to have appeared in India at a date no earlier than the sixth century AD, and Indian scholars themselves seem to believe that the actual date was considerably more recent than even that.
		The fact that Chinese chess also has a rook, a king, a pawn and a bishop, all of which occupy the same place on the board in the starting position and have the same movement and the same name as in the known medieval predecessor of western chess, is simply ignored.
		Chess also crossed from Persia to Ethiopia, where a little known form of the game, in which both sides move simultaneously and as quickly as possible, is still played.
	www.ishipress.com /origin.htm (10221 words)

	Xiangqi - Chinese Checkers and Chinese Chess - Chinese Art
		In Western chess, if a player's king is not in check, but the player has no legal moves that would not place the king into check, then this results in stalemate and a draw.
		While in Western chess, the battle between opposing sides is concentrated in the middle few rows for the bulk of the game, this is not the case in xiangqi.
		Depending on the situation, it may be advantageous to position a chariot at one of the corners of the enemy's side of the board, where it is very difficult to dislodge, and threatens the enemy general.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Xiangqi (2979 words)

	AllRefer.com - chess : History : Early History, Game & Hobby (Games And Hobbies) - Encyclopedia
		B.C. were used in chess), there is debate as to which culture its origins should be credited.
		A Dominican Friar from Italy wrote a chess treatise in the Middle Ages.
		Its 1474 translation by Englishman William Caxton standardized play for a short time, but it was not until international play of the next century that rules were widely agreed upon.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/chess-history.html (220 words)

	Chess in Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The exact location, time and method of the entry of chess into western Europe is unknown, however linguistic evidence suggest that it was almost certainly obtained from the Arabs.
		However the earliest western evidence of chess is dated to the eleventh century at the very earliest, still a signifcant time after the arabs themselves had discovered chess.
		Given that prior to eleventh century the arabs had substantial settlements in Spain, France and Italy knowing that our version of chess came from the arabs has not helped in identifying the entry point.
	usapedia.com /c/chess-in-europe.html (162 words)

	Chess Guide > Early Literature
		One of the most common ways for chess historians to trace when the board game chess entered a country is to look at the literature of that country.
		Although due to the names associated with chess sometimes being used for more then one game (for instance Xiang-qi in China and Tables in England), the only certain reference to chess is often several hundred years later than uncertain earlier references.
		(It is fairly certain chess is meant due to the word chatrang being used).
	www.chess.freegames.eu.com /history/early_literature (391 words)

	Chess Notes by Edward Winter
		But, assuming that he ranked highest in the region of chess fiction, it would not give him any title of prominency in the realities of the game, where a multitude of the deepest problems are presented for immediate solution at every stage.
		Basalla’s love of both chess and the cinema is evident, and he has put an extraordinary amount of research into what is, after all, a brave venture, given that no remotely comparable book exists.
		Chess in the Movies, which is available from Amazon, will certainly be scrutinized avidly by readers around the world, and the author invites corrections.
	www.chesshistory.com /winter (10157 words)

	Online Game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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		Sanskrit scholars state categorically that there is no reference to chess in early Indian literature, whereas H.J.R. Murray had based his claim that chess was invented in India entirely on...
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	www.cartoonmxnetwork.com /100-Sexiest-Women.html (496 words)

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