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Topic: Chess playing automaton

	The Turk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cabinet had doors that opened to reveal internal clockwork mechanisms, and when activated the mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent.
		However, the cabinet was a cleverly constructed illusion that allowed a chess master to hide inside and operate the mannequin.
		Maelzel took the Turk to play in France and in England, but due to mounting debts, fled Europe to exhibit the Turk in the United States of America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Turk (1045 words)

	ipedia.com: Computer chess Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The two prime motivations for computerized chess playing have been solo entertainment (allowing players to practice and to amuse themselves when no human players are available) and as research to provide insights into human cognition.
		For this reason, computer chess, (as with other games, like Scrabble) is no longer of great academic interest to researchers in artificial intelligence, and has largely been replaced by more intuitive games such as Go as a testing paradigm.
		Therefore, the fact that the best efforts of chess masters and computer engineers are as of 2003 so finely balanced should probably be viewed as an amusing quirk of fate rather than the profound comment on thought that many in the past, including some of the early theorists on machine intelligence, thought it to be.
	www.ipedia.com /computer_chess.html (3418 words)

	Automaton -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The first recorded design of a humanoid automaton is credited to (Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance (1452-1519)) Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1495.
		The world's first successfully-built biomechanical automaton is considered to be The Flute Player, invented by the (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French engineer (additional info and facts about Jacques de Vaucanson) Jacques de Vaucanson in 1737.
		Also, an automaton is a mathematical model for a (additional info and facts about finite state machine) finite state machine, see (additional info and facts about automata theory) automata theory.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/au/automaton.htm (544 words)

	ChessBase.com - Chess News - Torres y Quevedo's rook endgame automaton
		A while ago we reported on the recreation of Kempelen's famous Chess Turk by the Heinz Nixdorf Museum in Paderborn, The Turk was an automaton that played chess.
		Chess, it seems to be, has always been fascinating to people wishing to create machines that behave like humans, or at least the illusion thereof.
		In 1920 a second automaton (attributed by some sources to Leonardo's son, Gonzalo), was built that made its plays via magnets located under the board.
	www.chessbase.com /newsdetail.asp?newsid=1799 (841 words)

	Commentary, February 3, 2000 - THE FABULOUS AUTOMATON CHESS-PLAYER, Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The shaded outline indicates where the concealed operator was located at various stages of the "examination" presentation of the Chess Automaton.
		When the Chess Automaton went abroad, it was never to return to the Continent.
		In June of 1854, fire swept the museum and the Marvelous Chess Automaton was reduced to ashes.
	www.randi.org /jr/02-03-2000.html (1966 words)

	Automatons
		It played at Breslau, Dresden, Leipzig, Hanover, Magdeburg, Cologne, Elbefeld, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden.
		The Automaton was similarly intricate: although not capable of chess play, “The Turk” was nonetheless an impressive technical achievement for that time and place.
		He was usually referred to as "the Turk." Before the automaton was used, all the doors of the cabinet were opened on opposite sides (one pair at a time), and a candle's light was shined through the cavity, to demonstrate to the audience that no one was hidden inside.
	www.angelfire.com /games/SBChess/automaton.html (3075 words)

	chess automaton
		Operating an automaton in London over a period of months in 1820, he (or the machine) took on 300 challengers and, astoundingly, won or drew all but six games.
		Automaton or no, it was a remarkable chess exhibition.
		The first legitimate chess machine appears to have been an automaton developed by Torres y Quevedo, a Spanish scientist, introduced in 1890.
	www.hornpipe.com /ba/ba10c.htm (438 words)

	Chess pictures : Stories: AUTOMATON CHESS
		In 1770 he returned with the automaton, a machine which could play chess and beat really good players.
		It played at Breslau, Dresden, Leipzig, Hanover, Magdeburg, Cologne, Elbefeld, Dusseldorf, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden.
		It automatically played the end game of King and Rook against King from any position without any human agency at all and if an illegal move were made it would signal it.
	www.chessgraphics.net /ac.htm (1004 words)

	All posts tagged with chess \| Metafilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Automaton was invented as an exercise in national pride by Wolfgang von Kempelen, who considered it a trifle compared to his experiments with mechanical speech synthesis.
		It isn't difficult to find a chess programme that is better at playing chess, but you won't find many that shows you what it is thinking.
		Chess, as a political metaphor and ideological weapon.
	www.metafilter.com /tags/chess (866 words)

	Automaton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1769, a chess-playing automaton called the Turk, created by Wolfgang von Kempelen, made the rounds of the courts of Europe, but in fact was a famous hoax, operated from inside by a hidden human operator.
		Maillardet's Automaton is now part of the collections at The Franklin Institute Science Museum in Philadelphia.
		Also, an automaton is a mathematical model for a finite state machine, see automata theory.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Automaton.htm (599 words)

	The Turk
		The Chess player posed a challenge to anyone who took refuge in the idea that machines might be able to outperform humans physically but could not outdo them mentally.
		And the automaton's curious tale, running in a parallel course alongside the prehistory of computing but connecting in a few key places, has now assumed a new significance as scientists and philosophers continue to debate the possibility of machine intelligence.
		Kempelen never gave his automaton a name, but its distinctive oriental costume gave rise to a nickname almost immediately, and it is known to this day as the Turk.
	www.chess-poster.com /english/chesmayne/the_turk.htm (1779 words)

	DVD review of Chess Player, The - DVD Town (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After a triumphant chess-playing stint in Warsaw, the film reaches its climax outside the winter palace of Catherine II (Marcelle Charles-Dullin), where The Turk plays his final match and is actually shot by a firing squad in front of drunken revelers in the wee hours of the morning.
		Because "The Chess Player" is a silent film, with “sound” we’re talking about the musical backdrop, and this DVD features the original orchestral score by Henri Rabaud, with Carl Davis conducting the Orchestre de Radio-Television-Luxembourg, presented in Dolby Digital 2.0 that’s evenly distributed across the speakers.
		In a WNYC radio interview, Tom Standage, author of "The Turk," tells talk-show host Leonard Lopate that the chess-playing automaton defeated 98 percent of its opponents, and was partly inspired by rumors that the Sultan of Baghdad had a chess-playing monkey.
	www.dvdtown.com /review/Chess_Player_The/11064/1680 (1423 words)

	The Great Chess Automaton
		According to Poe it was a 'tolerable representation' of the automaton.
		The Great Chess Automaton consisted of a wooden figure dressed in Turkish clothes (and usually referred to as the 'Turk') whose trunk emerged out of a large wooden box filled with gears and wires.
		Kempelen, who was a Hungarian nobleman, built the chess automaton in 1769 and then toured throughout Europe with it, exhibiting it before audiences filled with royalty and aristocrats.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /chess_auto.html (792 words)

	Mechanics' Institute Chess Room Newsletter #105
		This book was published in 1950, but the game would appear to have been played much earlier as Lovegrove, who died in 1956 (the same year as Fink), played little the last few decades of his life.
		Chess sets and some clocks will be available, but players who have their own clocks are encouraged to bring them along.
		All state chess associations are invited to nominate their current state champion or one of their best to represent their state in this event.
	www.chessdryad.com /articles/mi/article_113.htm (1459 words)

	Waypath - Topic Stream: Games > Board Games > Chess (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This is a blog for chess fans by a chess fan, one who loves the beauty of the game and wants to share it with those who are like-minded.
		Chess grandmaster of Utah dead at 58 (Salt Lake Tribune) 1947-2005Igor Ivanov In what turned out to be the match of his life, Utah 's greatest chess player found himself down too much material too late in the game, unable to force a stalemate or draw out the game any longer.
		Yet the chess mind is not only a chess mind, and other topics, such as philosophy, may appear from time to time.
	www.waypath.com /topic/chess.html (3505 words)

	Chess is Fun: The Turk
		The idea that a machine could really play chess inspired generations, and undoubtedly had an effect upon those in the last decades who have really fulfilled the objective: a "machine" that can play at grandmaster strength.
		The Turk, a supposed a chess-playing automaton, impressed Europe and America during the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries.
		When Vorowsky is wounded in battle, his mentor, the inventor Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen, constructs a marvelous chess- playing automaton which, when summoned by Catherine the Great, holds the fate of Polish independence by a single, suspenseful chess game.
	www.queensac.com /turk.html (613 words)

	Amazon.com: The Turk, Chess Automaton: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Besides playing a good game of chess within an hour's time, the manipulator had to keep track of the moves, work the pantograph arm apparatus, nod the head, roll the eyes, cover up sneezes and coughs, and work the sound mechanism.
		In addition to playing a good game of chess within an hour's time, the hidden director had to keep track of the position, move the pieces with the pantograph arm apparatus, nod the head, roll the eyes, cover up sneezes and coughs, and work the mechanism that spoke the word "Echeck!".
		The Turk, Chess Automaton is "must" reading for all chess history enthusiasts and students of 18th century hoaxes and popular culture.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0786407786?v=glance (1082 words)

	Knightiev Human versus Machine
		The first mechanical chess player was a machine created in 1769 by Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen, a Hungarian civil servant.
		automaton, but it was, in fact, operated by many strong players.
		Not all chess centers experienced the same success as London during the early part of the nineteenth century.
	members.aol.com /knightiev/myhomepage/chesshumanvsmachine.html (715 words)

	DVD Talk > Reviews > The Chess Player (Le joueur d'échecs) > Printer Friendly
		On the other hand, The Chess Player presents a story that can't be presented purely visually: it's the story of a Polish struggle for independence under Russian domination, of the invention of a chess-playing automaton, and of the love between two characters involved in the struggle.
		A few of these appear throughout the film, but the most notable is a sequence at the end when we're presented with a visual sequence that's purely subjective, representing what one character sees in his dying moments.
		The second "still gallery" is actually fairly interesting; in about three and a half minutes, it flips through a series of photos not just of scenes from the film, but also behind-the-scenes shots of the director, cinematographer, art director, and other cast and crew.
	www.dvdtalk.com /reviews/print.php?ID=7105 (1227 words)

	Automaton Chessplayer by Ambrose Bierce from Moxon's Master at Technovelgy.com
		I knew little about chess, but as only a few pieces were on the board it was obvious that the game was near its close.
		Turing wrote a computer chess program in 1950 (Turing was a relatively weak player); this was the same year that he proposed what came to be known as the Turing Test for machine intelligence.
		The first chess program with a complete board and set of pieces was written in 1957 by Alex Bernstein at MIT on an IBM 704 (a 47Khz processor looked 4 moves deep in 8 minutes).
	www.technovelgy.com /ct/content.asp?Bnum=571 (928 words)

	Chessville - Reviews - Turk, The
		So begins the preface to this remarkable account of the famous Turk, the chess-playing automaton that was to astonish and delight not just the courts of Europe, but the commoners as well, on at least four continents before its final retirement.
		It played regular games, it played either side (opponent's choice) of a set of endgame positions, it corrected it's opponent's illegal moves, it did things no other automaton was capable of even emulating.
		Reprinted article on Maelzel's Chess Player (aka the Turk) written in 1835 in two parts, but this may be the same article by Poe.
	www.chessville.com /reviews/reviews_turk.htm (2577 words)

	chessplayer
		The Chess Player is an eyecatching but dated costume spectacular that dramatically reconstructs a moment of history in the 18th century of Poland and Russia during a time of French film history when such silent epics were in vogue.
		When pretty Polish dancer Wanda does a ballet number for the Russian and Polish soldiers at the inn, she is slighted by a Russian soldier and the heroic Boleslas rushes to her aid dueling with the Czarist's soldiers.
		It all builds to a suspenseful conclusion, as Sophie's real identity is revealed and Sergei's friendship is put to the test as the escape plan is hatched and Sophie is forced to choose which one of the rivals will be her lover.
	www.sover.net /~ozus/chessplayer.htm (795 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous 19th Century Chess-Playing Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Standage concludes this intriguing work by comparing the Turk with developments in computer chess playing in the latter half of the 20th century and also relates it to the broad artificial intelligence field.
		In the middle of the eighteenth century, automatons were all the rage: mechanical ducks and elephants; pictures with moving parts; even human simulacrums that could write, draw, and play musical instruments.
		This is a delightful book that takes one cultural artifact (a mechanical chess playing machine that looks like a human being and is dressed in oriental opulence, "The Turk") and follows its entire life, from its conceptualization and manufacture to its final demise in a fire in Philadelphia.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0802713912 (1438 words)

	Commentary, January 19, 2000 - THE FABULOUS AUTOMATON CHESS-PLAYER, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The man who held that strange position was Mouret (chess afficionados at this period usually referred to players by family names only, an affection that robs us of a means of further identifying these persons) who held the position for only a year, then stayed behind in England to lose his mind to brandy.
		There were actually some fifteen eminent chess players who, over the 85 years that this marvel was in existence, occupied the cramped innards of the machine.
		This clever inventor had mentioned to his queen, Empress Maria Theresa, who was a chess afficionado, that he felt he could construct a mechanism that would actually play a game of chess, and when the Empress became enthusiastic over the notion, he set to work to produce it for her edification.
	www.randi.org /jr/01-19-2000.html (1746 words)

	Notes and Correspondence: 70
		He believes the automaton to be a sham, as its Turkish appearance would suggest, since it refers to Poe's debunking of "Maelzel's Chess-Player" in 1836.
		He thinks this woman hides in the automaton and kills Moxon in a fit of rage, quite possibly sparked by an intense jealousy, as she could perceive the young man as some kind of rival.
		The automaton's destruction and the scientist's death carried a moral decree, and resolved the dilemma raised by the question of the intelligence of machines: if machines were intelligent, then the soul, and therefore God, did not exist.
	www.depauw.edu /sfs/backissues/70/notes70.htm (5870 words)

	Chess Playing Info: Chess Playing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Playing chess over the board: at my club De killed with her mother and chess-playing sister during one of the...
		Around 1769, the chess playing automaton called The Turk became famous before being exposed as a...
		In chess, a lesson not practiced is you want a free chess program that runs on windows...
	www.pages4u.co.uk /res_Chess+Playing_10.php (395 words)

	Intelliflix: Rent Chess Player on DVD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When Vorowsky is wounded in battle, his mentor, the inventor Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen, constructs a marvelous chess-playing automaton which, when summoned by Catherine the Great, holds the fate of Polish independence by a single, suspenseful chess game.
		This French silent movie was apparently discovered and refurbished by a group of British computer scientists fascinated by the automaton chess player from which the film gets its title.
		While THE CHESS PLAYER may not be a film for the ages, it's still a mighty good one and an epic of true proportions as well.
	www.intelliflix.com /movie_view.dvd?id=17375 (682 words)

	The Turk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A child wouldn't have the skill to play the game at such a high level, and a midget of master strength was also very unlikely.
		Second hypothesis: The machine also played certain examples of chess games, but is not only activated by the winding, but also during the game by external intervention.
		Third hypothesis: The chess player is managed only by external intervention either by a magnet, or Fourth hypothesis: by hidden strings and moves.
	www.hevanet.com /kort/2003/OLSSON11.HTM (861 words)

	dOc DVD Review: The Chess Player (Le Joueur d'echecs) (1926) - Printable
		A Hungarian nobleman, Baron von Kemplen, took Europe by storm with his invention of a chess-playing automaton, which was in the shape of a life-sized Turk.
		Under the oppression of the Russians and Empress Catherine II (or the Great, played by Marcelle Charles-Dullin), tensions are high.
		Though he doesn't reveal the secret of the automaton (for which you have to buy the book), he does relate some of the mechanism's history over the years.
	www.digitallyobsessed.com /showrevpdf.php3?ID=5105 (1119 words)

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