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Topic: Chestnut

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American Chestnut

Sweet Chestnut

Chestnut blight

Aesculus

Nut (fruit)

Fagaceae

Castanea

Banquet of Chestnuts

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	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Chestnut, Horse - Herb Profile and Information
		The Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, which has also been known as Hippocastanum vulgare (Gaertn.), is an entirely different tree from the Sweet Chestnut, to which it is not even distantly related, and is of much more recent importation to English soil.
		The fruit is a brown nut, with a very shining, polished skin, showing a dull, rough, pale-brown scar where it has been attached to the inside of the seed-vessel, a large green husk, protected with short spines, which splits into three valves when it falls to the ground and frees the nut.
		It is concluded that Horse Chestnuts are not poisonous to any of the farm animals experimented with, within the limits of what they can be induced to eat, and that they form a highly nutritious food.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/c/chehor58.html (1160 words)

	Chestnut - LoveToKnow 1911
		CHESTNUT (nux Castanea), the common name given to two sorts of trees and their fruit, (r) the so-called "horse-chestnut," and (2) the sweet or "Spanish" chestnut.
		Chestnuts (the fruit of the tree) are extensively imported into Great Britain, and are eaten roasted or boiled, and mashed or otherwise as a vegetable.
		The trees are very abundant in the south of Europe, and chestnuts bulk largely in the food resources of the poor in Spain, Italy, Switzerland and Germany.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Chestnut (1257 words)

	Green Valley Chestnut Ranch - Chestnut History
		The chestnut was referred to as the "bread tree." Cultivated forms of chestnuts included hundreds of varieties selected for specific qualities for uses as candying, roasting, boiling, drying, flour and butter.
		Chestnut trees were once so numerous along the Eastern forests of the US that it is said a squirrel could jump from chestnut tree to chestnut tree all the way from Georgia to New York without ever touching the ground.
		However, by 1950, the chestnut was essentially eliminated as a forest tree in North America, having succumbed to chestnut blight (apparently brought in from Oriental varieties of chestnuts), of the late 1800's.
	www.chestnutranch.com /history.htm (444 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From its point of introduction in New York City around the turn of the century, the Asian chestnut blight moved outward at a remarkable pace; fifty years later, all that remained of the species on which so much richness of life depended were millions of acres of dead but still standing stems.
		Not too long ago, the American chestnut was one of the most important trees of forested from Maine south to Georgia, from the Piedmont west to the Ohio valley.
		Many of the dry ridgetops of the central Appalachians were so thoroughly crowded with chestnut that, in early summer, when their canopies were filled with creamy-white flowers, the mountains appeared snow-capped.
	www.munic.state.ct.us /burlington/chestnuttree.htm (676 words)

	New Hope for the American Chestnut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The spores of the chestnut blight fungus are carried from one tree to another by wood-boring insects, woodpeckers, and similar vectors.
		An American chestnut tree from Virginia possibly would grow well in Massachusetts, but for complex reasons relating to the genetic constitution of American chestnuts as a species, TACF considers it inadvisable to plant these trees on a large scale too far from their local region of native origin.
		Chestnut trees are difficult to propagate vegetatively, although it is possible to propagate them by stem cuttings taken from the vigorous greenwood shoots of young saplings, and also by other techniques, such as tissue culture.
	www.elmpost.org /chestnut.htm (2841 words)

	History of the American Chestnut Tree - Brought to you by Appalachian Woods, LLC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The American Chestnut was cultivated in 1800 and was once considered to be the queen of the eastern American forest.
		Chestnuts grew in the eastern forests along with several species of oak, hickory, maple, and birch.
		So important was the American Chestnut in the southern Appalachians that some of the major timber operations became subsidiaries of leather companies which were organized to harvest other species for lumber on land bought to insure supplies of chestnut tannin extract.
	www.appalachianwoods.com /appalachianwoods/history_of_the_american_chestnut.htm (1933 words)

	Chapter 5: Tree Fruits & Nuts and Exotic Tree Fruits & Nuts
		Chestnut trees are cultivated for their nuts or as ornamentals.
		Chestnut is a deciduous tree or shrub, which is cultivated in a similar manner to other deciduous nut trees.
		He indicated that honey bees, rose chafers, and wild bees are highly beneficial to chestnut in the transfer of pollen, and they frequently visit the staminate flowers in large numbers.
	gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov /book/chap5/chestnut.html (691 words)

	Bay Grasses > Water Chestnut
		In the Americas, water chestnut is an invasive species known for its aggressive growth habits.
		Water chestnut was recorded in the Bird River in Baltimore County for the first time in 1955.
		The Bird River water chestnut population spread from approximately 50 plants in summer 1997 to over three acres in 1998, and approximately 30 acres in 1999.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /bay/sav/water_chestnut.asp (709 words)

	Horse chestnut Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine - Find Articles
		Horse chestnuts exist in nature as both a tree and a shrub, and are found in all temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America.
		The fruit of the horse chestnut is a dark brown, smooth surfaced nut approximately 2 in (5 cm) in diameter.
		Chinese herbalists consider horse chestnut to be a part of treatment not only for circulatory problems, but use it as an astringent, as a diuretic, for reduction of edema or swelling, to reduce inflammation, as an expectorant in respiratory problems, and to fight viruses.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0004/ai_2603000433 (1024 words)

	CHESTNUT RESEARCH IN CONNECTICUT:
		Chestnut was the only wood used for telephone poles, and most of the railroad ties were chestnut.
		Chestnut breeding work was begun early in the U.S., but the only program that has continued without interruption is that at The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
		We have a clear-cut in a State Forest with abundant chestnut where we are spraying chestnut sprouts at least twice a year with conidia from three transgenic strains, and spraying chestnuts in the control plot with water.
	www.angelfire.com /pa3/castanea/info/Ct_Ch_Resdoc.html (1756 words)

	Chestnut - Glossary - Hormel Foods
		Chestnuts are also available ground into chestnut flour for baking, however the flour has a strong nutty flavor so it may be best to mix it with other varieties of flour for a milder tasting result.
		Chestnuts should not be consumed raw or fresh because of the tannic acid contained in each nut, which causes stomach discomfort.
		The Chestnuts are then ready to be added to a skillet containing a sautéed base stock of choice such as salt pork, shallots, and wine where the nuts will be added and cooked on simmer until the liquid stock cooks away and the Chestnuts are tender.
	www.hormel.com /kitchen/glossary.asp?id=33148&catitemid= (1331 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Chestnut, Sweet - Herb Profile and Information
		The famous Tortworth Chestnut, in Gloucestershire, was a landmark in the boundary records compiled in the reign of John, and was already known as the Great Chestnut of Tortworth in the days of Stephen.
		In the Mediterranean region the Chestnut flourishes luxuriantly.
		It is used for many other purposes, such as pit-props and wine-barrels and formerly Chestnut timber was used indiscriminately with oak for the construction of houses, mill-work and household furniture.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/c/cheswe59.html (1132 words)

	Tree Basics
		The American chestnut (Castanea dentata) was once one of the most common and important tree species in the Eastern United States.
		The American chestnut trees, which evolved without the presence of the blight, are not resistant to the fungus and are quickly killed off by it.
		This was mainly due to the fact that the American chestnut was such a dominant tree in many of the Eastern forests and it often did not give less competitve tree species the opportunity to grow to maturity.
	www.fw.vt.edu /dendro/forsite/Paul/paul1.htm (652 words)

	Chestnut Tree
		The largest chestnut-tree in the world is undoubtedly the Castagno di cento cavalli ("chestnut of a hundred horses") in the forest of Carpinetto on the east side of Mount Etna.
		The timber of the Chestnut resembles oak, being brown, moderately hard, fine-grained, and rather porous; but, being of slower growth, its rings are narrower; the "medullary rays" or "silver grain" is not traceable, nor is there any distinction between the heart-wood and sap-wood.
		Beyond the use of its saplings as hop-poles, chestnut timber is applied to no special purpose; but, growing as it will even in poor, sandy soil, or under the shade of fir-trees, it is a good deal planted as cover for game.
	www.2020site.org /trees/chestnut.html (1199 words)

	APSnet Feature - Revitalization of the Majestic Chestnut: Chestnut Blight Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, (formerly Endothia parasitica [Murrill] Anderson and Anderson).
		A large number of grafted and seedling Japanese chestnuts were imported by 1900 (40), and it was clear that diseased nursery stock was the most important factor in the spread of chestnut blight to distant points.
		Meyer found chestnut blight disease in Japan in 1915 (45), and we now know that Japanese trees and some Chinese trees have good resistance to the fungus, and although they may be infected they are rarely killed.
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/chestnut (2561 words)

	American Chestnut Story
		The chestnut tree made a grand and graceful tree in maturity, and was used throughout the east as a welcome landscaping addition.
		All of the once vast chestnut forests were gone, and no hybrid had yet been produced that combined resistance to the blight with the quality of the American chestnut fruit.
		The only chestnut trees remaining were in scattered isolated groves planted out west by early settlers (10), beyond the range of the blight, and a few groves back east kept alive through diligent applications of hypovirulence (a virus of the fungus).
	lamar.colostate.edu /~samcox/chestnut.htm (4573 words)

	CNN - Slain Officer Chestnut eulogized as a loving father - July 31, 1998
		Chestnut, 58, was shot last Friday while guarding an entrance to the U.S. Capitol.
		Chestnut and his Taiwan-born wife Wendy were active in their community -- organizing a neighborhood crime-watch program and collecting contributions for a civic group that awards scholarships and sends flowers to the bereaved.
		As Chestnut's coffin was placed in the hearse for the drive to Arlington, 26 bagpipers from the Chicago Police Department played.
	www.cnn.com /US/9807/31/chestnut.funeral.03/index.html (748 words)

	CHESTNUT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Its progressive spread across the eastern half of the USA reduced the native American chestnut (Castanea dentata) almost to the status of an understorey shrub, whereas it was once a magnificent ‘high forest’ tree.
		This disease was also a significant problem in European sweet chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) in the 1940s, but in Italy in the early 1950s some heavily infested sweet chestnut plantations began to recover spontaneously.
		The major issue that remains to be resolved is the long-term safety of introducing genetically modified strains of pathogenic fungi into the environment, especially if the nuclear DNA is transferred and increases the genetic diversity of the pathogen.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/FungalBiology/chestnut.htm (1442 words)

	Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although horse chestnut is sometimes called buckeye, it should not be confused with the Ohio or California buckeye trees, which are related but not the same species.
		Horse chestnut seed extract has been used to treat chronic venous insufficiency (a condition in which the veins in the legs do not efficiently return blood to the heart).
		Horse chestnut seed extract standardized to contain 16 to 20 percent aescin (escin), the active ingredient, is the most commonly used form.
	nccam.nih.gov /health/horsechestnut/index.htm (372 words)

	IDENTIFICATION OF CHESTNUT (CASTANEA) SPECIES
		Hairs that are characteristic of certain chestnut species are deciduous and may completely disappear (except for some hairs on the ribs) from the underside of a leaf as the leaf matures.
		chestnut oaks" have leaves much like those of the chestnut tree, but have blunt leaf teeth that end in a thick, short, blunt point, while those of genuine chestnuts are narrow and sharp, and often ending in a bristle.
		The American Chestnut was largely destroyed by a blight in the 1930's, and is much missed because of its imposing size, sweet nuts, and straight trunks that made excellent, rot-resistant lumber.
	www.mobot.org /plantscience/ResBot/Ches/chkey.htm (1390 words)

	Family Favorites
		Chestnut Garnish -- Melt 2 tbsp butter in a skillet and add the chopped chestnuts and brown sugar.
		Mash chestnuts and put into a large bowl with bread crumbs, melted butter, onions and seasonings.
		Process the chestnuts in a food processor until fine and set aside.
	www.chestnutsonline.com /recipes.htm (1228 words)

	Chestnut Recipes
		Chestnut puree is used in ice cream, yogurt, and chestnut-creme filled chocolates.
		Substitute chestnut flour or puree for some portion (usually less than 50%) of wheat flour, or as a complete substitute for corn meal or oat flour.
		Chestnut flour weakens the dough, and therefore, must be used sparingly in yeast breads.
	www.empirechestnut.com /recipe.htm (338 words)

	Equine Color - Horse & Pony Color Genetics Information
		Chestnuts are usually easily identified and the genetic explanation of Chestnut is also very easily understood.
		Chestnut based colors such as Palomino and Cremello are the same, the intensity of the phenomelanin is just diluted.
		Since Chestnut is recessive it can be "hidden", for many generations, thus it may seem to pop up out of nowhere at times.
	www.equinecolor.com /chestnut.html (1480 words)

	Chestnut Recipes
		Our chestnuts and recipes were featured in the November 2002 and September 2004 issues of Southern Living Magazine and in the November 2003 issue of Real Simple Magazine.
		While the chestnuts are simmering, melt the chocolate in a microwave for 30 seconds to 1 minute, or melt in a double boiler.
		Cover and cook until chestnuts are tender and the chestnuts have absorbed most of the liquid.
	www.delmarvelouschestnuts.com /recipe.htm (1348 words)

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