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Topic: Chestnut blight

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	Blight Fungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chestnut blight is caused by a fungus which entered our country on Asian nursery stock imported to New York around 1900.
		When you see American chestnut stock advertised as "blight free", this means it was grown in an area where no blight is present, outside the natural range or inside a greenhouse.
		Weakened by the virus, the blight's progress is slowed down, so that a chestnut tree which may have no resistance to blight can form the slow-growing swollen cankers normally produced only on resistant trees.
	www.ppws.vt.edu /griffin/blight.html (593 words)

	Chestnut blight
		The chestnut blight is a fungal desease, Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica).
		It was accidentally introduced to the United States around 1900-1908, either in imported chestnut lumber or in imported chestnut trees, and by 1940, the American chestnut had been made virtually extinct by the disease.
		Japanese and some Chinese chestnut trees are resistant to the fungus: they may be infected, but the blight does not usually kill them.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ch/Chestnut_blight.html (81 words)

	Chestnut Blight
		The Chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica; formerly known as Endothia parasitica) was likely introduced to North America on nursery stock from Asia and was first observed killing trees in the Bronx Zoo (New York City) in 1904.
		The orange-coloured areas at the edge of the canker are where Chestnut blight is actively growing and sporulating.
		Some strains of the Chestnut blight fungus are infected with a virus which reduces the virulence of the fungus, so that an infected tree is able to produce callus, overgrow the cankers, and survive.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~chestnut/chestnut_blight.htm (390 words)

	Brief history of the American Chestnut Tree
		Commonly known as the Chestnut blight, Endothia parasitica was first found in the chestnut trees on the grounds of the New York Zoological Garden by Herman W. Merkel, a forester at the Bronx Zoo.
		After the blight, the economic impact of the American Chestnut was softened by the native durability of the wood.
		This nonvirulent strain of the blight is essentially a "blight of the blight" that spreads through trees in the wild and weakens the original blight, thus allowing the tree to survive.
	www.appalachianwoods.com /american_chestnut_history.htm (1931 words)

	New Hope for the American Chestnut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The spores of the chestnut blight fungus are carried from one tree to another by wood-boring insects, woodpeckers, and similar vectors.
		Chestnut trees are difficult to propagate vegetatively, although it is possible to propagate them by stem cuttings taken from the vigorous greenwood shoots of young saplings, and also by other techniques, such as tissue culture.
		With adequate resistance to the blight, they would have the potential of living for hundreds of years; however, we should not lose sight of the fact that American chestnut trees from wild-collected seed have no resistance to the blight and are almost certain to contract it and to succumb not too many years after planting.
	www.elmpost.org /chestnut.htm (2841 words)

	SERAMBO - Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop - Biological Approaches to Chestnut Blight Control
		Chestnut wood played an important role in almost everyone's life from the time they were rocked in chestnut cradles until they were buried in chestnut coffins.
		Chestnut was the backbone of the forest economy in the Appalachians as no other species exceeded the volume of chestnut wood cut.
		Researchers working with chestnut blight in North America were particularly encouraged when hypovirus-infected stains were found in stands of American chestnut recovering from blight in Michigan.
	www.main.nc.us /SERAMBO/BControl/chestnut.html (1022 words)

	PA DCNR - The Resource - November 1998
		Chestnut trees that were planted at a test site in Moshannon State Forest in April have been doing so well that some are outgrowing their protective tubing.
		Chinese chestnuts are smaller, shrub-like, and resistant to the blight.
		Along with the nostalgia of roasting chestnuts again, the reintroduction of the American chestnut to Pennsylvania's woods promises to be an economic and ecological boon.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /polycomm/nov/moshannonchestnut1198.htm (610 words)

	APSnet Feature - Revitalization of the Majestic Chestnut: Chestnut Blight Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, (formerly Endothia parasitica [Murrill] Anderson and Anderson).
		A large number of grafted and seedling Japanese chestnuts were imported by 1900 (40), and it was clear that diseased nursery stock was the most important factor in the spread of chestnut blight to distant points.
		Meyer found chestnut blight disease in Japan in 1915 (45), and we now know that Japanese trees and some Chinese trees have good resistance to the fungus, and although they may be infected they are rarely killed.
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/chestnut (2561 words)

	Unasylva - Vol. 3, No. 1 - Chestnut blight in Asia and north America
		The Japanese chestnut, Castanea crenata, is widely distributed in Japan and southern Korea as a forest tree and is extensively planted in Japan as an orchard tree.
		Blight has not yet been reported from the Ozark Mountains, west of the Mississippi River, where the largest of the species, Castanea ozarkensis, is native, but in time it undoubtedly will be found there.
		European chestnuts in the eastern United States have in general shown more resistance than the American chestnut to the blight before being killed, but none under observation has shown as much resistance as the ones reported by Professor A. Pavari in Italy.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5348e/x5348e02.htm (2713 words)

	Chestnuts and the Introduction of Chestnut Blight
		American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were once so common in the Eastern United States that everyone who could get to the woods in the fall could count on nuts for roasting and for stuffing their Thanksgiving turkey.
		The discovery of chestnut blight in the Bronx Zoo was described by Merkel (4) as follows: "...a few scattered cases which occurred [on American chestnut trees] during the summer of 1904.
		The chestnut blight fungus was accidentally introduced into the U.S. on Japanese chestnut trees imported at the end of the 1800s.
	www.caes.state.ct.us /FactSheetFiles/PlantPathology/fspp008f.htm (1774 words)

	Unasylva - Vol. 3, No. 1 - Chestnut blight in Europe
		The chestnut thrives where there are warm summers and mild autumns with lengthy days of sunlight, freedom from late frosts, and a relative abundance of rainfall - conditions to be found in the hilly regions of the Mediterranean countries.
		Chestnuts are also found in those parts of Croatia and Slavonia which have mild climates, though not to the same extent as in Dalmatia.
		The earliest cuttings from chestnut coppice can be obtained in one or two years and are suitable for making baskets, wickerwork, small poles, etc. Later cuttings, up to a maximum of 25 to 40 years, yield timber for construction and manufacturing and, in particular, for telegraph and electric poles.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5348e/x5348e03.htm (3531 words)

	Forest Pathology - Chestnut Blight
		Chestnut was also prized as a landscape tree.
		Perhaps it is called blight because infected branches and stems die quickly, as in a shoot blight.
		In North America, chestnut blight is present in the entire native range of the host and has moved to areas of planted chestnut far from the native range.
	www.forestpathology.org /dis_chestnut.html (1414 words)

	WVU researchers closing in on chestnut blight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The mixture in William MacDonald's lab is a genetically engineered strain of the fungus responsible for chestnut blight.
		The American chestnut was once the most abundant and versatile tree in the eastern woods.
		Symptoms of chestnut blight are cankers on the bark and yellowing of the tree's leaves as infected limbs die.
	www.nis.wvu.edu /releases/chestnut_blight.html (585 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		From its point of introduction in New York City around the turn of the century, the Asian chestnut blight moved outward at a remarkable pace; fifty years later, all that remained of the species on which so much richness of life depended were millions of acres of dead but still standing stems.
		Not too long ago, the American chestnut was one of the most important trees of forested from Maine south to Georgia, from the Piedmont west to the Ohio valley.
		Many of the dry ridgetops of the central Appalachians were so thoroughly crowded with chestnut that, in early summer, when their canopies were filled with creamy-white flowers, the mountains appeared snow-capped.
	www.munic.state.ct.us /burlington/chestnuttree.htm (676 words)

	RESURRECTING THE AMERICAN CHESTNUT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The chestnut blight was first noticed in New York at the Bronx Zoo in 1904, but according to chestnut researcher, Sandra Anagnostakis, the blight was probably first brought into the northeastern U. sometime in the late 1800s on Japanese chestnut trees.
		Most of the trees died from the blight in the 1930s and practically all were gone by 1950, but the blight did not directly harm the roots.
		Some chestnuts have repeatedly died and sprouted again from their root collars for the past 70 years, but the vigor and number of these sprouts have been declining.
	www2.vscc.cc.tn.us /jschibig/resurrectingthechestnut.htm (1912 words)

	Pathogens - Chestnut Blight
		Chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr or Endothia parasitica)
		Chestnut blight is one of the most destructive plant diseases ever recorded.
		Although no vertebrates became extinct because of the loss of American chestnuts, seven moth species fed exclusively on American chestnuts and are now extinct. Another 49 moth species also feed on American chestnuts, but because of broader diets, they are able to feed on related trees and shrubs, including the introduced Chinese chestnut.
	www.biology.duke.edu /bio217/2002/bmm10/blight.htm (495 words)

	American Chestnut Foundation - Research and Restoration
		American chestnut trees had evolved in the absence of chestnut blight, and our native species lacked entirely the genetic material to protect it from the fungus.
		Essentially, chestnut was tied to the very shape of the hills and mountains on which the trees were found.
		Although the blight fungus is not known to have overcome the defenses of the numerous Chinese chestnut trees planted in the U.S, a future "breakdown" of resistance in blight-resistant chestnut trees is possible.
	www.acf.org /r_r.htm (1474 words)

	Tree Basics
		The blight then quickly spread to some American chestnut trees in the park through the air and throughout the entire range of the chestnut by the 1940's.
		The American chestnut trees, which evolved without the presence of the blight, are not resistant to the fungus and are quickly killed off by it.
		The blight enters the chestnut tree through cracks in the bark, which usually appear once a tree is a few years old.
	www.fw.vt.edu /dendro/forsite/Paul/paul1.htm (652 words)

	Chestnut Growers - The Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chestnut Growers - The Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)
		Chestnut Blight - a powerpoint presentation, ~ 2 MB in size, hosted by the College of Natural Resources at UC Berkeley
		Cryphonectria parasitica, cause of chestnut blight - by Tom Volk, Professor of Biology at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse
	chestnut.cas.psu.edu /blight.htm (248 words)

	Chestnuts
		Our American chestnuts all died of chestnut blight disease at the beginning of this century, after the fungus was brought into the U.S. on imported Japanese chestnut trees.
		However, the American chestnuts sprouted from the base (from the root collar) where the blight fungus cannot penetrate, and thus began the cycle of sprouting, becoming infected, dying, and sprouting again that we have all seen in our woods.
		In an orchard of American chestnuts at Lockwood Farm, the population of virus-infected strains has remained stable for over ten years, and the fungus in new cankers is usually virus-infected by the time we notice it.
	www.ctwoodlands.org /Summer/Chestnuts.html (1716 words)

	American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation
		The American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation is a nonprofit scientific and educational foundation dedicated to restoring the American Chestnut to its former place in our Eastern hardwood forests.
		The principal objective of the American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation is to raise funds to support graduate and undergraduate student research projects in Virginia Tech's Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, and Concord College, West Virginia.
		The mother trees are blight resistant, but this characteristic may be inherited by perhaps 10% of their offspring.
	www.ppws.vt.edu /griffin/accf.html (1095 words)

	Integrated Management for Chestnut Blight Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Scions of large, surviving American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) trees were bark grafted in 1980 on rootstocks of American Chestnut trees in the Lesesne State Forest, Virginia.
		When the grafts were 2 and 3 years old, natural blight cankers on the trees were inoculated with a mixture of European and American bypovirulent strains of the blight fungus.
		Nearly all the chestnut stems in this plantation which were not grafted with blight resistant scions are continuously killed by blight and re-sprout from the stumps.
	www.accf-online.org /Blight/Control/integrat.html (234 words)

	Chestnut blight research
		The chestnut blight fungus is unusual in using tannins as a source of nutrients, and the American chestnut has very high tannin concentrations.
		The ability of the chestnut blight to survive and, in fact, thrive in the presence of tannins is part of its success story.
		Laurel is conducting a laboratory study comparing the effect of tannin concentration on the growth of chestnut blight from several sources, of another fungus found on chestnut, and of fungi cultured from dogwood and sassafras trees.
	nature.sbc.edu /studentwork/speilman/chestnut.html (339 words)

	Chestnut Tree Pests and Diseases
		Chestnut blight and Phytophthora root rot are the two major diseases of chestnut trees.
		The chestnut gall wasp, which was recently introduced into the southeastern U.S., is a serious insect pest that affects shoot growth.
		The larvae feed on chestnut kernels resulting in "wormy nuts." Chestnut weevils are fairly easy to control with prompt harvesting of the crop or with spraying (Sevin).
	www.empirechestnut.com /faqpests.htm (442 words)

	OhioKids! - TellZall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		One hundred years ago, the American chestnut tree (Its Latin name is Castanea dentata.) was plentiful in forests from Maine to Florida and from the East Coast to the Mississippi River.
		Chestnut blight quickly spread to chestnut trees throughout the nation.
		American chestnut trees destroyed by the blight actually comprised 50 percent of the total value of Eastern hardwood timber stands.
	www.ohiokids.org /tz/apr04.shtml (454 words)

	Chestnut Blight Range
		The chestnut blight fungus was introduced to United States in the early 1900Â’s.
		The blight was first observed in the New York Botanical Garden in 1904 and it expanded at a rate of about 45 kilometers (24 miles) per year.
		American chestnuts re-grow from stumps but are then infested and killed by chestnut blight, usually before any seeds are produced.
	www.unk.edu /acad/biology/hoback/escape/blight_range.html (92 words)

	Chestnut Blight Impact
		Chestnut blight fungus attacks and kills the American chestnut tree (Castenea dentata).
		Chestnuts were used extensively for food by Native Americans and wildlife.
		Many houses and barns were built with chestnut because of its straight grain and rot resistance.
	www.unk.edu /acad/biology/hoback/escape/blight_impact.html (148 words)

	The American Chestnut Foundation
		The American chestnut tree reigned over 200 million acres of eastern woodlands from Maine to Florida, and from the Piedmont west to the Ohio Valley, until succumbing to a lethal fungus infestation, known as the chestnut blight, during the first half of the 20th century.
		Chestnut wood is straight-grained and easily worked, lightweight and highly rot-resistant, making it ideal for fence posts, railroad ties, barn beams and home construction, as well as for fine furniture and musical instruments.
		The blight, imported to the US on Asian chestnut trees, is incited by a fungus dispersed via spores in the air, raindrops or animals.
	www.acf.org /About.htm (1053 words)

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