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Topic: Chewing lice

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	Louse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chewing lice are 10 times more abundant than sucking lice and often occur on domestic animals, especially farm fowl.
		Body lice often remain with the clothing or bedding of an infected individual and tend to wander from the clothing of one person to that of another.
		To eliminate lice from the body, physicians may recommend dusting the body with an approved pesticide for lice, or the use of certain lotions or shampoos.
	www.worldbook.com /features/insects/html/louse.html (337 words)

	Louse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are all obligate ectoparasites of mammals and birds, excluding the Monotremes (the duck-billed platypus and spiny ant-eater) and bats.
		As lice spend their whole life on the host they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain a close contact with him.
		These adaptations are reflected in their size (0.5 mm to 8 mm), stout legs and claws in order to cling tightly to hair, fur and feathers, wingless and dorsoventrally flattened.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lice (268 words)

	louse. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Lice of both groups are small and flattened with short legs adapted for clinging to the host.
		The sucking lice, of the order Anoplura, are external parasites of humans and other mammals, feeding on blood by means of their piercing-and-sucking mouthparts.
		Body lice may transmit rickettsial diseases (see rickettsia) and bacterial infections such as relapsing fever; infection results from scratching the crushed louse or its feces into the skin.
	www.bartleby.com /65/lo/louse.html (365 words)

	LAB9 page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Lice are so host specific that a species diagnosis may often be made if the host is known and the specimen can be assigned to the correct suborder.
		Damalinia is a common genus of chewing lice in livestock.
		Menopon gallinae, the shaft louse - a chewing louse of poultry.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /paraav/labs/lab9pg3.htm (574 words)

	Lice. Who is Lice? What is Lice? Where is Lice? Definition of Lice. Meaning of Lice.
		Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects.
		They are all obligate ectoparasites of mammals and birds.
		The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders; the sucking lice (Anoplura) and chewing lice (Mallophaga), however, recent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are paraphyletic and four suborders are now recognised:
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Lice (108 words)

	chewing louse -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		One of the sucking lice, the human louse, is the carrier of typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever; it thrives in...
		Bird lice feed on feathers, skin surface, and sometimes blood but normally are not harmful; however, if too numerous, their irritation may cause the bird to damage itself by scratching and may even interfere with egg production and the fattening of poultry.
		Although its origins and relationships are uncertain, the suborder is considered intermediate between the chewing lice and the sucking lice.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9023918 (756 words)

	Antarctica New Zealand
		Chewing lice spend their entire life-cycle on the body of their host as they have no active way of moving from one host to another (relying on physical encounters such as copulation to transfer between hosts).
		As transfer to novel host species is uncommon, this is thought to have led to 'speciation by isolation' with chewing lice forming new species once they have been isolated on their host species (much as free living animals speciated once they were isolated on oceanic islands).
		This study aimed to collect all 15 species of lice parasiting all 17 species of penguins and use molecular and morphological characters to produce a phylogeny for the lice to determine whether or not 'speciation by isolation' is occurring.
	www.antarcticanz.govt.nz /article/3768.html (213 words)

	Introduction to the Phthiraptera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Phthiraptera are the lice; this one, the human head louse Pediculus capitis, was drawn in the seventeenth century by the early microscopist and scientist Robert Hooke.
		Lice are insects that have secondarily lost their wings and become ectoparasites -- external parasites -- on birds and mammals.
		Lice have almost no fossil record; the only ones known have been recovered from frozen mammals in Siberian permafrost, and are about 10,000 years old.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /arthropoda/uniramia/phthiraptera.html (263 words)

	Auk, The: Evolution of toxicity in Pitohuis: I. effects of homobatrachotoxin on chewing lice (order Phthiraptera)
		When individual feather lice were offered a choice of two feathers on which to feed or take shelter, the lice preferred nontoxic feathers to feathers of the most toxic pitohui species, Pitohui dichrous.
		Lice were removed from host birds using fumigation jars described by Bear (1995) and equipped so industrial-grade CO, could be pumped constantly into the jar.
		The lice revived within 15-30 s of exposure to normal air and then were collected in petri dishes where they were held until they could be placed into experimental arenas, usually within the hour.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_199910/ai_n8857191 (1367 words)

	10.1007/s00436-004-1227-0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The inclusion criteria were either lice observable by eye on the horses or live lice or louse eggs (nits) found by combing.
		If lice were not found by inspection with the naked eye, the trunk surface was combed intensively using a fine louse comb (conventional human louse comb) on both sides of the neck and the area under the mane.
		Lice or nits were confirmed on 11 of the 27 horses in group 1 prior to treatment (Table 1).
	parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de /login/n/h/j_004-1227-0.html.linked (1989 words)

	nit control, Nit Control, NIT CONTROL, nit control, Nit Control, NIT CONTROL, louse control, Louse control, LOUSE ...
		Chewing lice rarely infest humans and most reported incidents stem from people who work in close proximity to animals which have chewing lice on them.
		Head lice is clearly most common among school children and body lice seems to be most prevalent where people are forced to huddle together closely and wear lots of clothes continuously.
		Head lice have the ability to hold on with their strong legs and claws and eggs are laid with an epoxy-like glue which keeps the nits attached to hair during any normal wash.
	www.bugspray.com /article/lice.html (2448 words)

	eMedicine - Lice : Article by Dirk M Elston, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Mallophaga, or chewing lice, are common pests of birds and domestic animals.
		Body lice are vectors for Bartonella quintana, an agent of infective endocarditis among the homeless and the cause of many thousands of cases of trench fever and epidemic typhus during World War I. The organism that caused trench fever persists among the homeless in urban areas, spread from person to person by lice.
		Mature lice are approximately the size of a sesame seed (3-4 mm) with an elongated body, 3 pairs of legs, and narrow anterior mouthparts.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic229.htm (3796 words)

	BITING LICE
		Mallophaga - biting lice - are probably better thought of as chewing lice as they are not blood feeders.
		Bird lice are characterized by having two tarsal claws on each leg whilst only one tarsal claw is present on lice of mammals.
		Ischnocera are usually referred to as feather or hair lice as they are adapted to cling onto these structures rather than the skin.
	www.roberth.u-net.com /Bitelice.htm (315 words)

	Insect Orders
		Phthiraptera are divided into the chewing lice (Mallophaga) and sucking lice (Anoplura).
		Lice deposit their eggs on the hair or feathers of the host.
		The chewing lice are sometimes consisted to be two suborders, the Amblycera and Ischnocera.
	entowww.tamu.edu /fieldguide/orders/phthiraptera.html (250 words)

	Untitled Document
		Our research focuses on “permanent” parasites, such as lice, which complete their entire life cycle on the body of the host.
		Indeed, this lab may be the world headquarters for research on the evolutionary ecology of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera).
		Since lice seldom leave the body of the host, their niche parameters are far easier to measure than those of most organisms, both in ecological and evolutionary time.
	darwin.biology.utah.edu (407 words)

	Phthiraptera
		Specializations in the diet of lice underpin their major taxonomic divisions and they can be broadly separated into those that feed on skin debris, feathers and fur, and those that have specialized in blood feeding.
		Chewing lice with their large head and mandibles comprise the largest group with some 2900 species.
		His study supported the monophyly of the Phthiraptera, with Anoplura and Rhyncophthirina forming a monophletic group, sister group to the Ischnocera; the Amblycera are the sister group of this assemblage.
	www.tolweb.org /tree?group=Phthiraptera&contgroup=Hemipteroid_assemblage (1399 words)

	Lice Infestations of Cattle: Diagnosis and Benefits of Treatment with IVOMEC (ivermectin) Pour-On (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Four species are of the sucking lice variety and one is a biting or chewing louse.
		Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis is the chewing louse, Linognathus vituli is the long-nosed suckling louse, Haematopinus eurysternus is the short-nosed sucking louse, Solenopotes capillatus is the little blue louse, and Haematopinus quadripertusus is the sucking tail louse.
		Lice infestations tend to increase in colder weather of the fall, winter, and early spring.
	www.vet.ksu.edu /cdroms/merial/Pour.on/99063.htm (958 words)

	Lice \| Insect Ecology & Veterinary Parasitology \| University of Bristol
		In complete contrast to most fleas or ticks, lice spend their entire lives on the host and are highly host specific, many species even preferring specific sites on their host's body.
		All lice are wingless, but this is a secondary adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle.
		The description 'biting lice', sometimes used to describe the Anoplura, is a misnomer, because all lice bite.
	www.bio.bris.ac.uk /research/insects/lice.html (323 words)

	OLYMPUS MIC-D: Brightfield Gallery - Canine Biting Louse (Trichodectes canis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the wingless insect suborder of chewing lice (Mallophaga), Trichodectes canis is the louse species that most commonly feeds on domestic dogs and other canids such as coyotes, wolves, and foxes, which may come into contact with dogs.
		Each of the six legs (three pairs) is armed with a strong claw for holding onto the host canid, even in the face of frantic biting and scratching.
		Rather than needle-like mouthparts that pierce skin, chewing lice, as their names imply, have large, opposing mandibles used to feed on hair fragments, nearby skin, and blood.
	www.mic-d.com /gallery/brightfield/trichodectescanis.html (409 words)

	Publications on The Taxonomy of Chewing Lice
		Studies in neotropical Mallophaga, XVII: a new family (Trochiliphagidae) and a new genus of the lice of hummingbirds.
		Emerson, K. Mallophaga (chewing lice) occurring on the domestic chicken.
		Population dynamics of the lice (Mallophaga) on auks (Alcidae) from Newfoundland.
	www.phthiraptera.org /Bibliography/chew_alpha.htm (7636 words)

	Lice
		Fortunately, lice are known to the vast majority of cleanly people only by hearsay: as loathsome parasites not to be discussed in polite society, However, all warm-blooded animals are subject to lice and they are a problem on farms, in menageries and circuses, and among wildlife.
		The egg or "nit" is glued to a hair or feather of the host and the insect spends its whole life on that animal unless it is removed or transferred to another of the same kind.
		There are two types; the sucking lice and the chewing lice.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /natbltn/200-299/nb292.htm (622 words)

	A Different Tempo of Evolution in Birds and their Parasitic Lice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The lice are host specific, and transmission of Dennyus lice between individual hosts is known to be strictly vertical (between parent bird and its offspring) (Lee and Clayton 1995), suggesting that opportunities for colonizing new host taxa are quite limited.
		The lice we sequenced are indicated by (.).
		Dennyus lice feed on both feathers and blood, so to minimise the chances of mistaking host DNA for louse DNA the lice were starved for 24 hours prior to death.
	taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk /rod/posters/swifts.html (1879 words)

	Phthiraptera
		The order is divided into four suborders (Ischnocera, Amblycera, Rhynchophthirina, and Anoplura) distinguishable from one another by the size of the head, the shape of the third antennal segment, and the presence or absence of maxillary palps.
		Sucking lice are responsible for the spread of disease in humans and domestic animals.
		Haematopinidae (Ungulate Lice) -- ectoparasites of cattle, deer, pigs, horses, and zebras (e.g., the hog louse, Haematopinus suis).
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/compendium/phthir~1.html (768 words)

	Merck Vet. Edition - Lice: Introduction
		Lice dropped or pulled from the host die in a few days, but disengaged ova may continue to hatch over 2-3 wk in warm weather.
		The pour-on formulation of ivermectin is effective against both biting and sucking lice of cattle; the injectable and paste formulations are less effective against biting lice.
		Lice on beef cattle can be controlled or suppressed by wintertime use of self-treatment devices, eg, back rubbers, dust bags, and insecticide ear tags, that are used for fly control in the summer.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/71900.htm (1484 words)

	Lice - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)

Lice (singular: louse) (order Phthiraptera) are an order of over 3000 species of wingless parasitic insects.

Anoplura - sucking lice, including head and pubic lice (see also Pediculosis or Head lice)

Lice are highly host specific and many species even prefer specific sites on their host's body.

www.open-encyclopedia.com /Lice (210 words)

	Virtual Exhibit on Canada´s Biodiversity - Focus on Insects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chewing lice are external parasites of birds and mammals.
		Sucking lice are parasitic on mammals including humans and feed on blood.
		Sucking lice have specialized sucking mouthparts while chewing lice have chewing mouthparts.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /biodiversity/orders/Phthiraptera.html (144 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: SMZ1500 Fluorescence Digital Image Gallery - Biting Louse
		Bovicola is the genus of tiny, external, parasitic insects commonly known as biting lice or chewing lice.
		These lice occur on birds and some mammals (such as cattle, horses, goats, sheep, cats, and dogs), and their mouthparts are designed to chew and feed on feathers, hair, and skin scales.
		Although a tiny parasite, when thousands of lice infest a single animal, their feeding activity can result in hair or feather loss, blood loss, itching, secondary infection, and scratches and bruises from rubbing.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/smz1500/bovicolasmall.html (258 words)

	BugInfo.com - Pest management info for the homeowner from Univar USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They also recommend that the simple presence of head lice or their eggs in the hair of a child is not cause for immediately quarantining that child and sending him or her home.
		Parents may be shocked by the discovery of head lice on their child, and seek to place blame somewhere - on another person or on the school in general - and this also serves no useful purpose.
		The other kinds of lice which may (but rarely are) encountered in structures are chewing lice that live on birds or rodents.
	www.buginfo.com /bugsthatfeed/lice1.cfm (509 words)

	louse on Encyclopedia.com
		1.045 candidats en lice au second tour 1.045 candidats, dont 24% de femmes, sont encore en lice dans les 519 circonscripti.
		L'un des quatre projets en lice pour le réaménagement des Halles de Paris par l'architecte David Mangin Paris, qui s'est d.
		Les villes candidates Les quatre candidats encore en lice sont Lisbonne sur l'Atlantique, Marseille, Valence (Espagne) et.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/louse.asp (910 words)

	Head Lice Remedy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They are all obligate ectoparasites of mammals and birds, excluding the Monotremes (the duck-billedplatypus and spiny ant-eater) and bats.
		As lice spend their whole lifeon the host they have developed adaptations which enable them to maintain a close contact with him.
		These adaptations arereflected in their size (0.5 mm to 8 mm), stout legs and claws inorder to cling tightly to hair, fur and feathers, wingless and dorsoventrally flattened.
	www.cabaret-54.com /dust20829-head%20lice%20remedy.html (534 words)

	Embiidina-Lice
		- eggs are coated with a paste of chewed habitat material or fecal pellets.
		- the tarsi of sucking lice are one segmented and are provided with a single large claw that usually fit against a thumblike process at the end of the tibia
		- chewing lice are pests of domestic animals, especially poultry.
	www.snow.edu /~allans/biology1290/embiilice.html (1162 words)

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In the News (Thu 16 Feb 12)