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	Chibchan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chibchan languages (also Chíbchan, Chibchano) are a language family indigenous to Colombia and Central America.
		However, genetic and linguistic data now indicate that the original hearth of Chibchan languages and Chibchan-speaking peoples may not have been in Colombia at all, but in Costa Rica and Panama, where one finds the greatest diversity in Chibchan languages.
		Bogotá speakers assert that their language is different from Buglere and wish to be seen as a separate people (meeting of the Coordinadora Nacional de Pueblos Indigenas de Panama, 2003).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chibchan (508 words)

	MSN Encarta - Language
		Language family trees show the relationships among languages; the oldest traceable ancestor language is shown at the top of the tree, and the bottom branches show the distance of relationship among current living members of the family.
		The best-known language family is the Indo-European family, which represents about 1.6 billion people and includes most of the languages of Europe and northern India and several languages of the region in between.
		Basque is an isolate, or a language with no known relatives; and Finnish, Estonian, Saami, and Hungarian are the westernmost members of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic family (which also includes various languages of the Ural Mountains region and Siberia).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761570647_3/Language.html (1253 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Native American Languages
		Languages in this family are spoken throughout the Antilles; in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; and in all South American countries except Uruguay and Chile.
		Quechuan languages are spoken in the region of the Andes Mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina, in addition to Peru.
		Languages in the Cariban family are spoken mainly in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761573518___31/Native_American_Languages.html (541 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		The languages of the Tanoan branch of Aztec-Tanoan are spoken in the Rio Grande valley, New Mexico, and Arizona.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Encyclopedia: Language families and languages
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Nivkh or Gilyak (ethnonym: Nivxi) (language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) is a language spoken in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur, along the lower reaches of the Amur and on the northern half of Sakhalin.
		A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Language-families-and-languages (7478 words)

	MSN Encarta - Native American Languages
		It includes Nahuatl, the language of the ancient civilizations of the Toltecs, which lasted from the 10th to 13th centuries, and the Aztecs, which lasted from the 14th to 16th centuries, and their modern descendents.
		Languages evolve over the course of centuries to meet the needs of their speakers and to convey the thoughts these speakers choose to express.
		Each language shows us a unique way of understanding experience; the loss of a language means the loss of all that could be learned through the study of that language about human values, oral literature and tradition, history, and human thought.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573518_3/Native_American_Languages.html (1031 words)

	Language families and languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Language_families_and_languages (501 words)

	THE RAMA LANGUAGE
		The most interesting hypothesis is that Rama, one of the northernmost true Chibchan languages of Central America, would be closer to the Central subgroup of Chibchan languages of Colombia than to the Western or Pacific subgroup of Chibchan languages of Costa Rica and Panama.
		Clarifying the relation of Rama to the Chibchan languages of Colombia to the south and to Paya to the north potentially holds the key to a clearer understanding of the precolonial migration patterns of the region.
		A further cause of the decline of the Rama language was a major language shift on the island of Rama Cay, from Rama to a form of English Creole.
	maget.maget.free.fr /Rama/Index6.html (688 words)

	AllRefer.com - Native American languages : Languages of South America and the West Indies (Language And Linguistics) - ...
		The principal linguistic groups of South America and the West Indies are usually said to be eight: Chibchan, Cariban, GE, Quechua, Aymara, Araucanian, Arawakan, and TupI-GuaranI.
		GE languages were spoken in E Brazil in preconquest times.
		The TupI-GuaranI family of languages is next to the Arawakan in geographical extent.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/N/NatvAmlang-languages-of-south-america-and-the-west-indies.html (626 words)

	Native American Languages: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Phonetic writing may be problematic for Indian languages and distinct from indigenous forms of writing; and Native Americans may not have identified an entity called literature in their repertoire of speech...
		...patriarchal languages of power...discourse of Native American culture...practices and languages of the English...settlers and the Native Americans are starkly...traditional languages of power...reading of Native American culture...
		American language language belonging to the Iroquoian branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic family.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101260664 (4504 words)

	Chibchan languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		A now extinct Chibchan language sometimes known as Muisca was the language of a powerful Indian empire with its centre near Bogotá;.
		Important present-day Chibchan languages include Guaymí and Move in Panama, Kuna and Páez in Colombia, and Cayapa (or Colorado) in Ecuador.
		The Paya language (20) and the Misumalpan family (21) are Central American languages spoken outside of the cultural area of Meso-America proper, though they have Meso-American outliers in their territory.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9023974 (776 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A family called Macro-Chibchan is also hypothesized, which would contain the Misumalpan languages, Lenca languages, Tarascan languages, Xinca languages, Cuitlatec language, Paya language, and Yanoama languages; it is argued by Joseph Greenberg to fall together with the Paezan languages in what he terms the Chibchan-Paezan subfamily of Amerind.
		Chibchan Languages updated 5-22-2001 The Chibchan languages (Macro-Chibchan) belong to the Chibchan-Paezan branch of the Macro-Chibchan family of languages.
		A now extinct Chibchan language sometimes known as Muisca was the language of a powerful Indian empire with its centre near BogotÃ¡.
	chibchan.iqexpand.com (709 words)

	Search Results for Chibchan - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Their languages are similar and belong to the Chibchan family.
		The Pijao spoke a language of the Chibchan family, related to that of the Páez, their neighbours to the south.
		Languages spoken by the original inhabitants of the Americas and the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Chibchan&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (328 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
		Some Chibchan languages still survive in Colombia and Central America.
		Aymara today consists of 14 languages native to about 2 million people in Peru and parts of Bolivia, where those languages were also spoken in preconquest times.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.asp?url=/ssi/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.html (500 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Macro-Chibchan
		You have reached the page on Macro-Chibchan languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		As well as having a language that defies classification, the Tarascans are famous among anthropologists for having developed a civilization that withstood the advance of the Aztecs.
		It differed greatly from the languages of surrounding groups; instead it shows similarities to other Chibchan languages, especially Warao, which are spoken in Central and South America.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/mchibflh.htm (1159 words)

	Ethnologue report for Colombia
		Of those, 80 are living languages and 21 are extinct.
		The Guahiban languages may not be within Arawakan.
		Dialects: In some traditional ceremonies they use a ritual language which is mostly unintelligible even to those who have learned it.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Colombia (1522 words)

	Native American Language Net: Preserving and promoting indigenous American Indian languages
		We are a small non-profit organization dedicated to the survival of Native American languages, particularly through the use of Internet technology.
		Actually, Native American languages do not belong to a single Amerindian family, but 25-30 small ones; they are usually discussed together because of the small numbers of natives speaking most of these languages and how little is known about many of them.
		These are linguistically diverse languages deserving of individual attention, and it is very difficult to make accurate generalizations about them as a group.
	www.native-languages.org (1052 words)

	Chibchan languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Chibchan languages are a language family indigenous to Colombia and Central America.
		The linguist Adolfo Constenla (1981, 1991, 1995) has created a detailed classification of Chibchan languages.
		Greenberg, Joseph H. Language in the Americas, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Chibcha (450 words)

	Read about Chibchan languages at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Chibchan languages and learn about Chibchan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Panama, where one finds the greatest diversity in Chibchan languages.
		Adolfo Constenla Umaña (1981, 1991, 1995) has created a detailed classification of Chibchan languages.
		Yanoama languages; it is argued by Joseph Greenberg to fall together with the
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Chibcha (458 words)

	ipedia.com: Language families and languages Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Most languages are known to belong to language families.
		Most languages are known to belong to language families (called simply "families" for the rest of this article).
		Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capablility for vocal communication, there are also languages that share many of their important properties.
	www.ipedia.com /language_families_and_languages.html (507 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics vol. 34, nos. 1-4
		The Misumalpan languages of Nicaragua and Honduras, comprising Miskitu and Sumu, together with the extinct Matagalpa-Cacaopera, form a well-defined family that is not closely related to any other in the Americas.
		The alveolar taps found in Numic languages seem to pattern with spirants, and virtually every scholar working on these languages appears to have assumed that they result from the same process that is responsible for the spirants.
		I also show that in the uses of language hierarchic ambiguity is all pervasive: in language learning, in folk classification, in the use of generic terms of species, and in the case of verbal action plans (scripts).
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v34-1-4.html (1902 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.1842: Native American Languages/Linguistics
		DIEGO QUESADA University of Toronto This is the first description of the grammatical structure of Teribe, a language of Panama, and a member of the Chibchan family of languages, which covers a wide area ranging from Northeastern Honduras, through the Atlantic of Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, to the West of Venezuela.
		This grammar is thus intended as a contribution to the description of the language at three levels: a.
		It is a verb-final, head-marking language, with positional auxiliary verbs (sit, stand, lie) and classificatory verbs (be, do, say) marking tense-aspect-modality along with benefactives, causatives, etc. The verb has subject-object nominative-accusative prefixation with root ablaut and affixation for subject-object number agreement.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/11/11-1842.html (1009 words)

	Bermingham Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Kuna exhibited low levels of mitochondrial diversity as had been reported for the other two Chibchan groups and, furthermore, carried only two of the four Amerind founding lineages first reported by Schurr and coworkers (Am.
		We posit that speakers of modern Chibchan languages (henceforth referred to as the Chibcha) passed through a population bottleneck caused either by ethnogenesis from a small founding population and/or subsequent European conquest and colonization.
		1993; 34: 483-496), we estimated a Chibchan population bottleneck and subsequent expansion approximately 10 000 years before present, a date consistent with a bottleneck at the time of Chibchan ethnogenesis.
	striweb.si.edu /bermingham/Publications/abstracts/batista1995.html (171 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Native American languages @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES [Native American languages] languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
		Zuñi (found in New Mexico) may be connected with Tanoan.
		Our archive contains millions of documents from thousands of sources and goes back over 23 years.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:NatvAmlang&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (3061 words)

	Native American languages: Languages of South America and the West Indies
		The ambivalent uses of Roger Williams's: A Key Into the Language of America.(Critical Essay) (Early American Literature)
		The Ambivalent Uses of Roger Williams's: A Key Into the Language of America (Early American Literature)
		Language and memory: "pre-columbian" America and the social logic of periodization.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0859890.html (667 words)

	Bribri language resources
		America and Mexico, as well as for the languages of the Azteco-Tanoan language phylum Collective code for: Amuzgo Black Carib Boruca Bribri Cabecar Cahita...
		Language: Bribri Function: Reference Reference products are information resources.
		What are the most spoken languages on earth?
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Bribri.html (590 words)

	Ethnologue report for Costa Rica
		[See also SIL publications on the languages of Costa Rica.]
		The number of languages listed for Costa Rica is 10.
		Of those, 9 are living languages and 1 is extinct.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Costa+Rica (214 words)

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