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	Chicago Defender - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chicago Defender was the United States’ most influential fl weekly newspaper by the beginning of World War I.
		The Defender was founded on May 5, 1905 by Robert S. Abbott with an investment of 25 cents and a press run of 300 copies.
		In the late teens, the Defender campaigned for fls to migrate from the South to the North and was highly successful, tripling Chicago’s fl population in just three years from 1916-1918.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chicago_Defender (357 words)

	Chicago, Illinois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was incorporated with a population of 350.
		Chicago's politics lean famously to the left compared to the rest of the midwest, and it is often said that Chicago is the "East Coast" of the Midwest.
		The Chicago Bulls of the NBA are argueably the the most recognized basketball team in the world thanks to the heriocs of the player who is usually cited as the best basketball player the world has ever seen, Michael Jordan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chicago (6389 words)

	The Chicago Defender
		The Chicago Defender was the first fl newspaper to have a circulation over 100,000, the first to have a health column, and the first to have a full page of comic strips.
		The Defender spoke of the hazards of remaining in the overtly segregated south and lauded life in the North.
		The Defender also used editorials, cartoons, and articles with blazing headlines to attract attention to the movement, and even went so far as to declare May 15, 1917 the date of the "Great Northern Drive." The Defender's support of the movement, caused southern readers to migrate to the North in record numbers.
	www.pbs.org /blackpress/news_bios/defender.html (991 words)

	Chicago Defender
		Chicago Defender, the largest fl-owned daily newspaper in the United States and a catalyst for the Great Migration.
		By 1916 the Defender had become the best-selling fl newspaper in the United States, and had begun urging African Americans to leave the South for the prospects of economic advancement and relative freedom that the wartime economy made possible in the North.
		The paper reverted to being a local Chicago publication (by 1980 the Defender's circulation was approximately 20,000), although it continued to cover both local and national news and to advocate for fair housing, employment, and educational policies.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_999.asp (598 words)

	Chicago Defender -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Defender was founded on May 5, 1905 by (Click link for more info and facts about Robert S. Abbott) Robert S. Abbott with an investment of 25 cents and a press run of 300 copies.
		The paper’s circulation was helped by (Luxurious passenger car; for day or night travel) Pullman porters and entertainers who distributed the newspaper south of the (The boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania; symbolic dividing line between North and South before the Civil War) Mason-Dixon line.
		The Defender also attracted the writing talents of (United States writer (1902-1967)) Langston Hughes and (Click link for more info and facts about Gwendolyn Brooks) Gwendolyn Brooks.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chicago_defender.htm (366 words)

	[No title]
		The Chicago Defender specifically persuaded southern fls to move northward in a mass exodus from 1915 to 1919 referred to as “The Great Migration” by reaffirming southern discontentment and alluding to the potential reality of living the “American Dream” and obtaining the characteristics that dream entailed in Chicago, Illinois.
		Chicago, which was considered a Mecca for emigrating fls, experienced an influx from 44,103 in 1910 to 109,458 by 1920 (475).
		The Chicago Defender bravely reported violence across the South in a manner that drew attention to the evils rooted within the act and refused to compromise the integrity of the paper by downplaying the incidents like white publications and other fl publications of the time.
	www.unc.edu /~espratt/researchpapersample.doc (3028 words)

	Chicago Defender -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Defender, published in Chicago with a national editorial perspective, played a leading role in the widespread Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North.
		The Chicago Defender, one of the premier African American newspapers of the 20th century, portrayed the Windy City as a cultural and economic mecca for fl migrants fleeing the South during the Great Depression.
		The Chicago Defender is oriented primarily to the city's fl population.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?eu=2522 (835 words)

	African American Registry: Newspaper, the Chicago Defender founded . . .
		In Chicago the opportunities for employment, education and personal freedom were immensely greater.
		In its original concept, The Chicago Defender was a weekly publication.
		The Chicago Daily Defender today is a newspaper that brings readers worldwide coverage of news, excellent features and a myriad of other sections.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/177/Newspaper_the_Chicago_Defender_founded (312 words)

	Teaching the Journal of American History
		As early as 1916, the Chicago Defender had encouraged its readers to write to phonograph companies demanding releases by Negro artists, but the companies were either indifferent or overtly hostile to the idea.
		The Chicago Defender hailed the acquisition, noting proudly that Olympic's erstwhile owner, the Remington Phonograph Corporation, was founded by a scion of one of America's great manufacturing families, makers of rifles and sewing machines.
		Chicago Defender, April 29, 1922, quoted in Thygesen, Berresford, and Shor, Black Swan, 10; "To the Investing Public," Crisis, 24 (Oct. 1922), 282; "To the Investing Public," ibid.
	www.indiana.edu /~jah/teaching/2004_03/article.shtml (12224 words)

	Chicago Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Defender was founded on May 5 1905 by Robert S. Abbott with an of 25 cents and a press run 300 copies.
		By 1910 Abbott was in a position to a full time employee and the Defender began to attain a national reputation.
		In the late teens the Defender campaigned for fls to migrate from South to the North and was highly tripling Chicago’s fl population in just three from 1916 - 1918.
	www.freeglossary.com /Chicago_Defender (592 words)

	Chicago Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Chicago Defender was the United States ’ most influential fl weekly newspaper by the beginning of World War I.
		In the late teens, the Defender campaigned for fls to migrate from the South to the North and was highlysuccessful, tripling Chicago’s fl population in just three years from 1916 - 1918.
		On February6, 1956, the Defender became a daily paper and changed its name to theChicago Daily Defender.
	www.therfcc.org /chicago-defender-72372.html (306 words)

	Chicago - Wikitravel
		Chicago is a city located in the Cook County, Illinois, which is located in the northeastern part of Illinois, and the unofficial capital of the Midwest region of the United States of America.
		Chicago is known as The Windy City—although people disagree about whether this refers to the severe winds that blow off the Lake Michigan or the hot air of Chicago's notoriously corrupt politicians.
		Chicago is also known as The Second City, referring to its historical position as the United States' second largest city, after New York City, though it has long since been surpassed in population by Los Angeles.
	wikitravel.org /en/Chicago (5606 words)

	Reclaim the Media - reclaimthemedia.org
		The idea to launch a Black newspaper in Chicago first began in August 1893, when Abbott came to the Columbian Exposition in Chicago to perform spirituals with his Hampton college choir and was mesmerized by the words of Frederick Douglas, who spoke thunderously about the contributions of Negroes in America.
		Within a decade, the Defender was outselling all other Black papers and Abbott, the son of former slaves, was on his way to becoming the most powerful Black man in the country.
		The Defender was the first Black newspaper to have a circulation over 100,000, the first to have a health column, and the first to have a full page of comic strips.
	www.reclaimthemedia.org /stories.php?story=05/05/07/5970934 (1611 words)

	1905-Chicago Defender Founded (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Defender, published in Chicago with a national editorial perspective, played a leading role in the widespread migration of American fls from the South to the North.
		During World War II the Defender, like other fl newspapers, protested the treatment of fl servicemen and urged the integration of the armed forces.
		By 1995 the Defender's national influence had been substantially diminished, and its circulation had declined to less than 30,000.
	web.grinnell.edu /courses/ams/S00/AMS495-01/Institutions/1905.html (274 words)

	News & Opinion: Challenging the Defender (Newcity Chicago . 08-10-98)
		When the Defender moved into the old Illinois Automobile Association's headquarters in 1956, CEO John Sengstacke converted the Club's Olympic pool into the pressroom and the paper to a daily.
		The Chicago Defender is blessed and burdened by its past.
		But unless the Defender reclaims its mantle of hard-hitting news coverage and makes its arts reporting relevant again - and no firm program to do so can be put in place until the pressing ownership and management issues are resolved - those readers will likely continue their great migration to other media sources.
	weeklywire.com /ww/08-10-98/chicago_cover.html (2837 words)

	Winfrey 'furious' at Chicago Defender editor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		CHICAGO -- Chicago Defender executive editor Roland Martin has already published one book and he's got another one, "Listening to the Spirit Within," due out soon.
		Winfrey is "furious" at Martin, the editor reported in Friday's Defender, over the column he wrote in Thursday's edition criticizing her for not attending the funeral of Ebony founder John Johnson, or even issuing a public statement on the death of the fl publishing giant.
		First there was anger that, outside of Chicago, Johnson's passing received nowhere near the media attention paid to ABC anchorman Peter Jennings, who died a few days before.
	www.hollywoodreporter.com /thr/media/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001022617 (641 words)

	African American Registry: Chicago Defender becomes a "Landmark"!
		Located at 3435 South Indiana Ave, the Chicago Defender was nationally known for its candid editorial policies on behalf of civil rights issues.
		Built in 1899 by architect Henry Newhouse, this former Jewish synagogue was home to the Chicago Defender newspaper from 1920 until 1960.
		Founded by Robert S. Abbott in 1905, the "Great Migration" of the early-20th century was largely initiated by Defender editorials advising African-Americans to leave the poverty of the South for new opportunities in the North.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/2503/Chicago_Defender_becomes_a_Landmark (115 words)

	Augusta Georgia: business@ugusta: 'Chicago Defender' has diminished 1/12/98
		Ensconced on the South Side, the Chicago Defender has languished in recent decades, a shadow of the crusading newspaper that once helped lure fls off southern plantations and into northern factories.
		The Defender was hated by southern whites for its editorials, which urged fls to abandon the Jim Crow south and its cotton fields for the north's factories and less menacing segregation.
		The Defender's editors also were threatened with jail during World War II for editorials pointing out that fl soldiers were risking their lives for freedoms abroad they could not enjoy at home.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/011398/124-6443.shtml (867 words)

	Defender Remains Black (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 1956, The Defender switched to daily publication, becoming the fourth Black-owned daily newspaper in the country, joining The Atlanta Daily World, The Columbus (Ga.) News, and The New York Daily Challenge.
		Some Blacks use the derisive term Chicago "Offender" to describe the paper for its frequent punctuation, spelling and factual errors.
		Handbill distributed by The Defender during the Chicago race riots of 1919.
	www.blackjournalism.com /defender.htm (412 words)

	Chicago Defender / Business
		The contract was scheduled to begin Jan. 11 and conclude June 30, but Geraldine Conrad, a spokeswoman for the Department of Revenue, told the Chicago Defender that the contract has yet to be executed.
		The Chicago Defender has learned that the call for a forensic audit was made at the behest of the Office of Executive Inspector General.
		The Chicago Defender's continuing coverage of the life and legacy of John H. Johnson, founder of Ebony and Jet magazines.
	www.chicagodefender.com /page/business.cfm?ArticleID=368 (762 words)

	Black America Today / Chicago Defender launches podcast! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Every week, Chicago Defender staff writers and editors will interview newsmakers, book authors and other subjects, taking the content that used to be limited to the newspaper and putting it in audio form.
		The Chicago Defender will also develop podcasts in conjunction with its 100th anniversary, interviewing longtime staffers, former writers and editors, as well as others in Chicago and abroad who have been influenced by the nation's most historic Black newspaper.
		The inaugural Chicago Defender Inside Black America Podcast features Robin Stone, former executive editor of Essence Magazine and author of "No Secrets, No Lies: How Black Families can heal from Sexual Abuse." The podcasts will be available each Thursday and can be heard or downloaded at www.chicagodefender.com.
	www.blackamericatoday.com /article.cfm?ArticleID=779 (455 words)

	Point 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Chicago Defender presented an attractive picture of Chicago for many Southerns who were searching for a way out of the oppressive enviornment in the South.
		The Chicago Defender presented an image to its readers that suggested that African Americans were free to participate in political activities in the North; in the South, however, African Americans were restricted from virtually any political expression.
		The Chicago Defender was a remarkably successful in encouraging fls to migrate from the South to Chicago, often listing names of churches and other organizations to whom they could write for help.
	www.uic.edu /educ/bctpi/hs320fall01/LarsZeidre/point3.htm (318 words)

	Black Press - Founding of the Chicago Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first run of the Chicago Defender was composed of clippings from other newspapers and local news.
		During the era of World War I, the Defender encouraged African-Americans ("The Race") to move to North to escape racism in what was known as "The Great Migration." The Defender became famous for its campaign against segregation and its coverage of National events.
		Editorial power of The Chicago Defender was passed on to John H. Sengstacke in 1940.
	www.fatherryan.org /BlackPress/html/founding.htm (200 words)

	"Sir I Will Thank You with All My Heart": Seven Letters from the Great Migration
		Seven letters to the Chicago Defender— a fl newspaper published in Chicago that strongly urged southern fls to migrate North—attest to migrants' strong desire to “better their condition,” often risking their lives and possessions to make the trip north.
		Dear Sir: Permitt me to inform you that I have had the pleasure of reading the Defender for the first time in my life as I never dreamed that there was such a race paper published and I must say that its some paper.
		In reading the Defenders want ad I notice that there is lots of work to be had and if I havent miscomprehended I think I also understand that the transportation is advanced to able bodied working men who is out of work and desire work.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5332 (1399 words)

	"History of Fight for Housing Project Told"
		Foster served as publicity director with the responsibility of developing a public opinion among Negroes and with the splendid co-operation of the Chicago Defender, Chicago Bee and Chicago World, this was accomplished.
		In the meantime the Chicago Council of Negro Organizations had been formed with A. Foster as president and this council had appointed a special Committee on Housing with Attorney J. Gray Lucas as chairman and Attorney A. Burroughs as vice chairman.
		The Industrial Department of the Chicago Urban League was largely responsible for the large number of skilled persons employed, although other organizations worked faithfully to that end.
	www.public.asu.edu /~wplotkin/DeedsWeb/wells.html (1535 words)

	Robert Sengstacke Abbott-The Chicago Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Robert S. Abbott was born in 1870 in Frederica, St. Simons Island, Georgia of former slave parents, and studied the printing trade at Hampton Institute from 1892 to 1896.
		He received a law degree from Kent College of Law, Chicago in 1898, but because of race prejudice in the United States was unable to practice, despite attempts to establish law offices in Gary, Indiana, Topeka, Kansas, and Chicago, Illinois.
		The Defender, which was once heralded as "e;The World's Greatest Weekly"e;, soon became the most widely circulated fl newspaper in the country, and made Abbott one of the first self-made millionaires of African American descent.
	www.pbs.org /blackpress/news_bios/abbott.html (162 words)

	"Ghastly Deeds of Race Rioters Told": The Chicago Defender Reports the Chicago Race Riot, 1919
		Chicago experienced the most severe of these riots.
		An August 2 Defender article recounted the unsubstantiated beating of an “unidentified [fl] woman” and her baby.
		The rejoinder came, evidenced in clear tones: "Yes, madam, a Defender reporter was passing.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/4976 (2202 words)

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