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Topic: Chief Mkwawa

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	Chief Mkwawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mkwawa was born in Luhota and was the son of Chief Munyigumba, who died in 1879.
		On 17 August, they were attacked by Mkwawa's 3,000-strong army at Lugalo, who, despite being equipped with only spears and a few guns, quickly overpowered the German force and killed Zelewski.
		Subsequently, Mkwawa conducted a campaign of guerilla warfare, harassing the Germans until 1898 when, on 19 June, he was surrounded and committed suicide rather than be captured.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chief_Mkwawa (360 words)

	Chief
		Chief of the Defence Staff The Chief of the Defence Staff is a term used for the head of the militaries in a number of n...
		Chief Secretary to the Treasury The Chief Secretary to the Treasury is a junior position in the Chancellor of the Excheq...
		Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales is the second-highest judge of the H...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/chief.html (1762 words)

	[No title]
		Chief Mkwawa exercised an inexplicable influence over the natives who, when the pursuing troops surprised his camp, would time after time hurl themselves on the soldiers, sacrificing themselves merely to give Chief Mkwawa the chance to escape.
		Chief Mkwawa shot himself in such a way that his body fell into the fire.This is how he hoped to prevent the Germans from capturing him even in death.
		The ambush of the German forces at Lugalo on August 17th 1891, the destruction of the Hehe fort at Kalenga on 30th October 1894 and the death of Chief Mkwawa on 19th June 1898 were key events in the German colonization in East Africa.
	www.mkwawa.com /day6mlambalasi.asp (511 words)

	Hehe - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Chief Munyigumba of the Muyinga dynasty and became the dominant tribe in the region, becoming famous for their remarkable success in war.
		Chief Mkwawa, they encountered and fought fiercely with the colonising
		German Schutztruppe forces but had little bureaucracy or rituals, myths, or institutions of a civil nature (see German East Africa), and were ultimately defeated, and in 1898 Mkwawa committed suicide rather than suffer capture.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=Hehe (133 words)

	Chief Mkwawa -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On 17 August, they were attacked by Mkwawa's 3,000-strong army at (Click link for more info and facts about Lugalo) Lugalo, who, despite being equipped with only (A long pointed rod used as a weapon) spears and a few guns, quickly overpowered the German force and killed Zelewski.
		On 28 October 1894, the Germans, under new commissioner Colonel Freiherr von Schelle, attacked Mkwawa's (A fortified defensive structure) fortress at Kalenga.
		Subsequently, Mkwawa conducted a campaign of (Click link for more info and facts about guerilla warfare) guerilla warfare, harassing the Germans until 1898 when, on 19 June, he was surrounded and committed (The act of killing yourself) suicide rather than be captured.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chief_mkwawa.htm (430 words)

	Chief Mkwawa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Paramount Chief Mkwavinyika MunyigumbaMwamuyinga (1855 –; 19 June 1898), more commonly known as Chief Mkwawa, was a Hehe tribal leader in German East Africa (now Tanzania) who opposed the German colonisation.
		Mkwawa was born in Luhota and was the son of Chief Munyigumba, who diedin 1879.
		In July 1891, the German commissioner, Emil von Zelewski, led a battalion of soldiers(320 askaris with officers and porters) to suppress the Hehe.
	www.therfcc.org /chief-mkwawa-289779.html (281 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Under the rule of Munyigumba's son, Chief Mkwawa, they encounted and fought fiercely with the colonising German Schuttruppe forces but had little bureaucracy or rituals, myths, or institutions of a civil nature (see German East Africa), and were ultimately defeated, and in 1898 Mkwawa committed suicide rather than suffer capture.
		Mkwawa kills the Nyamwezi slave, Mwumbambe, at a location called "the place where heads are piled up".
		Mkwawa continued expapnding Hehe power, raiding northwards towards the central canravan routes and afflicting the Wagogo, the Wakaguru, the Germans, etc., and in the south anyone in their way, not leas of all their old enemies the Wasangu, who then began turning to the German for support.
	www.merdin.info /index.php?title=Hehe (628 words)

	Savage and Soldier Online
		He steadily advanced toward Mkwawa's main fortress at Iringa, which was surrounded by a twelve-foot wall and an eight-mile long moat.
		Although Mkwawa had some success, he wiped out a thirteen- man garrison at Mtandi, in the end harassed, chased and cornered, he committed suicide in July 1898.
		By 1904, a number of factors had led to unrest amongst the Herero, including an epidemic in 1897 which had killed one-half of the Herero cattle herds and the fact that German settlements and ranches were putting mounting pressure on various tribes to move.
	www.savageandsoldier.com /articles/africa/GermanWars.html (4718 words)

	All words on Hehe
		The Hehe (also Wahehe) begining as a number of independent chiefdoms made up of mixed people who were in some instances related to one another and are a Bantu tribe who live primarily in the Iringa region of Tanzania, numbering around 192,000, with no chiefdom over 5,000 people sharing a common language and culture.
		Mkwawa now take central stage with his brutal cruelty, quick moving intelligence, and his praise-name of the Madness of the Year.
		Mkwawa continued expapnding Hehe power, raiding northwards towards the central canravan routes and afflicting the Wagogo, the Wakaguru, the Germans, etc., and in the south anyone in their way, not least of all their old enemies the Wasangu, who then began turning to the Germans for support.
	www.allwords.org /he/hehe.html (1533 words)

	[No title]
		Chief Mkwawa's fortress was 12 feet high and eight miles long.
		The fort was built for four years, it is estimated that it was started in 1887at a time when Chief Mkwawa knew about German activities near the coast.Chief Mkwawa got the idea from seeing other stone forts in Unyamwezi or the building of Arabs and Europeans near the coast.
		The return of Chief Mkwawa's skull was in accordance to the Versailles Treaty June 28, 1919 : Part VIII Article 246.
	www.mkwawa.com /day4kalenga.asp (588 words)

	German East Africa - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe — lead by Chief Mkwawa — resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated.
		After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa himself was cornered and committed suicide in 1898.
		The Germans were always few in number in the colony, relying on native chiefs to keep order, and demanding that they collect the taxes and pay for them by starting commercial farms for cash crops, such as cotton, coffee and sesame.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/German_East_Africa (1041 words)

	History and Information on Tanzania and Mount Kilimanjaro
		Many chiefs were made to believe they were signing for German protection.
		Chief Mkwawa was instrumental in controlling the ivory trade and as the Hehe began to expand their territory they raided people who were under German protection.
		Germany felt that Chief Mkwawa would have to be dealt with.
	www.kilimanjaroworld.com /tanzania.htm (1788 words)

	Chief Minister of Penang - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Chief Minister of Penang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The title of Chief Minister of Penang holds the responsibility as the head of government in the state level.
		Currently, Tan Sri Dr Koh Tsu Khoon is the third Chief Minister since 1990, taking over from Tun Dato' Seri Dr. Lim Chong Eu of Gerakan which held the post since 1969.
		The first Chief Minister post was held by the late Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee of MCA since Malaysia's independence in 1957.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Chief-Minister-of-Penang.html (182 words)

	TANZANET - The Tanzanian Electronic Networking Community - Chief Mkwawa's resistance to Germans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mkwawa was the chief of Uhehe who won fame by defeating Germans at Lugalo on 17th August 1891 and maintaining their resistance for seven years until he shot himself to death.
		Mkwawa is derived from Mukwava short form of Mukwavinyika, meaning Conqueror of many lands.
		He too was interested with Chief Mkwawa´s history and had a plan to make a documentary film since 1996.
	www.tanzanet.org /article-print-280.html (295 words)

	ARUSHA TIMES Weekly Newspaper, Arusha, Tanzania. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mangi (Chief) Meli who was hanged by the German colonialists in early 20th century was one of the heroes of the former Tanganyika colony, who stood firm to fight against the colonial encroachment around the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro.
		According to Isaria the community of old Moshi believes that in the absence of their former chief's skull, the necessary rituals could not be performed and as a result natural calamities such as mysterious deaths within the Mangi's clan and the community in general are threatening the area.
		Before Mangi Meli was hanged in 1898 another local chief, Mkwawa, a courageous and persistent freedom fighter committed suicide to avoid being captured by the German colonial soldiers.
	www.arushatimes.co.tz /front_page_1.htm (652 words)

	Paramount Chief Mkwawa
		Defending his territory against constant raids by the Ngoni, whom he virtually annihilated, he was succeeded at his death around 1880 by Paramount Chief Mkwawa who extended his dominion and won more wars against the southern Mshope Ngoni whilst halting the cattle-raiding Masai from the North.
		Mkwawa escaped and in spite of an enormous reward of 5,000 rupees, he was not betrayed and continued harassing German troops with guerilla actions for 4 years until 1898.
		Chief Adam Sapi, who was to become the First Speaker of the independent Tanzania Parliament.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n00404.html (447 words)

	Maji-Maji
		The Germans' exultation at this hard-won victory ran so high that they cut off Mkwawa's head which was sent for display to the Bremen Anthropological Museum in Germany, his body being returned to his people for ritual burial.
		The biggest united fight against the Germans took place under command of Chief Chabruma of the Ngoni at Lumecha, ten miles east of the fortified German Boma (Administrative Headquarters) but he was routed.
		Chief Songea, who gave his name to the town, was offered a reprieve from the death sentence because he had surrendered: he demanded to be and was hanged, fearing that his survival would be considered a treacherous act.
	www.ntz.info /gen/n00366.html (1001 words)

	Iringa - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The name is derived from the Hehe word lilinga, meaning fort.
		The fortress and headquarters of Chief Mkwawa was situated in the nearby village of Kalenga during the 1890s.
		The Iringa region has a population of 1,495,333, according to a 2002 census.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Iringa (109 words)

	Hehe - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Hehe (also Wahehe) are a Bantu tribe who live primarily in the Iringa region of Tanzania, numbering around 192,000, sharing a common language and culture.
		In the mid-1900s, the were unified by Chief Munyigumba and became the dominant tribe in the region.
		Under the rule of Munyigumba's son, Chief Mkwawa, they encounted and fought fiercely with the colonising German forces (see German East Africa), and were ultimately defeated, and in 1898 Mkwawa commited suicide rather than suffer capture.
	en.freepedia.org /Hehe.html (89 words)

	Tanzania. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The head of state and chief executive is the president, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.
		Because the company had proved to be an ineffective ruler, the German government in 1891 took over the country (which by then included the coast) and declared it a protectorate.
		However, it was not until 1898, with the death of the Hehe ruler, Mkwawa, who strongly opposed European rule, that the Germans succeeded in controlling the country.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ta/Tanzania.html (2576 words)

	Iringa -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The name is derived from the (Click link for more info and facts about Hehe) Hehe word lilinga, meaning (A fortified defensive structure) fort.
		The fortress and headquarters of (Click link for more info and facts about Chief Mkwawa) Chief Mkwawa was situated in the nearby village of Kalenga during the 1890s.
		The Iringa region has a population of 1,495,333, according to a 2002 (A period count of the population) census.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/I/Ir/Iringa.htm (127 words)

	The Late Chief Adam Sapi Mkwawa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		CHIEF Adam Sapi Mkwawa, the country's longest serving legislator, politician and leader passed away on 26/6/99 at the Muhimbili Medical Centre at the age of 79.
		Chief Adam Sapi Mkwawa was born at Kalenga Iringa region in 1920 and in 1930's started his primary education.
		The late Chief Adam Sapi Mkwawa was installed Chief of the Wahehe in 1940 until 1962 when he was elected the Speaker of the National Assembly.
	www.umoja.co.tz /mkwawa.htm (229 words)

	--[GetawaytoAfrica.com - Getaway magazine]--
		By 1890 the conflict had spread throughout the colony which led to the Maji-Maji rebellion, during which it was believed German bullets would turn to water (maji).
		Chief Mkwawa of Ruaha rallied his people against the colonists and fought pitched battles, mounting ambushes against Von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces.
		In 1894 an expeditionary column under British-born commander Tom von Prince captured Mkwawa's stronghold, but the chief escaped to fight another day - in fact for four more years.
	www.getawaytoafrica.com /content/magazine/features/feature.asp?id=260&fe_page=4 (228 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Tanzania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Karl Peters, who formed the Society for German Colonization, concluded a series of treaties by which tribal chiefs in the interior accepted German "protection." Prince Otto von Bismarck's government backed Peters in the subsequent establishment of the German East Africa Company.
		In 1886 and 1890, Anglo-German agreements were negotiated that delineated the British and German spheres of influence in the interior of East Africa and along the coastal strip previously claimed by the Omani sultan of Zanzibar.
		The resistance culminated in the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905–1907.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Tanzania (1317 words)

	Archives October 99
		Mkwawa’s well-drilled warriors once trounced German colonial forces before they retreated, reogranised and raided his fortress over 100 years ago.
		Chief Mkwawa’s shrine is located under a ‘sacred’ tree in the Lulanda forest.
		Shrempp was appointed chief executive of SAFRI by Chancellor Helmut Kohl in 1997; but his nomination was reconfirmed this year by Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder as a gesture of confidence in his role and capability.
	www.infojep.com /safari/archives_1099.htm (4359 words)

	HEADHUNTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A young Tanzanian computer scientist, Is-Haka Mkwawa, great-grandson of the famous East African chief Mkwawa, goes "Headhunting" in European museums and archives, trying to figure out why German colonial officers took the head of his great grandfather a century ago to Germany, where it was finally found.
		Tanzanian national hero Mkwawa fought the German colonialists for seven years before his death in 1898.
		Twenty years later, a provision in the Versailles peace treaty demanded that the skull of the Hehe chief be returned to his people in East Africa.
	www.agdok.de /GermanDocumentaries/gD436.htm (228 words)

	GERMAN EAST AFRICA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		The colony's story begins with Karl_Peters, an adventurer who founded the "Company for German Colonization" and had signed some treaties with native chiefs of the mainland across from Zanzibar.
		Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe — led by Chief_Mkwawa — resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated because other tribes were in favour of the newcomers.
		The Germans were always few in number in the colony, relying on native chiefs to keep order, collect the taxes and start commercial farms for cash crops, such as cotton, coffee and sesame.
	www.abait.com /German_East_Africa (949 words)

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