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	Human Rights Watch: Child Labor
		Child labor ranges from four-year-olds tied to rug looms to keep them from running away, to seventeen-year-olds helping out on the family farm.
		Child agricultural workers frequently work for long hours in scorching heat, haul heavy loads of produce, are exposed to toxic pesticides, and suffer high rates of injury from sharp knives and other dangerous tools.
		Child trafficking is prohibited under international law as both a "practice similar to slavery" and one of the "worst forms of child labor.” States have an urgent and immediate obligation to eradicate trafficking in children.
	www.hrw.org /children/labor.htm (2260 words)

	Child Labor - MSN Encarta
		Child Labor, designation formerly applied to the practice of employing young children in factories, now used to denote the employment of minors generally, especially in work that may interfere with their education or endanger their health.
		The use of child labor was not regarded a social problem until the introduction of the factory system.
		But in 1922 the Child Labor Tax Law, as it was known, was ruled unconstitutional for being overtly “prohibitory and regulatory.” In 1924 both houses of Congress passed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, empowering Congress to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 years of age.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552027/Child_Labor.html (822 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Issues: Children, Youth and Family: Child Labor
		Child Labor Coalition - National US network for the exchange of information about child labor; providing a forum and a unified voice on protecting working minors and ending child labor exploitation; and developing informational and educational outreach to the public and private sectors.
		Child Workers in Asia - CWA is a network of individuals involved in the child labour movement in various countries in Asia.
		Child Labor in Pakistan - Pakistan has recently passed laws greatly limiting child labor and indentured servitude, but those laws are universally ignored, and some 11 million children, aged four to fourteen, keep that country's factories operating, often working in brutal and squalid conditions.
	dmoz.org /Society/Issues/Children,_Youth_and_Family/Child_Labor (1020 words)

	Child Labor and India - Embassy of India, Washington, DC
		The most significant prevailing law is the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, which is reflective of the political will, determination and commitment to the elimination of the pernicious system of child labor in India.
		It envisages strict and effective enforcement of child labor related laws, convergence of services for the benefit of the parents of working children in order to improve their economic conditions and launching of projects in areas of high concentration of child labor.
		Given the complex socio-economic dimensions of the problem, improvement in the living and working conditions of parents and in their economic conditions is crucial to the elimination of child labor.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Child_Labor/childlabor_2000.htm (2568 words)

	CHILD LABOR: ISSUES, CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS
		Child labor is especially prevalent in rural areas where the capacity to enforce minimum age requirements for schooling and work is lacking.
		Schooling problems also contribute to child labor, whether it be the inaccessibility of schools or the lack of quality education which spurs parents to enter their children in more profitable pursuits.
		The problem with such a stance is that (i) not all forms of child labor are exploitive or cruel; (ii) the age deemed "child" labor is not clear; (iii) poor countries cannot necessarily afford such measures; (iv) levels poverty would increase; and (v) school attendance would decline.
	www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/hnp/hddflash/workp/wp_00056.html (3214 words)

	AFT -Child-Labor
		The FLSA sets wage, overtime, record-keeping and child labor standards applying to full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in federal, state and local governments.
		Child labor provisions under the FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and to prohibit their employment in jobs that are hazardous to their health and safety.
		In Article 3, specifies that child labor includes "all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery," involvement in prostitution and pornography, involvement in drug trafficking or other illicit activities, and work that by its nature is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children.
	www.aft.org /topics/international/child-labor/define.htm (1105 words)

	Laila.html
		Social reformers began to condemn child labor because of its detrimental effect on the health and welfare of children.
		Child labor also occurred in coal-mining, where children would labor for long hours in the dark, damp mines, carrying coal on their backs up to the surface.
		Child labor first became an issue in the U.S. in the 1850's in large Northern cities like New York, worsening with increased industrialization.
	www.earlham.edu /~pols/globalprobs/children/Laila.html (895 words)

	Child Labor Law
		As a parent, before you consent to your child's employment, you may wish to explore the safety of the child's job (even if it sounds like it will be safe) by visiting the workplace or touring the proposed newspaper route, and make sure that your family has appropriate private insurance coverage.
		In the United States, and in most other agricultural nations with child labor laws, members of a farmer’s immediate family who live with the farmer and are employed by the farmer in agriculture are exempt from nearly all child labor regulations.
		If this is the case, a parent who does not want his or her child to hold a job may be able to require the employer to issue paychecks to the parent instead of to the child.
	www.expertlaw.com /library/employment/child_labor.html (1640 words)

	Backgrounder: Child Labor in Agriculture (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, June 11 - 2002)
		According to the International Labor Organization's new report on child labor, the number of children working in agriculture is nearly ten times that of children involved in factory work such as garment manufacturing, carpet-weaving, or soccer-ball stitching.
		Bonded labor, whether in agriculture or any other area, is illegal under India law and by law, bonded laborers are to be released and rehabilitated and their employers prosecuted.
		Undertake comprehensive surveys to determine the scope and scale of child labor in the agricultural sector, the number and nature of injuries or illnesses suffered by children working in agriculture, and disaggregate the data by sex and age.
	www.hrw.org /backgrounder/crp/back0610.htm (3707 words)

	U.S. Department of Labor - Find It By Topic - Youth & Labor
		The Department of Labor is the sole federal agency that monitors child labor and enforces child labor laws.
		Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety.
		The Bureau of Labor Statistics, which serves as a statistical resource to the Department of Labor, gathers statistics on a variety of subjects including those related to child labor.
	www.dol.gov /dol/topic/youthlabor/index.htm (258 words)

	Child Labor and India - Embassy of India, Washington, DC
		The child labor program in India is national in character and involves the Government of India,, the governments of the States and the Union Territories of India, as well as such tripartite fora as the Indian Labour Conference and the Standing Labour Committee.
		The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 of India was the culmination of efforts and ideas that emerged from the deliberations and recommendations of various committees on child labor.
		Under Section 5 of the Child Labor (PandR) Act 1986, the Government of India is empowered to constitute a Child Labor Technical Advisory Committee for the purpose of addition of occupation and processes in the Schedule to the Act.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Child_Labor/childlabor.htm (4126 words)

	NIKE and Child Labor
		Futhermore the U.S constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice and any U.S. company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted.GATT and WTO prohibits member nations, like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of goods made by children.
		Child labor is spread all over Pakistan but has the greatest impact in the north-west of punjab province, that is Sialkot.
		Child labor exists in Sialkot both in the export sector and the domestic sector.
	www.american.edu /TED/nike.htm (1957 words)

	child labor issue
		According to International Labor Organization’s director-general Michel Hansenne: "child labor only perpetuates an endless cycle of illiteracy and poverty." Indeed, the main reason of the child labor is poverty; and one of the root causes of poverty is the overpopulation and lack of primary education.
		The cause of child labor is underdevelopment, and de facto teaching is the key point.
		Following the introduction of the Child Labor Deterrence Act in 1992 by US Senator Tom Harkin, a US bill threat to ban imports of goods made by Bangladeshi children, Bangladeshi clothing manufacturers dismissed an estimated 50,000 children from their factories, approximately 75 per cent of all children in the industry.
	www.empereur.com /DOC/Child_Labor.html (2055 words)

	Vermont Wage & Hour Program -- Child Labor in Vermont
		Employment of any minor under the age of 18 is subject to Vermont child labor laws and rules, and perhaps also to federal child labor jurisdiction.
		State and federal child labor requirements are intended to protect minors by curtailing employment in dangerous occupations or for excessive hours.
		Violation of child labor laws and rules can subject the offender to fines of up to $10,000 per violation and imprisonment for up to 6 months.
	www.state.vt.us /labind/Wagehour/childlabor.htm (470 words)

	Child labor in Factories During the Industrial Revolution
		Factory owners loved child labor, and they supported their reasoning with ideas that it was good for everything from the economy to the building of the children's characters.
		Child labor today is still apart of many economies.
		Child labor came from the Industrial Revolution and is still around today.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/Baker_00/2002_p7/ak_p7/childlabor.html (936 words)

	Child Labor in U.S. History - The Child Labor Education Project
		Child labor began to decline as the labor and reform movements grew and labor standards in general began improving, increasing the political power of working people and other social reformers to demand legislation regulating child labor.
		Union organizing and child labor reform were often intertwined, and common initiatives were conducted by organizations led by working women and middle class consumers, such as state Consumers’ Leagues and Working Women’s Societies.
		The National Child Labor Committee’s work to end child labor was combined with efforts to provide free, compulsory education for all children, and culminated in the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938, which set federal standards for child labor.
	www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu /laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html (710 words)

	Get Information About Child Labor \| Let Us Help You \| Employers \| Georgia Department of Labor
		Child labor laws ensure our youth will have the necessary time to pursue their education and be employed in a safe workplace.
		Georgia's child labor law was written in 1878 whereas the federal child labor law is provided for under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) enacted in 1938.
		The Georgia Department of Labor (GDOL) Child Labor section administers and monitors the guidelines and restrictions for the employment of youth who have not reached their 18th birthday.
	www.dol.state.ga.us /em/child_labor.htm (330 words)

	UNICEF - Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse - Child labour
		An estimated 218 million children aged 5-17 are engaged in child labour, excluding child domestic labour.
		Child work: Children’s participation in economic activity - that does not negatively affect their health and development or interfere with education, can be positive.
		Child labour: This is more narrowly defined and refers to children working in contravention of the above standards.
	www.unicef.org /protection/index_childlabour.html (405 words)

	Compliance Assistance Employment Law Guide - Child Labor (Nonagricultural Work)
		The child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youths and to prohibit their employment in jobs and under conditions detrimental to their health and well‑being.
		In nonagricultural work, the child labor provisions apply to enterprises with employees engaging in interstate commerce, producing goods for interstate commerce, or handling, selling, or working on goods or materials that have been moved in or produced for interstate commerce.
		Employers may protect themselves from unintentional violation of the child labor provisions by keeping on file an employment or age certificate for each young worker to show that the youth is the minimum age for the job.
	www.dol.gov /asp/programs/guide/childlbr.htm (1088 words)

	Child Labor in the US
		The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping, and child labor standards affecting full-time and part-time workers in the private sector and in federal, state, and local governments.
		The FLSA's child labor provisions are designed to protect the educational opportunities of minors and prohibit their employment in jobs and under conditions detrimental to their health or well-being.
		Child Labor Coalition, c/o National Consumers League, 1701 K St., NW, #1200, Washington, DC 20006; Phone 202-835-3323; Fax 202-835-0747.
	www.stopchildlabor.org /USchildlabor/fact1.htm (848 words)

	Children’s Rights Division - Child labor Home Page
		In some cases, the labor is generational—that is, a child's grandfather or great-grandfather was promised to an employer many years earlier, with the understanding that each generation would provide the employer with a new worker—often with no pay at all.
		Millions of children work as bonded child laborers in countries around the world, 15 million in India alone; the full extent of the problem has yet to be shown.
		The bank has now acknowledged that child labor was used in its projects and, in cooperation with the government and nongovernmental organizations, has explored pilot programs that would remove children from the workplace, rehabilitate them, and provide them with education.
	www.hrw.org /about/projects/crd/child-labor.htm (1010 words)

	WHAT IS "CHILD LABOR"
		Some child workers themselves think that illegal work (such as prostitution) should not be considered in the definition of "child labor." The reason: These child workers would like to be respected for their legal work, because they feel they have no other choice but to work.
		In 2000, the ILO estimates, "246 million child workers aged 5 and 17 were involved in child labor, of which 171 million were involved in work that by its nature is hazardous to their safety, physical or mental health, and moral development.
		More information about who child laborers are, where they live, and new statistics on the total number can be found on www.ilo.org; also, the US Dept. of Labor’s By The Sweat and Toil of Children, Vol.
	www.childlaborphotoproject.org /childlabor.html (2408 words)

	Child Labor
		The system of child labor in Rhode Island mills began with Rhode Island's first textile mill - the Slater Mill.
		While there was eventually legislation in Rhode Island against child labor, it was not effective.
		It wasn't until 1938 with the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act that child labor was finally eliminated.
	www.woonsocket.org /childlabor.html (530 words)

	Special Hearings - Child Labor Law Hearings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Under the Texas Child Labor Law, V.T.C.A., Labor Code, Chapter 51, we determine whether a child has been employed in an occupation or manner that is detrimental to the child's safety, health, or well-being and whether to assess a penalty.
		Purpose of the Hearing: This Child Labor Law hearing is being held to give you a full and fair opportunity to present information about the preliminary determination that has been appealed.
		In addition to the three criteria, please include in your request the Child Labor Law appeal number, the hearing officer's name, and the date the decision was mailed.
	www.twc.state.tx.us /ui/sphrgs/childlaborlaw.html (975 words)

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