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	MSN Encarta - Archive Article - 1938: Child Labor
		The amendment, which would empower Congress to enact legislation regulating or prohibiting the labor of persons under 18 years of age, was submitted by Congress to the states in 1924, after two Federal child-labor laws had been declared unconstitutional.
		Administration of the Act is vested in the Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, which is responsible for the child-labor provisions, and in the Wage and Hour Division, which was established in the Department of Labor to administer the wage and hour provisions of the act.
		The International Labor Office draft convention for maritime employment, fixing at 15 years the minimum age for admission of children to employment on the high seas, was ratified by the United States Senate, June 13, 1938.
	encarta.msn.com /sidebar_461500170/1938_Child_Labor.html (1095 words)

	Child Labor Amendment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Child Labor Amendment was, and remains, a proposed—and technically still-pending—amendment to the United States Constitution offered by Republican Ohio Congressman Israel Moore Foster during the 68th Congress in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 184.
		And with that, the proposed constitutional amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification pursuant to Article V of the Constitution.
		Miller ruling formed the basis of the unusual, belated ratification of the 27th Amendment which was proposed in 1789 and ratified more than two centuries later in 1992 by the legislatures of at least three-fourths of the 50 states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Child_labor_amendment (482 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Child Labor
		The shortage of adult male laborers, who were needed for agriculture, contributed to the exploitation of child laborers.
		By 1910, however, as the result of the public-enlightenment activities of various organizations, notably the National Child Labor Committee, the legislatures of several states had enacted restrictive legislation that led to sharp reductions in the number of children employed in industry.
		But in 1922 the Child Labor Tax Law, as it was known, was ruled unconstitutional for being overtly “prohibitory and regulatory.” In 1924 both houses of Congress passed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, empowering Congress to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under 18 years of age.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761552027___3/Child_Labor.html (894 words)

	A History of Kansas Child-Labor Legislation by Domenico Gagliardo, August 1932 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		No such child shall be employed in arty mercantile establishment nor in the service of any telegraph, telephone, or public messenger company except during the vacation of the public schools in the school district where such child is employed.
		A further amendment, made in 1907, authorized boards of education to permit temporary absences from school of children between eight and fifteen "in extreme cases of emergency or domestic necessity." [19] This provided another large loophole, and one which is said to have been regularly used in the sugar-beet regions of western Kansas.
		Third, evidence showing that the child was fourteen years of age was necessary, the form of this evidence to be prescribed by the commissioner of labor and to comply substantially with the requirements laid down in this respect by the federal child labor law of 1916.
	www.kshs.org /publicat/khq/1932/32_4_gagliardo.htm (7205 words)

	Child Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The organization of a National Child Labor Committee, whose purpose is to “supervise the actions of existing State and labor committees in all parts of the country, and to prevent in the newer states the sacrifice of child life which has characterized some older industrial communities,” was announced yesterday.
		Child labor was harmful, both to the nation’s economy and to the children themselves.
		The news of the passage of the Child Labor Act by Congress delighted New York advocates of protection for children, and the law as passed was everywhere commended yesterday as a strong, effective measure.
	www.joynsyde.com /childlabor.htm (1615 words)

	Child Labor
		Child Labor, designation formerly applied to the practice of employing young children in factories, now used to denote the employment of minors generally, especially in work that may interfere with their education or endanger their health.
		Throughout the ages and in all cultures children joined with their parents to work in the fields, in the marketplace, and around the home as soon as they were old enough to perform simple tasks.
		Child Labor in the U.S. Meanwhile the industrial system developed in other countries, bringing with it abuses of child labor similar to those in Great Britain.
	www.angelfire.com /ky/LaborUnions/ChildLabor.html (1460 words)

	Danger: Children at Work-A Bibliographic Time Capsule (page 2)--Wirtz Labor Library
		The Department of Labor Library was the direct beneficiary of the movement to banish exploitative child labor in the U.S. In fact, the amalgamation of the Children's Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics libraries in 1917, formed the nucleus of the U.S. Department of Labor Library.
		As mentioned, she was a key figure in the child labor regulations included in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.
		The power to prohibit child labor, by judicial interpretation of the courts, was considered a matter left to the states.
	www.dol.gov /oasam/library/special/child/childexh2.htm (1341 words)

	Child Labor Legislation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Child Labor in the Cotton Mills of Georgia
		Child labor laws in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois are reviewed showing the effects of different laws in bordering states, address by J. Morgan before the Third Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee, December 1906.
		The child labor laws of Pennsylvania are criticized by Fred Hall of the Philadelphia Child Labor Committee, Charities and the Commons (July 18, 1908).
	www.boondocksnet.com /labor/cl_laws.html (1830 words)

	AllRefer.com - child labor (Labor) - Encyclopedia
		child labor, use of the young as workers in factories, farms, and mines.
		Child labor was first recognized as a social problem with the introduction of the factory system in late 18th-century Great Britain.
		Congressional child labor laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1918 and 1922.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/childlab.html (510 words)

	Juvenile Employment: United States
		As child welfare was considered a subject on which women were experts, Grace Abbott, who had worked for the adoption of a child labor amendment to the Constitution since the failure of a second federal child labor law in 1922, was asked to contribute the section on the United States.]
		Well-developed tendencies with reference to child labour legislation and reliance by employers on the employment of children in the United States were interrupted by the conditions created by the World War.
		Evidence is not lacking that there was difficulty in the enforcement of child labour legislation during the war period and that in consequence the number of children illegally employed during that time probably also increased.
	search.eb.com.au /women/classic/C0027.html (1137 words)

	Children Wanted
		Child labor is the rule in turpentine camps.
		The common acceptance of the child labor prohibition by employers and the general public continued to influence employment policies, even after the legal barrier was removed.
		It helped broadcast propaganda to the effect that the child labor amendment meant interference with the family and with tasks assigned by parents to their children around the house or on the farm.
	www.newdeal.feri.org /survey/37a01.htm (3620 words)

	bernie :: statement :: Child Labor Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An amendment by Congressman Bernie Sanders to prohibit the importation of goods on which the U.S. Customs Service has issued a detention order because of the use of forced or indentured child labor was passed unanimously by the House of Representatives yesterday as part of the Fiscal Year 2002 Treasury-Postal Appropriations bill.
		Especially outrageous is the plight of millions of child laborers, some as young as 4 years old, who are sold into virtual slavery and chained to looms for 14 hour days knotting the oriental rugs that grace the foyers and living rooms of countless homes and offices all across the country.
		This amendment would help get rid of bidis in the U.S. The issue of the exploitation of child labor is not only a moral issue but it is an economic issue that is having a profound impact on American workers.
	bernie.house.gov /statements/2001-07-26-child-labor-amendmt.asp (861 words)

	usnews.com: The People's Vote: Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 (1916)
		Social reformers began to condemn child labor because of its detrimental effect on the health and welfare of children.
		The first child labor bill, the Keating-Owen bill of 1916, was based on Senator Albert J. Beveridge's proposal from 1906 and used the government's ability to regulate interstate commerce to regulate child labor.
		The campaign for ratification of the Child Labor Amendment was stalled in the 1920s by an effective campaign to discredit it.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/documents/docpages/document_page59.htm (515 words)

	PCA Historical Center: The Necessity of the Christian School, by J. Gresham Machen, 1933. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The amendment gives power to Congress to enter right into your home and regulate or control or prevent altogether the helpful work of your children without which there can be no normal development of human character and no ordinary possibility of true happiness for mankind.
		The zeal for the granting of them, the refusal of the framers of the amendment to word the amendment in any reasonably guarded way, show plainly that the powers are intended to be exercised; and certainly they will be exercised, whatever the intention of the framers of the amendment may be.
		Massachusetts had a strict child labor law; it might have been expected, therefore, in accordance with the customary specious argument, to need protection against states where the child labor laws are less strict.
	www.pcanet.org /history/documents/necessity.html (4843 words)

	Religious Freedom Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress, by two-thirds votes of the House and the Senate, or by a convention called by Congress in response to applications from the legislatures of two-thirds (34) or more of the States.
		All amendments since then, with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the proposed child labor amendment, have included a deadline in the body of the amendment proposed to the States, or in the join resolution transmitting the amendment to the States to be ratified.
		Some States require amendments to be ratified by the same margin as a proposed amendment to their State constitutions; other only require a majority of the legislators present and voting.
	religiousfreedom.house.gov /process.htm (420 words)

	Child Labor
		Although child labor is most common in developing countries, it is found throughout the world, including in the United States of America.
		By highlighting the growing use of child labor in the production of goods imported from foreign countries, encouraging consumer awareness of the problem, and promoting the passage of important legislation, the ILRF is helping bring the issue of child labor to global attention.
		In addition, the ILRF has helped develop effective programs to fight child labor and is involved in monitoring conditions in various regions of the world.
	lrights.igc.org /projects/childlab (233 words)

	Search Tuna Report for child labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Child labor is a pervasive problem throughout the world, account for over 90 percent of total child employment....
		Though children are not well paid, they still serve as major contributors to family contribute to child labor, whether it be the inaccessibility of schools or the lack of quality education which spurs parents to enter their children in more profitable pursuits.
		Starting from a premise that child labor is necessarily harmful, we analyze the determinants of harmful child labor, viewed as child labor that directly conflicts with the human capital accumulation of the child in an attempt to identify the most vulnerable groups, thus possibly enabling appropriate actions to be taken by policy makers....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/1129.html (2901 words)

	THE BIRTH OF FEMINISM
		Emphasis on Sameness: Gilman argued that because of evolution women had become inferior to men, but she was part of a group of Lamarckians who believed that characteristics could be changed through changes in the environment, and these changes would be passed down to future generations biologically.
		Congress established a Woman's Bureau in the Department of Labor in 1920 to monitor women's working conditions, passed the Cable Act in 1922, giving women equal citizenship rights with men, and sent a Child Labor Amendment to the states for ratification in 1924.
		Despite the beleaguered position of the NWP during the 1920s, opposed on all sides by women's clubs and labor groups, time was on its side.
	www.columbia.edu /~rr91/3567_lectures/birth_of_feminism.htm (4229 words)

	Child Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Britain, child labor became a major issue in the 19th century and eventually legislation was passed that brought it to an end.
		Frances Perkins, who had been recruited to the campaign against child labour after hearing a speech on the subject by Florence Kelley in 1902, was appointed as the Secretary of Labor in 1933 by the new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt.
		The main objective of the act was to eliminate "labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standards of living necessary for health, efficiency and well-being of workers".
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAchild.htm (4214 words)

	[No title]
		Gertrude Zimand's professional life was devoted to child welfare reform and eliminating the exploitation of children as laborers.
		When successive pieces of child labor legislation reform passed during the New Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, she redirected the NCLC into a National Committee on Employment of Youth.
		That she was a significant force in child welfare reform is attested to by former Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell, who, in 1955, upon her retirement, praised "the impact of her work, directly on the lives of children throughout the United States." She passed away on May 10, 1966 at the age of 71.
	special.lib.umn.edu /findaid/xml/sw0212.xml (527 words)

	Guide to the National Child Labor Committee Publications, 1907-1967
		Annual Report of the National Child Labor Committee for the year ending September 30, 1955 by Gertrude Folks Zimand, General Secretary.
		Child Laborers Today - Annual Report of the National Child Labor Committee for the year ending September 30,1938 by Courtenay Dinwiddie.
		Child Labor - A series of articles dealing with child labor in its relation to education, health, mental hygiene.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /EAD/htmldocs/KCL05242.html (588 words)

	Notes to Chapter 12
		Ireland (1937) was the first major attempt to enact child labor legislation was in The Owens-Keating Law of 1916 which prohibited the shipment of goods produced under conditions employing children aged 14 to 16 for more than eight hours a day.
		It was only with the advent of the political and economic clout of labor unions that the child labor laws were enacted both on a federal and state level.
		As to the Secretary of Labor's charge that this minor was "employed," the court noted that the distributor had found the minor to be in want of the necessities of life when the minor was but 7 years old.
	www.gsm.uci.edu /~mckenzie/rethink/ch12foot.htm (2069 words)

	Reformers and Child Labor in the Early 20th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), a group of middle class reformers organized in 1904, was incorporated by an act of Congress in 1907 to promote the interests of children.
		Census figures for child employment are not available after 1930, but beginning in 1920 many states and cities sent reports of employment certificates (issued to children) to the Children's Bureau.
		Child Labor Pathfinder to primary and secondary sources at The George Meany Memorial Archives
	nationalhistoryday.org /03_educators/2001-2002curbook/new_page_16.htm (1730 words)

	H.R. 2678, The International Child Labor Elimination Act of 1997; and H. Con. Res. 37, Concurrent Resolution Regarding ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unfortunately, the facts on the ground are that somewhere between 200 and 250 million children under the age of 14 are being robbed of their youth for the profit of others.
		The ayes have it, and the amendment is agreed to.
		I move that the Subcommittee report the bill to the Full Committee, with the amendments as adopted by the Subcommittee, with the recommendation that the amendments be agreed to.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/intlrel/hfa47405.000/hfa47405_0.htm (907 words)

	Child labor amendment -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Child labor amendment -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The Child Labor Amendment was a proposed—and technically still-pending—amendment to the (The constitution written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states) United States Constitution offered by the 68th Congress in June of 1924.
		Those delayed actions resulted in much controversy and spawned the 1939 decision of the (The highest federal court in the United States; has final appellate jurisdiction and has jurisdiction over all other courts in the nation) United States Supreme Court in the landmark case of (Click link for more info and facts about Coleman v.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/child_labor_amendment.htm (187 words)

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