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Topic: Child labour

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Child labor

Labour (economics)

Labor history

Convention on the Rights of the Child

Exploitation

Working class

Child actress

Child actor

Women in the Victorian era

Prostitution

Economy of Bangladesh

Industrial Revolution

Economics of the United States

Amish

Kyoto Accord

	Child labor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Child labour or labor is the term for the employment of children.
		Also, after the Child Labor Deterrence Act was introduced in the US an estimated 50,000 children were dimissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution," --"all of them more hazardous and exploitatitive than garment production" according to a UNICEF study.
		Child factory workers who were best able to cope with factory work become adult factory workers, and the composition of the factory labor force shifted toward adults before significant legislative intervention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Child_labor (790 words)

	Child Labour Inquiry
		Child labour is a source of income for poor families.
		When analyzing the caste composition of child labourers Nangia (1987) observes that, "if these figures are compared with the caste structure of the country, it would be realised that a comparatively higher proportion of scheduled caste children work at a younger age for their own and their families’ economic support" (p.
		Child labour cannot be eliminated by focusing on one determinant, for example education, or by brute enforcement of child labour laws.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Library/9175/inquiry1.htm (3884 words)

	Human Rights in Bangladesh
		Child labour is simply the most severe form of child exploitation and child abuse in the world today.
		Child labour also exists in many industrialised countries and is emerging in a number of East European countries that are now in transition to a free market economy.
		Child workers were present in almost all the sectors of the economy with the exception of mining and utilities.
	www.banglarights.net /HTML/Childlabour.htm (1504 words)

	Child Labour in India - Disentangling Essence and Solutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The sectoral distribution of child labour in the countryside indicates that most of the children are engaged in agriculture, rather than in industrial sectors, which have become the focus of media attention and trade sanction initiatives.
		In that sense, the elimination of child labour and the assertion of universal education are inseparable.
		The elimination of child labour and the universalisation of elementary education are regarded as ‘inseparable processes’, and the entire strategy should be based on ‘the norm that no child should work and all children should be in schools’.
	hdrc.undp.org.in /childrenandpoverty/REFERENC/REPORTS/EPW/CLindiadisentanglg.htm (5446 words)

	On Child Labour
		Child work can be beneficial and can enhance a child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development without interfering with schooling, recreation and rest.
		About 20 percent of these bonded child labourers were sold to cover some small debts obtained by their parents, usually for some social celebration like a wedding in the family.
		Often, child labour is considered to be a "necessary evil" in poor countries such as India for the maintenance of the family.
	www.hum-coolie.com /on-child-labour.htm (3719 words)

	Janet.html
		Child labor is a problem that has been occuring throughout the world for a long time-since even before written history, in fact.
		Child labor is not necessarily a bad thing if it allows the child to spend adequate time in educating him/herself and when the conditions that the child works under are not detrimental to his/her health.
		Very few of the child laborers work in the export industries such as mining and making carpets; however, it is feared that this small number of children working in these industries will continue to grow as industrialization and urbanization grow in economic importance.
	www.earlham.edu /~pols/globalprobs/children/Janet.html (840 words)

	Christian Aid policy briefing: Child labour
		Child labour is a challenging issue, one which raises difficult questions and does not have a clear-cut solution.
		States parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health and physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
		It is more helpful to think of child labour as a continuum; at one end there are the most harmful and dangerous types of work done by children; at the other end there are types of work that are neither exploitative nor detrimental to children.
	www.christian-aid.org.uk /indepth/0109chil/childlab.htm (5734 words)

	Child Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Child labour is engaged in mica collection due to the low rate of return for mica.
		The existence of child labour in mica mining is not known, as these children are mostly working in interiour tribal regions in the forest.
		However, child labour, in these regions is part of the life and culture of the people as part of the livelihood system.
	www.aidjharkhand.org /ARKI_TISRI/Child_Labour.htm (5301 words)

	Youth Zone - Child Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Some child labour is harmful to children's development, such as being exposed to dangerous chemicals when spraying pesticides, continuously lifting heavy loads that can curve a child's spine, or working in unsafe conditions that offer no chance for education, as in the case of young Harun.
		Non-harmful child labour is often part-time and does not stop children from having access to school.
		Rather than trying to stop all child labour, it is important to ensure that children who work gain the knowledge, tools, and opportunities they need to achieve their full potential.
	www.acdi-cida.gc.ca /cida_ind.nsf/AllDocIds/B24B7238F83BCF7985256E2300501723?OpenDocument (1464 words)

	Laila.html
		Child labor also occurred in coal-mining, where children would labor for long hours in the dark, damp mines, carrying coal on their backs up to the surface.
		Stories as horrible as thses are common from the the child laborers in the coal-mines.
		Child labor first became an issue in the U.S. in the 1850's in large Northern cities like New York, worsening with increased industrialization.
	www.earlham.edu /~pols/globalprobs/children/Laila.html (895 words)

	Child Labour Keysheet
		Child labour is a much debated and emotionally charged area of development policy.
		There is disagreement on the appropriate definition of child labour for policy purposes.
		The ‘worst forms of labour’ as defined in ILO Convention 182 include prostitution, all forms of slavery, sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and forced labour, as well as work likely to harm their ‘health, safety and morals’.
	www.keysheets.org /red_5_child_labour.html (592 words)

	Child labor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term child labor can have a connotation of systematic (The act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful) exploitation of children for their labor, with little compensation nor consideration for their safety, or health.
		However, some express concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labor may force these children to turn to more dangerous professions due to necessity, such as prostitution or (The class of people engaged in growing food) agriculture.
		In the west, during the (The transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation) Industrial Revolution, use of child labour was commonplace, often in factories.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/child_labor.htm (363 words)

	Anti-Slavery - Child labour programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Child domestic work in the houses of others is thought to be the single largest employer of girls worldwide.
		Child soldiers fight on the front line, and also work in support roles; girls are often obliged to be sex slaves or "soldiers' wives".
		Anti-Slavery International also established a Geneva based Sub-Group on Child Labour of the NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and is currently an active member.
	www.antislavery.org /homepage/antislavery/childlabour.htm (2082 words)

	CHILD LABOR: ISSUES, CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS
		Child labor is especially prevalent in rural areas where the capacity to enforce minimum age requirements for schooling and work is lacking.
		Schooling problems also contribute to child labor, whether it be the inaccessibility of schools or the lack of quality education which spurs parents to enter their children in more profitable pursuits.
		The problem with such a stance is that (i) not all forms of child labor are exploitive or cruel; (ii) the age deemed "child" labor is not clear; (iii) poor countries cannot necessarily afford such measures; (iv) levels poverty would increase; and (v) school attendance would decline.
	www.worldbank.org /html/extdr/hnp/hddflash/workp/wp_00056.html (3214 words)

	Child Labour & RUGMARK
		The problem of child labour is inter-linked with various socio-economic conditions.
		The problem of child labour is thus a vicious circle.
		RUGMARK is spreading awareness among the people in the carpet belt about the abuse of child labour and making parents realise their responsibility towards their children.
	www.rugmarkindia.org /about/child.htm (377 words)

	BBC NEWS \| South Asia \| UN urges action on child labour
		Unicef argues the only way to end child labour is to end poverty and it calls on rich industrialised nations to give far more in development aid.
		Child labour, it says, is a scar on the world's conscience in the 21st Century.
		The highest incidence of child labour is in Africa, where 41% of those aged five to 14 work, compared to 21% in Asia and 17% in Latin America and the Caribbean.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/4282715.stm (477 words)

	UNICEF - Child protection - Child labour
		An estimated 246 million children are engaged in child labour.
		Child work: Children’s participation in economic activity - that does not negatively affect their health and development or interfere with education, can be positive.
		Child labour: This is more narrowly defined and refers to children working in contravention of the above standards.
	www.unicef.org /protection/index_childlabour.html (388 words)

	Child Labor Cartoons
		Child Labor May Be Cheap Enough For You, by Ryan Walker, International Syndicate, 1906.
		Child Labor Photographs by Lewis W. Hine, collection of 480 of Lewis Hine's photographs of young children working in mills, mines, factories, fields, and on city streets, photographed from 1908 to 1912 for the National Child Labor Committee.
		Child Labor and the Republic, proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee, December 1906.
	www.boondocksnet.com /gallery/child_labor_intro.html (634 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Child Labor
		Child labor ranges from four-year-olds tied to rug looms to keep them from running away, to seventeen-year-olds helping out on the family farm.
		In some cases, a child's work can be helpful to him or her and to the family; working and earning can be a positive experience in a child's growing up.
		In some cases, the labor is generational-that is, a child's grandfather or great-grandfather was promised to an employer many years earlier, with the understanding that each generation would provide the employer with a new worker-often with no pay at all.
	www.hrw.org /children/labor.htm (1144 words)

	Farmer probed for child labour
		Johannesburg - Inspectors are probing a North West farmer on child labour allegations after a 13-year-old boy was injured while allegedly working on his farm, the labour department said on Wednesday.
		Maclean said the child was admitted to hospital after he had injured his legs when he fell from a moving tractor on Wednesday afternoon.
		It is by law an offence to employ children under the age of 15 as labourers and an employer could face a jail sentence of up to two years or a R15 000 fine if found guilty.
	www.news24.com /News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1557739,00.html (340 words)

	UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre)
		The joint inter-agency project, which follows on from the Agenda for Action established by the International Conference on Child Labour in Oslo in 1997, was launched on a full-time basis in December 2000.
		It aims to improve child labour research, data collection and data analysis; to enhance local and national capacity for data collection and research; and to improve the assessment of existing interventions.
		As well as assessing the quality of existing data, the project is developing indicators that chart the dimensions of child labour and relate them to income, gender, health condition and education.
	www.unicef-icdc.org /research/IIS/CP1.html (354 words)

	Convention on the Rights of the Child (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		States that are party to the Convention are obliged to develop and undertake all actions and policies in the light of the best interests of the child.
		The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first legally binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights — civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights.
		Two Optional Protocols, on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, were adopted to strengthen the provisions of the Convention in these areas.
	www.unicef.org /crc/crc.htm (498 words)

	Child labour -- Scanlon et al. 325 (7361): 401 -- BMJ
		Child labour today represents the largest single cause of child abuse across the globe.
		Slavery, bonded labour, prostitution, and the recruitment of child soldiers are all intolerable and illegal.
		The bulk of child labourers work in agriculture and industry, often in hazardous environments.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/325/7361/401 (1138 words)

	Child Labour (ICFTU Website) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Over 250 million child labourers are being exploited for profit or are forced to work in order to survive.
		Whole generations of children are being deprived of the chance to take their rightful place in the society and economy of the 21st Century.
		Child labour report released to coincide with major international conference in India (29/10/2004)
	www.icftu.org /focus.asp?Issue=childlabour&Language=EN (220 words)

	Child labour under The child labour(Prohibition and Regulation) act,1986 - Introduction
		The Child Labour Act, bans the employment of children, below 14 years of age in specified occupations and processes which are considered unsafe and harmful to child workers and regulates the conditions of work of children in employment’s where they are not prohibited from working.
		The Child Labour Act of 1986 applies to all establishments and workshops wherein any industrial process is carried on (excluding one covered under section 67 of the Factories Act, 1948).
		Under the Act, ‘Child’ means a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age.
	www.helplinelaw.com /docs/main.php3?id=CHLB1 (468 words)

	Issues : Child Labour
		The International Labour Conference adopted a resolution in 1979 on child labour....
		Focuses on eliminating child labour and retaining children in schools through an integrated approach based on education.....
		The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 seeks to ban employment of children below the age of 14....
	www.indianngos.com /issue/child/labour (192 words)

	Child charity work, fundraising & volunteering UK with Save the Children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But many others are involved in dangerous or exploitative labour that harms their development, wrecks their health and denies them an education.
		We stress the need to tackle the root cause of child labour, poverty.
		Lessons learnt in the application of ILO Convention 182 on the worst forms of child labour.
	www.savethechildren.org.uk /scuk/jsp/whatwedo/subtheme.jsp?section=exploitationprotection&subsection=childlabour (240 words)

	Child Labour
		As part of broader efforts to develop effective and long-term solutions to child labour, the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank initiated in December 2000 the joint inter-agency research programme "Understanding Children's Work and its Impact".
		Visitors are invited to access the child labour data sets, country statistics for detailed information on indicators of child labour and status of children for over 50 countries.
		Further research material can be referenced by accessing the future surveys, and child labour research.
	www.ucw-project.org /about (332 words)

	Child labor - child labour
		Child labor tends to be thought of as a 19th century evil that has now been eradicated.
		The reality is that, throughout the world, the labor of millions of children still occurs, often in conditions as horrific as the factories of 150 years ago.
		There are now estimated to be 200 million child laborers in the world.
	www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com /clab.htm (292 words)

	Themes: CHILD LABOUR
		The practice of child labour is a critical link in the chains that spread illiteracy, suppress women, spur overpopulation, intensify discrimination, and perpetuate poverty"
		Child Labour: Cause, Consequence and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards (Kaushik Basu; Cornell University) (PDF Format)
		Global March Against Child Labour is a movement borne out of hope and the need felt by thousands of people across the globe - the desire to set children free from servitude...
	www.essex.ac.uk /armedcon/themes/child_labour (287 words)

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