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Topic: Chilean War of Independence

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	South American Wars
		The last major battle of the Wars of Independence was won in 1824 at Ayacucho in the Peruvian highlands by the Venezuelan Sucre.
		The war devastated Paraguay, and when López's death ended the conflict in 1870, more than half of the population had been killed, the economy had been destroyed, agricultural activity was at a standstill and the country had lost more than 142,500 sq km (55,000 sq mi).
		Colombia suffered 8 debilitating civil wars in the 19th century as power passed from one party to the other and centralist constitutions were replaced by federalist ones and vice versa.
	berclo.net /page94/94en-hist-sam-wars.html (2282 words)

	Breeds of Livestock - Chilean Corralero Horse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A pure Chilean breed appeared by the beginning of the 19th century, and the Chilean Corralero appeared by the end of the century.
		When Chile got its independence, the horse was a indispensable partner and used daily; in war for the Army, in the plantations for the countryman and for transportation for everybody.
		The Chilean Corralero has its major ties in use for working cattle and is now used heavily in Chilean rodeo, which had its origins in the countryside as a game of chasing cattle.
	www.ansi.okstate.edu /breeds/horses/chileancorralero (245 words)

	Ears and Conflicts of Brazil
		SeealsoARGENTINE-BRAZILIAN WAR OF 1825-28; CHILEAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE; PERUVIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE; PORTUGUESE CIVIL WAR OF 1823-24.
		The war devastated Paraguay, whose former population of about 525,000 was reduced to some 221,000, of whom oníy 29,000 were adult males; it was the bloodiest conflict in Latin American history.
		The war caused financial havoc in Brazil, and mercenary troops mutinied in Rio (1828).
	www.brazilbrazil.com /wars.html (5699 words)

	War of Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term War of Independence is generally used to describe a war occurring over a territory that has declared independence.
		Once the state that previously held the territory sends in military forces to assert its sovereignty or the native population clashes with the former occupier, a separatist rebellion has begun.
		If a new state is successfully established, the conflict is subsequently known as a war of independence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/War_of_Independence (138 words)

	Welcome to Lonelythinker.com
		War against the Turks and the Napoleonic wars.
		Philip of Macedonia - Wars for the Unification of Greece.
		War against the 'pagans' in the 10th century BC.
	www.lonelythinker.com /hist340.html (291 words)

	Anecdotage.com - war anecdotes. Anecdotes From Yeats to Gates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the summer of 1936, at the height of the Spanish Civil War, Antonio Rivera to...
		Chivers was among the intrepid journalists embedded during the war in Iraq...
		During the Spanish-American War (in 1898), the Spanish fleet was blockaded by th...
	www.anecdotage.com /browse.php?term=war (6527 words)

	Category:Wars - Military History Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		War is a conflict involving the organized use of weapons and physical force by states or other large-scale groups.
		Wars usually take the form of a series of military campaigns between two opposing sides involving a dispute over, amongst others issues, sovereignty, territory, resources, religion, or ideology.
		A war to liberate an occupied country is called a "war of liberation"; a war between internal factions within a state is a civil war.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /wiki/Category:Wars (827 words)

	Chapter 2-- History / Case Study
		From Independence to the War of the Pacific
		In Chile between 1823 and 1830 the development of political ideas, the formation of faction (not yet genuine political parties), the attempts to turn the ideas of a faction into action or policy, the adoption of nonindigenous philosophies, and the lust for power were all dependent on control of, or good relations with, the military.
		The war that culminated at Yungay was extremely significant in that it strengthened the relationship molded by Portales: a military obedient to civilian authority and designed to defend as well as maintain order...
	www.geocities.com /ajhrhodes/doc-two.htm (6308 words)

	Chilean Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The independence of Chile from Spain was officially achieved on February 12, 1818.
		This was important, as it established a direct link between the liberalism and federalism of the United States with the principles of the Chilean independence movement.
		To further secure Chilean independence, San Martin launched a series of actions against armed bands in the mountains, consisting of assorted outlaws, royalists, and Indians who had taken advantage of the caos of military expeditions and forced recruitments to pillage and sack the countryside.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence (2021 words)

	Chiloe
		it is separated from the Chilean mainland by the Chacao Strait ("Canal de Chacao") to the north, and by the Gulf of Ancud and the Gulf of Corcovado to the east.
		The Chilean Central Valley lies between the coastal mountains and the Andes, of which the Gulfs of Ancud and Corcovado form the southern extension.
		ChiloГ© was separated from the rest of Chile by Mapuche territory, and was the last stronghold of Spanish loyalists in the Chilean war of independence; it was not conquered by Chile until the 1826 military expedition led by Ramon Freire, after a prior expedition led by Lord Cochrane failed.
	www.paleorama.com /Lakes-C/Chiloe.php (852 words)

	Celebrate Hispanic Heritage! Hispanic History in the Americas
		Independence is not secured until Bolívar defeats the Spanish loyalists in June of 1821.
		Although Peruvian independence is declared in 1821 after San Martín captures Lima, Spanish troops hold a majority of Peruvian territory until Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824.
		Uruguay is granted independence in a peace treaty between Argentina and Brazil, who were warring over the Uruguayan territory.
	teacher.scholastic.com /activities/hispanic/sahistory.htm (650 words)

	Mapuche Indians in Chile Struggle to Take Back Forests - Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		To many Mapuches, the current dispute is merely the continuation of a conflict that has existed since the arrival of the conquistadors in the 16th century.
		Retreating south of the Bío-Bío River, they succeeded not only in fending off Spanish control but also in having their independence formally recognized in treaties, and were only incorporated into the Chilean state in the 1880's as the result of a series of violent military expeditions.
		Chilean exports of wood to the United States, almost all of which come from this southern region, are about $600 million a year and rising.
	www.globalpolicy.org /empire/terrorwar/analysis/2004/0811mapuche.htm (1321 words)

	Strange Defeat: The Chilean Revolution, 1973 - Pointblank! \| libcom.org
		When the Chilean proletariat showed that it was prepared to take the slogans of the UP program literally - slogans that amounted only to empty rhetoric and unfulfilled promises on the part of the bureaucratic coalition - and put them into practice, the contradictions between the content and form of the Chilean revolution became apparent.
		Unlike the Spanish proletariat, the Chilean revolutionaries never created an entirely new kind of society on the basis of councilist organisation, and the Chilean Revolution will only succeed if these forms (cordones, comandos) are capable of establishing their social hegemony.
		The Chilean workers are not alone in their opposition to the forces of counter-revolution; the revolutionary movement that began in Mexico with Villa's guerrilla bands has not yet come to an end.
	libcom.org /library/chilean-revolution-1973-strange-defeat-pointblank (3430 words)

	ChileanHorse.com - Home
		Did you know the Chilean Horse has been continuously selected for cow working instincts for over 450 years and that its courageous attributes were also tested for 345 years in an ongoing war against the Mapuches Native Americans, the War of Independence and the War of the Pacific?
		Did you know that the ideal prototype of the Chilean Horse was a stallion born in 1858 and that the Breed Standard was formalized in 1921 describing the same type of horse that is still proudly produced today?
		Did you know that the Chilean Horse is the only American stock horse that meets the classic definition of a true breed, one which groups together closely related individuals, with a defined and easily distinguished type and temperament that consistently reproduces these characteristics that are best suited for a specific function in a particular environment?
	www.chileanhorse.com /index.php (330 words)

	Battle of Santiago - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Santiago, Battle of, engagement in the Spanish-American War, fought on July 3, 1898, at the city of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
		Horace W. Bivins was a sergeant and decorated marksman in the Tenth United States Cavalry, one of the renowned African-American units better known...
		Chacabuco, Battle of, first major battle of the Chilean War of Independence against Spain, fought on February 12, 1817.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Battle_of_Santiago.html (101 words)

	The Terrible Truth - The Human History of War
		161 - 166 Parthian war of Lucius Verus
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		1551 - 1581 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
	www.bibleufo.com /terribletruth5.htm (1805 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Chile
		The Inquisition was abolished with the establishment of Chilean independence in 1818.
		Chilean Jewish politicians included the first Jewish diplomat, Martin Levison Bloch and Daniel Schweitzer Speisky, representative to the UN as ambassador and president of the Securtiy Counsel.
		Pre-World War II Until World War I most Jewish immigrants were of East European descent from Argentina or Sephardi Jews from Monastir, Macedonia.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/chile.html (1810 words)

	Chilean Army/Independence Day - Military Photos
		Chilean President Ricardo Lagos gives tumbs up as he reviews the honor guard while en route to Santiago's Cathedral in Santiago, Chile, Thursday, Sept. 18, 2003, before a Te Deum in celebration of the 193th anniversary of the country's independence.
		Chilean President Ricardo Lagos reviews the honor guard as he leaves the Santiago's Cathedral in Santiago, Chile, Thursday, Sept. 18, 2003, after a Te Deum in celebration marking the 193th anniversary of the country's independence.
		Chilean President Ricardo Lagos drinks "chicha," a typical Chilean liquor made of grapes, during the opening of the annual Independence Day military parade, in Santiago, Chile, Friday, Sept. 19, 2003.
	www.militaryphotos.net /forums/showthread.php?t=2529 (300 words)

	Embassy of Chile, Washington, DC © 2005
		During the war of independence, the United States therefore maintained a neutrality that Chilean patriots found incomprehensible and annoying.
		The first Chilean mission to the United States, in 1827, was led by Joaquín Campino, who began the negotiation of a trade treaty, signed in 1832, which incorporated the most favored nation clause.
		That situation began to reverse itself toward the end of the Second World War as the United States began to exercise a role of hegemony which caused relations to be structured on the basis of security interests and trade throughout the Cold War, with the consequent consolidation of U.S. influence on Chilean society.
	www.chile-usa.org /birelations.htm (1242 words)

	Global Arts & History: Chile’s Wars for Independence
		Aristocratic Chileans began considering independence only when the authority and legitimacy of the crown were cast in doubt by Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain in 1807.
		Thus, Chileans, like other Spanish Americans, had to confront the dilemma of who was in charge in the absence of the divine monarch: the French pretender to the throne, the Spanish rebels, or local leaders.
		In that sense, the struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and native Americans.
	www.globalartmall.com /2006/02/chiles-wars-for-independence.html (616 words)

	Ontario
		The second Ontario, a 16 gun rated sloop of war, was built by Thomas Kemp, Baltimore, Md., in 1813; blockaded in Chesapeake Bay through the War of 1812; and sailed from New York for the Mediterranean 20 May 1815, Master Comdt.
		The Chilean war for independence was raging and a Spanish blockade of Valparaiso had been declared, American merchantmen being seized.
		The sloop of war began her last distant station cruise 22 February 1842, operating out of New Orleans and in the Gulf of Mexico, protecting American interests until proceeding to Norfolk and finally Baltimore 30 July 1843.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/o3/ontario-ii.htm (568 words)

	Chile's Independence - GamerzRealm Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808.
		The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church.
		As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence.
	www.runescaperealm.com /forums/showthread.php?t=102384 (822 words)

	Dictionary of Irish Latin American Biography > "Ambrose [Ambrosio] O'Higgins (c. 1721-1801)"
		In the 1770s his troops were engaged in wars with the Llanos and Pehuenches, indigenous people of the region, and he was twice wounded.
		Their son, Bernardo O'Higgins, was born in Chile and was educated by, but not with, his father, with whom he was never on intimate terms.
		Bernardo was a leading figure in the Chilean war of independence and is remembered as the emancipator of Chile.
	www.irishargentine.org /dilab_ohigginsa.htm (565 words)

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Indeed, even many Chilean government officials who had strongly opposed Pinochet during his years of power were offended by the condescending notion that only European courts had the sufficient judicial independence to properly try their former dictator.
		To the extent that civilians are seen to be capable administrators and responsible politicians, the Chilean armed forces lose their most powerful argument for a continuation of their present, rather unusual status as guarantors of a semiauthoritarian constitution ratified in the 1980 plebiscite.
		To be sure, no amount of conversation is likely to supersede the actions of Chilean justice, which is moving rapidly to compile dossiers on the activities of the military during the Pinochet years.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.11413/pub_detail.asp (2142 words)

	WHKMLA : The Guano War, 1865-1866
		A war hat not been declared; in Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, public sentiment sided with the Peruvians; Chilean volunteers sailed off to Peru, and the authorities at the port of Valparaiso denied coal to the Spaniards, arguing that they could not supply a belligerent side.
		At the begin of the war, Peru had a navy considerably stronger than that of Chile; yet it was Chile which was to become the strongest sea power on the Latin American Pacific Coast.
		The War with Spain of 1865-1866 from The Peruvian Navy, the XIX Century Maritime Campaigns, by Juan del Campo
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/guanowar.html (522 words)

	Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front (Chile) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Organization born from the Communist Party to fight against the dictatorship of Pinochet by violent means, today in day this one divided in 2 groups, one part of the Juntos Podemos and other one that continues in the terrorist route.
		In 1983, the Chilean Communist Party created Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, an armed wing to carry out terrorist attacks with the express goal of overthrowing the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.
		After the fall of Pinochet’s regime and a return to democracy in 1989 the Chilean Communist Party, debated the legitimacy of sponsoring a terrorist organization in a post-Pinochet Chile.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/cl}fpmr.html (270 words)

	Kurds in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During World War II one of their leaders, Mustafa Barzani, emerged as a champion of Kurdish rights and Kurdish nationalism, through his military expertise and through his participation in the establishment of the short-lived Kurdish autonomous republic (the Mahabad Republic, 1946–47) in Iran.
		When the Iran-Iraq war began in September 1980, with an Iraqi attack across the Shatt al Arab waterway that leads to the Persian Gulf, the United States was a bystander.
		This vague and inconclusive end to the 1991 Gulf War was to prove tragic for the people of Iraq, and in particular for the Kurds in the north of Iraq and for the Shia population in the south of Iraq.
	www.eurolegal.org /neoconwars/kurdsiraq.htm (10753 words)

	1807 - 1825 Napoleonic Turbulence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		My interest in the Napoleonic Wars is restricted to Spain and Portugal, and their Central and South American Colonies.
		The continental part of these conflicts (1807 - 1814) was known as the Peninsular War to the British and the War of Independence to the Spanish.
		During the period 1807 - 1824, the Spanish colonies were wracked by revolution; by 1824 Mexico and all the South American Colonies were independent.
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/iberia/1807/index.htm (287 words)

	Historical flags of Chile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		I believe that it was used in the first independence from 1810 to 1814.
		Adopted by the rebel army in 1817, it was used to swear the Chilean independence February 12, 1818.
		The national flag was used publicly for the first time on 12 February 1818, during the official proclamation of the Independence and the swearing ceremony of the flag, and it was carried by Colonel Tomas Guido.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/cl_hist.html (602 words)

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