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Topic: Chilean nationalization of copper

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	Chilean nationalization of copper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Successive Chilean governments have characterized its revenues as “Chile’s salary.” Copper has been mined since colonial times in the area between central Chile and southern Peru, but it never acquired the importance of other mining exports such as saltpeter or silver until the beginning of the 20th century.
		This process was known as "negotiated nationalization", and was designed to avoid a conflict with international investors (and ultimately with the United States), and to allow for the acquisition of the technical, financial and marketing knowledge of the multinationals.
		Chilean mines were kept under state control after the 1973 coup despite the junta's pro-U.S. leanings, which, as of 2006, is still the case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chilean_nationalization_of_copper (1328 words)

	Nationalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Nationalizations are distinguished from property redistributions in that in the former case, the government retains control of the property after acquisition.
		Nationalization of 14 banks in India see Economy of India, a further 7 banks were nationalised in 1980, the Reserve Bank of India was already state owned at the time of Indian Independence.
		Most of the nationalizations took place under Labour governments and many of the major nationalised industries were privatized in whole or part from 1979 to 1997 under Conservative governments with the process continuing although slowing under the Labour Government since 1997.
	vb.game-host.org /en/Renationalisation.htm (2060 words)

	RATE-EXCHANGE.org - Chile Currency / Chilean Peso
		The Chilean peso is the national currency of the República de Chile, and is regulated by Chile’s Central Bank.
		The modern Chilean peso was introduced in 1975 to replace the escudo For many decades, Chile’s chief source of national income was derived from exports of copper.
		The Chilean pension system is frequently cited as an ideal model by politicians in the United States of America, who are attempting to salvage their troubled plan managed by the Social Security Administration.
	rate-exchange.org /currency/chilean-peso.cfm (406 words)

	History / Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile / Codelco / historia
		The "chilenization" of Copper, began in 1966 with the approval of Law 16,452 which established the creation of mixed societies with foreign companies in which the State would own 51% of the property of the deposits.
		Nationalization of large-scale copper mining was consolidated when the State registered the deposits under its name, notwithstanding subsequent registration by Collective State Companies.
		This allowed the government to legally decide the organization, operation and administration of the nationalized companies and it also established that the faculty to dispose of rights or operate a mining concession could only be exercised on new deposits that were not already being mined or authorized by the law.
	www.codelco.com /english/la_corporacion/historia.asp (869 words)

	Zambia Copper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Copper also made significant direct contributions to wage employment equaling 16.0% of the recorded total in 1960, and 14.0% in 1973 (Daniel, 1979).
		The former President Kenneth Kaunda at one time met with the Chilean head of state to discuss ways in which developing copper producing countries could unite to form a union along the lines of the OPEC countries, as a means of affecting world prices, and therefore having a stronger position on the world market.
		Rights: YES Zambian miners are a significant component of a national economy"overwhelmingly dependent upon the production and export of copper, and of an urban community [molded] by the requirements of the copper industry and the growth of its labor force" (Daniel, 1979).
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/zambcopp.htm (2374 words)

	Salvador Allende - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper and banking), a thorough reform of the health care system (including a much-touted program of free milk for children), a reform of the educational system, and a furthering of his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva's agrarian reform.
		The national truck drivers', miners', small business', doctors', lawyers', an important part of the workers', and most of the teachers' and the students' unions were all on strike.
		On that September 11, the Chilean military, led by General Pinochet, staged the Chilean coup of 1973 against Allende.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=51487 (2531 words)

	Chilean Government between 1970-1973 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Chileans left the country in hopes of finding a life that offered more freedom under a more democratic and stable government.
		To have a greater understanding of the experiences of Chileans in Argentina, it is important to understand the Chilean government during that time.
		Allende explained his nationalization of the company because both the Anaconda and Kennecott Company were reaping extra profits and not turning the profits back into Chile.
	www.dickinson.edu /~huynht/Chilean_government.htm (813 words)

	Róbinson Rojas.- Salvador Allende.-Speech to the United Nations. 1972.- The Róbinson Rojas Archive.- RRojas Databank.- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We have nationalized basic riches, we have nationalized copper, we have done so by a unanimous decision of Parliament, where the government parties are in a minority.
		Some of the nationalized firms had made such huge profits in the last 15 years that when 12 per cent a year was applied as the limit of reasonable profits, they were affected by important deductions.
		The nationalization of copper has been carried out while strictly observing internal judicial order and with respect for the norms of international law, which there is no reason to identify with the interests of the big capitalist firms.
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /foh12.htm (6039 words)

	Codelco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Codelco (full name in Spanish: Corporación Nacional del Cobre, Chile) is a Chilean 100 percent state-owned company and the largest copper producer in the world with recorded copper reserves of 200 years.
		With the constitutional reform that nationalized copper, on July 11, 1971, during President Salvador Allende's government, full ownership of all copper mines and copper fields in the country were transferred to Codelco.
		The creation of the Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile, as it is currently known, was formalized by decree of April 1, 1976, under the Pinochet regime.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Codelco.htm (340 words)

	The New York Review of Books: A Special Supplement: Chile: Year One
		Chilean leaders are fairly optimistic about overcoming the transitional difficulties in copper and agricultural production, which are the most pressing of their economic problems.
		By now copper, nitrates, coal, iron, banking, cement, a good part of textiles, and a number of other firms have been taken over in one way or another, and foreign trade will presumably have to be nationalized.
		The "Chilean road to socialism" does not necessarily imply a single, still less a monolithic, party of the left, and anyway this is not a realistic possibility.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/10440 (8153 words)

	Chile (08/06)
		The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church.
		Chileans voted for elections to choose a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress.
		The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm (4917 words)

	Mining Companies on Trial - Global Policy Forum - Social and Economic Policy
		The US$31.9 billion suit on behalf of the state was filed on July 11, the 30th anniversary of the nationalization of the copper industry in 1972 by then-President Salvador Allende (1970-73).
		At the 1989 level, per-ton revenues from copper would be equivalent to 21.8 minimum retiree pensions; at last year’s prices, the income from one ton of copper would barely pay two-thirds of a pension, the plaintiffs say.
		Despite the Chilean government’s implied failure to oversee foreign mining interests, the lawsuit is not directed at the state.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/tncs/2002/1218chile.htm (862 words)

	Chile
		For this reason you copper workers bear the greatest responsibility and should be prouder than all other workers in Chile, because you not only provide for our basic needs, but also contribute through your work to the breaking of Chile’s economic dependence and to raising the living standards of the great mass of people.
		Copper production at Chuqui for the first four months of 1972 was running at 20 per cent below the average for the corresponding four months of the previous five years, while world copper prices had declined proportionately even further below the levels of the 1967-1971 period.
		Chilean nationalists long have been mystified and infuriated by this kind of corporate manipulation, and it was this fury that perhaps made nationalization inevitable.
	www.normangall.com /chile_art2.htm (6159 words)

	CNN Cold War - Backyard: Episode Recap
		Allende's first big step was the nationalization of copper, Chile's biggest industry, which was still effectively under U.S. control.
		The Chilean economy was increasingly put under state control -- a move that upset overseas financiers.
		At the United Nations, Allende accused telecommunications conglomerate ITT of trying to provoke a civil war.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/18/recap/3.html (173 words)

	Guambat Stew: A few home truths about copper
		It was copper’s overall long-term lower cost due to its unique properties that had been ignored in a costly ignorance driven mistake.
		Copper prices are once again through the roof supposedly due to the ‘unforeseen’ insatiable demand of the rising economies of Asia.
		The total annual requirement for copper in the western OEM automotive industry is thus a maximum of one million ‘short’ tonnes per year.
	guambatstew.blogspot.com /2006/05/few-home-truths-about-copper.html (2035 words)

	TIME.com: Clamor over Chilean Copper -- Jun. 27, 1969 -- Page 1
		Now Chileans are demanding majority ownership and a larger share of the profits from their huge copper industry, which is dominated by two U.S. companies—Anaconda and Kennecott.
		Chilean mines produced 741,000 tons of copper last year, about a sixth of the non-Communist world's total.
		Charging that fatter U.S. profits from Chilean copper are "immoral," leftists renewed their demand for outright nationalization.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,900952,00.html (746 words)

	Did you know? 2178 - LOL Facts - Web Software & Hosting
		With only one week remaining before the Chilean Congress was to vote on Allende's election, CIA headquarters sent a cable to its Chilean office that read: "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup.
		Opposition groups received funding from the CIA, anti-Allende propaganda efforts continued, strikes were instigated in key sectors of the Chilean economy, and CIA agents maintained close contact with the Chilean military.
		By 1973, the Chilean economy was in shambles.
	www.gigfoot.net /lol/facts/2178.html (1548 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Chilean nationalization of copper
		The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry ("Chilenization"), was the progressive process in which the Chilean government acquired total control of the copper industry, and involved the transference of ownership of the Chilean copper industry from the hands of a few multinational corporations, especially those from the United States, to the Chilean state.
		Copper mining has long been the mainstay of Chilean exports and at present it still accounts for almost a third of all foreign trade, down from a peak of almost 75%.
		Principal mines at the beginning of the nationalization
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Chilean_nationalization_of_copper (1324 words)

	Salvador Allende's Leftist Regime, 1970-73 - Chilean Intelligence Agencies
		The nationalization measure was one of the few bills Allende ever got through the opposition- controlled legislature, where the Christian Democrats constituted the largest single party.
		At the overt level, Washington was frosty, especially after the nationalization of the copper mines; official relations were unfriendly but not openly hostile.
		In August 1973, the rightist and centrist representatives in the Chamber of Deputies undermined the president's legitimacy by accusing him of systematically violating the constitution and by urging the armed forces to intervene.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/chile/allende.htm (2076 words)

	Development of Mineral Sciences / History of Chilean Mining Mural Series - Alexander Sutulov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In spite of momentary advantages or disadvantages on either side, where government taxes, monetary regulations and market tariffs act upon as catalysers of regional and foreign investment, nothing is more decisive in economic growth and market forecast than a strong policy towards scientific research.
		We have already observed how reliable mining prospecting applied to adequate technology was able to transform Chile in the 20th century, particularly in the post-war period, into a sustained leading country in the mining sector.
		Profound changes such as the nationalization of copper industry (1970) and the outbreak of CODELCO Chile as the largest stated owned copper company in the world could only have been possible with a previous stage of training the future generations of professionals in the field.
	www.artareas.com /ArtAreas/home.nsf/Item/NT00047C0A (286 words)

	The Chilean Revolution
		late nineteenth century, and copper in the twentieth.
		La Moneda, the seat of the Chilean government, was under siege.
		This was the military that most Chileans knew, or thought they did.
	www2.truman.edu /~marc/webpages/revsfall99/chile (2864 words)

	Nationalization - Toseeka Search Results
		Nationalization or nationalisation is the act of taking assets into public...
		Is a national company more prone to corruption/ineffeciency than a private one.
		The Paris business of M&A advisory firm Rothschild was nationalized and renamed.
	www.toseeka.com /subject/Nationalization (2643 words)

	Alexander Sutulov
		Aside from the fact that Chilean geography constitutes the largest copper reserves in the world, a rich Andean culture developed more than 4.000 years ago where the attributions to metals such as gold, silver, tin and copper and its different alloys predetermined a Bronze Age which prolonged until the arrival of the Spanish Conquistador.
		The depiction of Mier’s hydraulic mill is an abbreviation of
		Historically speaking, Chileans were quite aware of rich deposits such as El Teniente, Chuquicamata, Andina, or even El Abra, but not until an adequate technology and significant capitals were invested could the country realize the true potentials which lay ahead as a full scale mining nation and its impact in mineral economy until present days.
	www.alexandersutulov.com /links.php?6587 (3252 words)

	MIT Western Hemisphere Project: Michael Zezima on Henry Kissinger & Chile
		Their children, hammer and sickle stamped on their foreheads, would be shipped to the USSR to be used as slaves, the radio and newspapers direly warned.
		Cleverly manipulated to fear the “blood and pain” of “godless, atheist communism,” the mothers of Chile voted against the man who promised to “redistribute income and reshape the … economy” through the nationalization of some major industries, like copper mining, and the expansion of agrarian reform.
		The respect held by the Chilean military for the democratic process led Kissinger to pick as his first assassination target not Allende himself, but General Rene Schneider, head of the Chilean Armed Forces.
	web.mit.edu /hemisphere/events/kissinger-chile.shtml (1317 words)

	"Battle of Chile" in context by Angry Arts
		There is some uncertainty about Chilean population statistics and the divisions given here should only be considered approximate.
		At the end of 1971, after one year in office, the Popular Unity had nationalized the copper industry, other key industries and most of the banks.
		There were not enough votes in Congress to proceed with nationalization, land reform, or alterations in the tax structure.
	www.ejumpcut.org /archive/onlinessays/JC21folder/BatChileAngryArts.html (1152 words)

	Chilean peso investement opportunites. Chilean peso outlook. Chilean peso economic profile
		The first Chilean peso was introduced in 1817, at a value of 8 Spanish colonial reales.
		In 1835, copper coins of denominations ½ and 1 centavo were introduced but it was not until 1851 that the real and escudo denominations ceased to be issued and further issues in centavos and decimos (worth 10 centavos) commenced.
		-Chile under Pinochet -Chilean escudo -Chilean nationalization of copper -Chilean peso -Economy of Chile -Miracle of Chile -Project Cybersyn -Unidad de Fomento
	www.mundoandino.com /Chile/Chilean-peso (277 words)

	Information about Chile. Travel to Chile. Chile Tours. Chile Culture
		Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional (Spanish: National Intelligence Directorate) or DINA was the first Chilean secret police during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet.
		It was officially created in June 1974 by decree #521, which gave it the power to detain persons during a declared state of emergency which ended up lasting for almost the entire length of the Pinochet regime.
		It is said to be responsible for the 1976 assassination of former Chilean government member Orlando Letelier.
	www.allsouthamerica.com /Chile/DINA.htm (510 words)

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