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Topic: 1989 Chilean presidential election

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	Chilean presidential election, 1970 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A presidential election was held in Chile on 4 September 1970.
		Because he did not obtain an absolute majority, his election required a further vote by the National Congress of Chile which resulted in Allende assuming the presidency in accordance with the Chilean Constitution of 1925.
		Registration and turnout were reasonably consistent with earlier Chilean presidential elections, although both registration and participation have been considerably higher since the restoration of elections, beginning with the election of 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1970_Chilean_presidential_election (1007 words)

	Election Portal @ EectionWatchUSA.com (Eection Watch USA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The universal acceptance of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern democracies is in sharp contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype, ancient Athens, where elections were considered an oligarchic institution and where most political offices were filled using sortition.
		When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns.
		This election threshold may be simply the amount of votes required to get one seat, such as in the Netherlands, but it may also be set higher, to prevent small parties from getting a seat in government.
	www.eectionwatchusa.com (2999 words)

	Chileans Consolidate Democratic Gains
		Eighteen years later, Chileans are working to consolidate a return to democracy that began with the March 1990 presidential inauguration of Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin Azocar.
		As Chileans engage in the everyday give and take of democracy in a country where 5 million people (40 percent of the population) are poor, the dual consensus is beginning to come under pressure.
		Chileans have a long tradition of democracy and community participation, which was not forgotten during the dictatorship.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~poli354/Chile_pages/910911ChileanConsolidation (1376 words)

	Volume 17, Issue 1, 1998
		"Straightforward and Strategic Voting in the Elections for the Swiss Council of States in
		"A Spatial Analysis of the 1989 Chilean Presidential Election." Jay K.
		Elections." Colin Rallings, Michael Thrasher and Christine Gunter.
	www.utdallas.edu /dept/socsci/hclarke/es/98171.htm (99 words)

	Chile's Non-Eventful Presidential Runoff
		What intrigue does swirl around the election, arises from the prospect that the country is may install a president, in Bachelet, whose personal background would make her election a remarkable step forward for women and towards a resolution of the Pinochet dictatorship’s verminous legacy.
		While Chile’s presidential election is not characterized by the sort of large scale structural transformations marking the new political landscape elsewhere in Latin America, nonetheless, a Bachelet victory would represent an important transition.
		The election of a female president signifies an important development in a society so conservative that divorce laws were only passed in 2004 after years of struggle and controversy.
	www.coha.org /NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2006/06.04_Chiles_Non-Eventful_Presidential_Runoff.html (1756 words)

	Eleições
		US Election Map Bank features a variety of maps showing the results of past presidential elections by county and by state, from 1960 to 1992.
		Election site that includes a political simulation game in which you can take part in a simulation of the '96 Presidential Election.
		Elections to the Drzavni Zbor, 1990, 1992, 1996 and Presidential election Nov. 1997
	victorian.fortunecity.com /christy/454/Navegacoes/eleicoes.htm (866 words)

	Commanding Heights : Chile Political \| on PBS
		Relations with the U.S. fall just short of ending when the former Chilean ambassador to the U.S. is assassinated, allegedly by the Chilean Secret Police.
		Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, running as the candidate of a center-left coalition known as the "democratic opposition" (Concertación), wins the 1989 election.
		Presidential elections in 1993 keep the Concertación in power.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/cl/cl_political.html (430 words)

	Chile - The Presidency
		In 1946, 1952, 1958, and 1970, because presidential candidates did not attract sufficient coalition support to win a majority of the votes, the election was thrown into Congress, which chose the winner from the two front-runners.
		The presidential balancing act was complicated by frequent defections from the chief executive's coalition of supporters, even by members of his own party, particularly in the waning months of his constitutionally stipulated single term.
		It institutes instead a second-round election aimed specifically at barring political bargaining in the legislature and ensuring the election of a president with the backing of a majority of the population.
	countrystudies.us /chile/91.htm (1641 words)

	Chile - The 1993 Presidential Election
		In the election held on December 11, 1993, Eduardo Frei scored an impressive victory, exceeding the total that Aylwin obtained in 1989.
		The election of the fifty-one-year-old Frei marked the coming of age of a new generation of political leaders in Chile.
		Frei's election signals the intention of the CPD to remain united in a coalition government for the foreseeable future.
	countrystudies.us /chile/105.htm (931 words)

	This Day in History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Allende retreated with his supporters to La Moneda, the fortress-like presidential palace in Santiago, which was surrounded by tanks and infantry and bombed by air force jets.
		With only one week remaining before the Chilean Congress was to vote on Allende's election, CIA headquarters sent a cable to its Chilean office that read: "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup.
		Democratic elections were held in 1989, and in 1990 Pinochet stepped down as President Patricio Aylwin AzÓcar was sworn in as Chile's new leader.
	www.history.com /tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&id=5336 (1625 words)

	Commanding Heights : Chile Overview \| on PBS
		Chilean workers demand reforms in light of chronic inflation, rising unemployment, and declining real income.
		A leftist coalition, critical of Frei for being too conservative, sees its presidential candidate, Salvador Allende, narrowly defeat Frei in 1970.
		Unemployment soars, as does the number of Chileans living in poverty.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/cl/cl_overview.html (914 words)

	Strategic Insights -- Bolivia at the Crossroads: Interpreting the December 2005 Election
		Bolivia’s 2002 election brought into sharp relief the growing disconnect between the country’s established political parties and the indigenous groups who were increasingly mobilized and yet still locked out of key decision-making institutions at the national level.
		In the past, the absence of a majority winner in the presidential race meant that the individual eventually selected as president owed his very job to the extensive horse-trading and pork-barreling agreements that were cobbled together in Congress.
		In contrast, the 2005 election results may enhance the prospects for accountability in Bolivia because Morales and the MAS know that they alone will be held responsible for the quality of governance in the next five years.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2006/Feb/eatonFeb06.asp (3295 words)

	Chilean Optimism Prevails, though Pinochet Regime Holds Firm
		Chileans say that the moral force of the ``no'' vote binds Pinochet to agree to reform of the political system even before he steps down in 1990.
		The reforms would speed up the election schedule, make the congress a fully elected body, eliminate military control of the government, change the constitutional amendment process, and legalize the Communist Party, as it was prior to Pinochet rule.
		Most observers describe the Chilean transition period as an elaborate waiting game in which the whole political field, even Pinochet supporters, are positioning themselves for a political opening.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~poli354/Chile/881117_Opposition.html (737 words)

	Government and Politics
		THIS BIENNIUM'S MATERIALS on Chilean politics continue to focus on the transition to and consolidation of democracy, but they also include a significant number of studies of pre-1973 politics and of the military years.
		Scully and Valenzuela, on the other hand, point to the striking (although not entirely unexpected) similarity between the 1988 plebiscite and the 1989 general election results and those of the 1969 and 1973 congressional and the 1970 presidential elections (item bi 96011198).
		Chilean journalists Raquel Correa and Elizabeth Subercaseaux's 1989 interview of the Captain General succeeds in pressing him on several points and is surprisingly revealing (item bi 94004326).
	lcweb2.loc.gov /hlas/ss55govt-fleet.html (824 words)

	americas.org - Presidential Elections in Uruguay on October 31 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The elections in Uruguay, of course, will not have huge global repercussions, but they do hold out the possibility that Uruguay may join the long list of Latin American countries that have elected left-leaning presidents to power.
		The front-runner in Uruguay’s upcoming elections is Tabaré Vázquez of the Encuentro Progresista–Frente Amplio (Progressive Encounter- Broad Front), a coalition of social democrats, communists, social Christians, radicals and ex-Tupamaro guerrilla fighters.
		The elections this year are thus Vázquez’s third attempt at the presidency and once again, the Broad Front will have to count on combined opposition from the Colorados and Blancos if the elections go to a second round.
	www.americas.org /item_16729 (1436 words)

	Haiti: And You Call This an Election?
		On November 20th, Haiti is scheduled to hold the first round of its presidential election.
		Under the auspices of the outrageously unqualified and malignant Latortue, together with the grossly disappointing performance of the Brazilian-led UN peacekeeping force, and the decent but indecisive Chilean political broker dispatched by the UN’s Kofi Annan, distressingly little has been accomplished and the plight of the average Haitian is as bleak as ever.
		Haitians are once again being urged to the polls to vote for a president under totally unacceptable conditions, while the UN has created for itself the unenviable record of being far more adept at killing innocent Haitians than bringing stability to the country.
	www.coha.org /NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2005/05.106_Haiti_and_you_call_this_an_election.html (1949 words)

	Annual 1989-1990 Chapter IV Chile
		The results of that plebiscite, in which the Chilean electorate was given the option of voting either YES, in favor of Government, or NO, in favor of the opposition, were 54.7% NO and 43.1% YES.
		On October 4, 1989, one year after the plebiscite in which the single candidacy of General Augusto Pinochet for a new eight-year presidential term was rejected, some 10 explosions were set off in the capital, which caused, among other damages, flouts in several cities.
		After an electoral campaign that lasted almost five months, general elections were held on December 14, 1989, the first to be held in 19 years.
	www.cidh.oas.org /annualrep/89.90eng/chap4a.htm (2493 words)

	Remembering Anolther 9/11 [1973 Coup Ousted Chile's Red Regime] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1980, a new constitution was approved, which prescribed a single-candidate presidential plebiscite in 1988, and a return to civilian rule in 1990.
		Pinochet lost the 1988 referendum, where 55% of the votes rejected the extension of the presidential term, against 42% for "SÃ", and, though a plebiscite is technically non-binding, this one triggered multi-candidate presidential elections in 1989 to choose his replacement.
		open presidential elections were held the next year, at the same time as congressional elections that would have taken place in either case.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1699080/posts (4146 words)

	Elections and Electoral Systems by Country
		The Center for Voting and Democracy is dedicated to fair elections where every vote counts and all voters are represented.
		National Electoral Committee has information in English on the Parliamentary Elections of 1995 and 1999, and the local elections of 1996, plus an overview of elections from 1989-1996.
		Presidential election 200 and State Duma election 19th Dec 1999
	www.psr.keele.ac.uk /election.htm (1374 words)

	HLAS 53 Government and Politics Chile
		THIS BIENNIUM'S CHILEAN MATERIALS are dominated by studies of opposition social movements and political parties, whose growing unity and determination helped them to defeat Pinochet in the Oct. 1988 plebiscite and to win the 1989 general elections.
		A number of general studies of Chilean politics have appeared recently, and are useful for the light they shed on the country's party system, relations between parties and social forces, as well as the thinking of the authors themselves.
		Students of Chilean politics have a variety of recently published materials on parties, and by party spokespersons, from which to choose.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /hlas/ss53govt-fleet.html (921 words)

	Cardinal Juan F. Fresno of Chile; at 90 - The Boston Globe
		Cardinal Fresno retired in 1989 after leading the Santiago Archdiocese for six years, a period in which he hosted a visit by Pope John Paul II and promoted the first contacts between the Pinochet regime and the opposition seeking to restore civilian rule.
		The pope's visit in 1987 was during a time of political tension, as the military regime that had ruled for 14 years faced an increasingly strong and bold opposition.
		The result, in 1985, was a concrete plan for gradual transition to democracy, but Fresno was not allowed to deliver a document outlining the plan to the presidential palace.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/obituaries/articles/2004/10/16/juan_f_fresno_chilean_cardinal_90?mode=PF (455 words)

	JOLT: Articles
		In July of 1989, an organization of Chinese students living in the U.S. organized a lobbying campaign to persuade Congress to protect them from Communist Chinese threats of reprisal for their support of the Tiananmen Square demonstrators.
		The purpose of an election is to gauge the preferences of the electorate.
		Had the 2000 election been decided by a large margin, this debate would still be of constitutional importance due to the fact that the idea of online vote-swapping was crushed by the mere threat of prosecution.
	www.lawtechjournal.com /articles/2001/06_011004_randazza.php (11909 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Chile's Return to Democracy - Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela
		In December Chileans will have elected a new president after 16 years in the formidable grip of General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte.
		That election should set U.S.-Chilean relations, plagued by a history of intervention and mistrust, on a more constructive, cooperative course.
		The dictator conceded his defeat, opening the way for presidential and congressional elections, rather than clinging to power by force.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19891201faessay5992/pamela-constable-arturo-valenzuela/chile-s-return-to-democracy.html (834 words)

	1989 SJ Hall Lecture-John Campbell OBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In the run-up to the Swedish General Election in August 1988, the Greens were for the first time given television time, opinion polls having regularly shown them topping the 4% threshold required.
		Chilean environmentalists have decried the destruction of the country's beautiful native forests.
		In 1989 Britain has 5 large integrated pulp and paper mills and 7 major panel board plants, most of them using the latest technology.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /forestry/old_files/lectures/hall/1989Acampbell/1989Acampbell.html (13376 words)

	LEXIS-NEXIS® Academic Universe - Document
		Democrats, however, worry that unless the ban is in the law, there is nothing to prevent President Bush from later launching a covert operation targeted at the election and paying for it out of the CIA's contingency fund.
		Although Bush would have to sign a presidential "finding" justifying such action and inform the intelligence committees "in a timely fashion" (though not, perhaps, before the election), the committees have no power to approve or disapprove.
		To make a prohibition on CIA involvement in the Nicaraguan election palatable to the right, Baker will probably want to trade it for a sizable increase in overt aid to the Nicaraguan opposition.
	www.american.edu /faculty/leogrande/nic-meddle-managua.htm (809 words)

	Latin American Political Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1970, in a highly divided election, Salvador Allende was elected president, although he had obtained only 36.3 percent of the vote
		The 1999 elections marked the third consecutive election since the demise of the military regime.
		Lavín was able to impose an American-type election, and frame it in terms of specific issues and candidate style rather than on ideology.
	www.udel.edu /poscir/jcarrion/p426/chile.htm (884 words)

	RangeVoting.org - wrong-winner elections
		To see that this election is likely to remain disputed, consider the fact that in the 2004 USA Bush v.
		Kerry presidential election, one hour past midnight on election night, CNN's exit polls called the nationwide popular vote for Kerry by a >2.5% margin (based on 11027 respondents) but the official results gave it to Bush by a 2.4% margin.
		The plurality election was won by Hugo Banzer Suarez with 28.6% of the vote, followed by Victor Paz Estennsoro with 26.4% and numerous others.
	www.rangevoting.org /FunnyElections.html (4736 words)

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