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Topic: Chimera plant

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	Origin, Development and Propagation of Chimeras
		A plant is said to be a chimera when cells of more than one genotype (genetic makeup) are found growing adjacent in the tissues of that plant.
		Mericlinal and sectorial chimeras are by their very nature unstable and the likelihood of propagating plants with the same morphological pattern from these types is low.
		Plant tissue culture allows the propagation of plants from very small numbers of cells within a tissue system or in the extreme case, from single isolated cells (protoplast culture).
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /tisscult/chimeras/chimeralec/chimeras.html (2119 words)

	Chimera (genetics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chimeras have either 4 parents (2 fertilized eggs or early embryos are fused together) or 3 parents (a fertilized egg is fused with an unfertilized egg or a fertilized egg is fused with an extra sperm).
		Chimeras should not be confused with hybrids, which are organisms formed from two gametes (each from a different species) which formed a single zygote.
		Chimeras should also not be confused with mosaics, which are organisms with genetically different cell types, but which again originate from a single zygote.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chimera_(animal) (1002 words)

	The Chimera User's Guide
		Chimera is not a stimulant, it is not a sedative, it is not a narcotic, and it is not a tranquilizer.
		Chimera is assigned to a unique pharmacological class, which is called "existentia." This term alludes to the philosophical illumination Chimera seems to shine on the nature of existence itself.
		Chimera needs to be smoked at a high temperature and the smoke must be inhaled deeply, quickly, and must be held in as long as possible to have an effect.
	www.angelfire.com /ego/minesweeper (5724 words)

	Chimera (animal)
		In zoology, a chimera is an animal which has (at least) two different populations of cells, which are genetically distinct and which originated in different zygotes (fertilised eggs).
		Such an organism is called a tetragametic chimera as it is formed from four gametes—two eggs and two sperm.
		This can result in the eventual development of an adult animal composed of cells from both donors, which may be of different species—for example, in 1984 a chimeric geep was produced by combining embryos from a goat and a sheep.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chimera__animal_.html (451 words)

	Patents Guidance, Tools & Manuals
		A plant patent is granted by the Government to an inventor (or the inventor's heirs or assigns) who has invented or discovered and asexually reproduced a distinct and new variety of plant, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state.
		The inventor of a plant must have discovered or identified the novel plant, and must have asexually reproduced the plant and observed the clones so produced for a sufficient amount of time to have concluded that the clones are identical to the parent plant in all characteristics.
		The claimed plant must be indicated to have been suggested by the prior art relied on by the examiner, and must be shown to have been reasonably expected by the reference or references relied on by the examiner before such a rejection can be seen as constituting a prima facie case of obviousness.
	www.uspto.gov /web/offices/pac/plant/index.html (4506 words)

	Chimera (animal) - Definition, explanation
		For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosomes and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes.
		Chimeras should not be confused with hybrids, which are organisms formed from two gametes (each from a different species) which formed a single zygote.
		Chimeras should also not be confused with mosaics, which are organisms with genetically different cell types, but which again originate from a single zygote.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ch/chimera__animal_.php (526 words)

	biology - Variegation
		Plants bearing such variegation are chimeras, with more than one type of genetic makeup in their tissues.
		Because the variegation is due to the presence of two kinds of plant tissue, propagating the plant must be by a vegetative method of propagation that preserves both types of tissue in relation to each other.
		As these plants have some of their tissue unable to carry out photosynthesis, the plant will be weaker than the plain green plant.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Variegation (565 words)

	LECTURE 22
		In plants that normally produce a relatively fixed number of nodes, if the meristem is removed and allowed to reform a plant in culture, the plant will have the normal number of nodes.
		Thus plants with a 2 cell layered tunica would have an L1 layer on the outside, L3 layer in the center and an L2 layer in between, with both the L1 and L2 being part of the tunica and the L3 comprising the corpus.
		The general pattern observed is that a few cells at the center of the meristem contribute to many nodes at the top of the plant, while many cells on the sides of the meristem contribute to few nodes at the bottom of the plant.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~bot.512/lectures/SAM.htm (3013 words)

	ipedia.com: Chimera (animal) Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In zoology, a chimera is an animal which has two different populations of cells, which are genetically distinct and which originated in different zygotes.
		As the organism develops, the resulting chimera can come to possess organss that have different sets of chromosomes.
		For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosones and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes.
	www.ipedia.com /chimera__animal_.html (452 words)

	Plant Chimeras
		The intent of this review is to present a discussion of the literature concerning in vitro culture of plant chimeras and to examine the role that these studies play in advancing the understanding of the ontogeny of shoot meristems in vitro.
		One of the earliest described cases of a graft chimera was the 'Bizzaria' orange, which arose after a scion of sour orange had been grafted onto a seedling of citron late in the 17th century (112).
		Plants produced from axillary shoots of Hosta decorata 'Thomas Hogg' which had lost the characteristic white leaf margin during in vitro culture regained it after 5 months storage at 3 to 6oC, but plants of adventitious origin were not mentioned (84).
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /tisscult/chimeras/chimera.html (4082 words)

	"Surgically Altering Plant Genes" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Now plant researchers have a potential shortcut to that goal: a new technique called chimeraplasty, which is also being explored as a possible strategy for human gene therapy (see main text).
		One standard method to induce mutations in plants is to expose plant cells in culture to a mutagen, such as radiation, and then screen them to see if any have acquired the desired trait, such as herbicide resistance.
		A more direct approach is to genetically engineer the plant to carry a foreign gene for the trait, but that approach has come under fire, particularly in Europe, because the foreign DNA remains a permanent part of the plant.
	www.biotech-info.net /surgically_alter.html (403 words)

	[No title]
		Autotrophic Plants capable of utilizing carbon dioxide or carbonates as the sole source of carbon and obtaining energy for life processes from the oxidation of inorganic elements or compounds such as iron, sulfur, hydrogen, ammonium, and nitrites or from radiant energy.
		Chlorosis A condition in which a plant or a part of a plant is light green or greenish yellow because of poor chlorophyll development or the destruction of chlorophyll resulting from a pathogen or a mineral deficiency.
		A cultural system most often used with annual crops in which the new crop is seeded or planted directly in a field on which the preceding crop plants were cut down or destroyed by a nonselective herbicide rather than being removed or incorporated into the soil as is common in preparing a seed bed.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~earlb/hort110/Scan1.htm (14863 words)

	3D models of cell interaction
		The basic features of a plant's body plan are established during embryogenesis, however its final form results from the continued growth of meristems and the formation of organs throughout its life, often in a modular and indeterminate fashion.
		Plant cells are constrained by rigid cell walls and are generally non-motile, so there is the clear possibility that cell fates within a meristem are determined by lineage.
		It is likely that positional information during plant development is obtained via cell-cell contact, and that the coordination and fate of cells within a developing meristem may be determined by a network of local cellular interactions.
	www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /Haseloff/celldynamics/3DindexFrame.html (580 words)

	Chimera
		For example, the chimera may have a liver composed of cells with one set of chromosones and have a kidney composed of cells with a second set of chromosomes.
		In Greek Mythology, the Chimera or Chimaera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna.
		A Chimera (or chimeric protein) is a human-engineered protein that is encoded by a nucleotide sequence made by a splicing together of two or more complete or partial genes.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/ch/chimera.html (1572 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A complex fatty substance considerably impervious to water; present in plants as an impregnation of epidermal walls and as a separate layer, the cuticle, on the outer surface of the epidermis.
		It is the innermost layer of the cortex in roots and stems of seed plants.
		The part of the plant, or entire plant if no secondary growth occurs, that arises from the embryo and the apical meristems and their derivative meristematic tissues and is composed of primary tissues.
	dev.gramene.org /mailarch/att-0248/esau_glossary (14997 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		As pointed out by Hohn and Puchta, plant cells do not provide a controlled biochemical environment in which to study genes and/or proteins associated with gene conversion, and methods utilizing plant cells do not provide optimum conditions under which observed shifting of DNA repair from the targeted positions can be studied.
		plant cells being limited by the rigid plant cell wall, (2) methods for detecting transformation in tissue such as germ tissue or embryos being difficult and time- consuming, and (3) inconclusive analysis due to differing transformation results obtained with varying target plant tissue.
		While the effect of plant or plant cell growth conditions (including medium components such as growth regulators or hormones) can have an effect on the chimera-directed gene conversion efficiency, the assay of the present invention provides a means for determining how modification (s) of growth conditions can alter chimera efficiency.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/14531.010301&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7407 words)

	Region One History
		Through studies of chimeras in dicots, Dermen (1947, 1960) established the existence of three distinct layers of meristematic tissue which eventually determine the particular parts of the plant.
		Therefore genetic analysis of self pollenated progeny of chimeras will tell us much of the histology of the mutation and will give some indication as to whether the character is under control of plastogenes or nuclear genes.
		Plants used in the breeding experiments were obtained from several sources, as well as the author's own Athol, Ma.
	www.hostalibrary.org /firstlook/HPVaughnDoc1.htm (2700 words)

	Plant Clinic Information, An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control, Oregon State University
		Chimera - A plant with several tissue sectors or layers differing in genetic or chromosomal constitution from the original plant.
		Mycorrhiza (pl. Mycorrhizae) - A symbiotic assocation of a fungus with the roots of a plant.
		Water-soaked - Describing plants or lesions that appear wet and dark and are usually sunken and translucent.
	plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu /glossary.cfm (3150 words)

	G (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		If the encoding gene (called goxv247) is inserted and properly expressed in a plant, these plants become tolerant of the application of glyphosate- and/or sulfosate-containing herbicides.
		Graft chimera: A plant which is a mosaic of two sorts of tissue differing in genetic constitution and assumed to have arisen as the result of a nuclear fusion following grafting.
		Graft union: The point at which a scion from one plant is joined to a rootstock from another plant.
	www.egeinfonet.i8.com /glos/g/6.html (940 words)

	Chimeras in the Garden
		'Chimera' was the name of a mythological beast with a human head, a lions body, and the wings of an eagle - alluding to a mixture of 'tissues'.
		Many variegated plants are chimeras, which is why they can tend to revert to all green or occasionally all yellow/white.
		It is likely that your plant might be a selected mutation anyway, and is now tending to mutate 'back' to the 'parent' plant.
	www.oaktrees.org /garden/chimera.shtml (271 words)

	Novel Strategy for Inhibiting Viral Entry by Use of a Cellular Receptor-Plant Virus Chimera -- Khor et al. 76 (9): 4412 ...
		HeLa cells/well and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Molar concentrations of the ATHTIADRNHT peptide in the context of the CPMV-CD46 chimera are noted in parentheses.
		Efficacy of the CPMV-CD46 chimera as an inhibitor of MV infection in vivo.
		CPMV-CD46 chimera in inhibiting MV infection in vivo and in
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/76/9/4412 (5171 words)

	Chimera (plant) - Definition, explanation
		However, unlike animal chimeras, both types of tissues may have originated from the same zygote, and the difference is often due to mutation during ordinary cell division.
		Another type of plant chimera is the graft-hybrid, where tissues have partially fused together following grafting.
		Because chimeras have more than one type of genetic material, while they may produce viable offspring from seed, these will not be true to type.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/ch/chimera__plant_.php (296 words)

	Untitled
		A procedure to develop roots on undetached aerial parts of a plant by girdling or wounding the area where roots are desired and surrounding the area with a rooting medium.
		Plant or parts of a plant whose tissues are of genetically different layers.
		A plant part, such as a bud, tuber, root, or shoot, used to propagate an individual vegetatively.
	www.forestry.auburn.edu /sfnmc/class/glossary.html (5335 words)

	eBay Guides - What are Chimera African Violets
		Chimeras are organisms that have a mixture of two or more genotypes of cells.
		The more unstable varieties will produce "sports." Sports are plants that look different from the parents most of the interesting variation of african can from plants mutating into new color and shapes from the orginal plants.
		Plants with fantasy flower are the most likely to produce chimera but it can happen in any variety or sometimes the species.
	reviews.ebay.com /What-are-Chimera-African-Violets_W0QQugidZ10000000001545021 (569 words)

	A Guide To Chimera African Violet Propagation Using Keikigrow Plus
		When a leaf from a chimera African violet is put down to root, either one cell type or the other will generally produce plantlets.
		Plants to be treated should have a blossom stem that has flowers with well defined stripes and good shape as well as the largest possible bracts beneath the flowers.
		If a plant has had more than one blossom stalk treated with Keikigrow Plus, there can be several types of new growth being supported by the plant at one time.
	www.geocities.com /rachelsreflections/keiki.htm (1144 words)

	THE QUEST FOR UNREDUCED GAMETES: PART I
		Ploidy chimeras are common in plants treated with colchicine, part of the tissues being converted to tetraploid, other parts remaining diploid.
		I have read of instances where the pollen from a converted plant was examined and found to contain both diploid and tetraploid sized grains.
		Chimeras are usually unstable and can revert back to diploid or even change back and forth over time.
	members.cox.net /lilyhouse/new_page_3.htm (4484 words)

	Robert W
		The type of plant chimera I’m interested in is a shoot periclinal chimera (two layers of different genotypes) that by a replacement division produces two daughter cells, one in each of two layers.
		This conclusion is radically different from the traditional view that chimeras come from three persistent apical initial cells at the summit in the tunica and three more in the corpus to constitute a multicellular meristem.
		Mapping the location of very small yellow sectors (1/24 of circumference of stem) suggests that the founder population is composed of about 170 cells, 70 of which are from the tunica and the rest from at least two layers of the corpus.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /biology/website_001.htm (4770 words)

	Chimera violets
		Most African violets can be successfully propagated from leaf cuttings to vegetatively reproduce plants that will be identical to the plant from which the leaf cutting was taken.
		Because of this, plants produced from leaf cuttings frequently are not identical to the plant from which the cutting was taken.
		Though a chimera is any plant having this genetic characteristic, in African violets, this term is typically used to describe the "pinwheel" blossomed varieties, which frequently don't propagate "true" to description from leaf cuttings.
	www.robsviolet.com /chimera_violets.htm (520 words)

	Glossary
		Dissemination - The spread of infectious material (inoculum) from a diseased to a healthy plant by wind, water, humans, insects, animal, machinery, or other means.
		Escape - Plants in a given population that remain free of disease where it is prevalent, although they possess no natural inherent resistanceto the disease.
		Quarantine - Regulation forbidding sale or shipment of plants or plant parts, usually to prevent disease, insect, nematode, or weed invasionofan area.
	library.thinkquest.org /25368/e_glossary.html (3111 words)

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