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Topic: Chimerism

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	About Gender - Chimerism. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Blood, or artificial, chimerism, occurs by the introduction of second cell line by, for instance, transfusion.
		Transplacental chimerism occurs where individual cells transfer between siblings in the placenta.
		It is the third type, tetragametic chimerism, that interests us here, someone who has at least two different genotypes which each arose from an individual zygote and eventually fused, when normally they would have developed separately as twins.
	www.gender.org.uk /about/04embryo/43_comt1.htm (259 words)

	Chimera (genetics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fraternal twins, chimerism occurs by means of blood-vessel anastomoses.
		The most noticeable are some male tortoiseshell cats or animals with ambiguous sex organs or behavioural abnormalities such as confused gender behaviour (where female cells made the brain but male cells made the gonads or vice versa).
		This can result in the eventual development of an adult animal composed of cells from both donors, which may be of different species — for example, in 1984 a chimeric geep was produced by combining embryos from a goat and a sheep.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chimera_(animal) (1146 words)

	Combined Kidney/Bone Marrow Transplantation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This led to the theory that chimerism is necessary for successful long-term engraftment.2-4 It also led to the next logical step of attempting to augment chimerism by transplanting donor bone marrow at the time of organ transplantation.
		Chimerism was studied in the first 10 kidney/bone marrow recipients and in 8 of the control patients.
		Cell chimerism permitted by immunosuppressive drugs is the basis of organ transplant acceptance and tolerance.
	www.eneph.com /feature_archive/transplant/v25n5p282.html (953 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a comparison of ...
		Widely accepted molecular methods for analysis of chimerism after allo-HSCT, aimed at distinguishing precisely between donor's and recipient's cells, are PCR-based analyses of polymorphic DNA markers, such as variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) or short tandem repeats (STR) [1].
		Chimerism also reflects response to treatment [3], since it correlates with the risk of malignancy relapse.
		The results of chimerism quantification with the use of an ALF Express DNA Sequencer, ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer, and FISH are compared in Table 1.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2326/5/1 (2774 words)

	Mosaicism and Chimerism
		Freemartins are seen occasionally in other species, although much less commonly than in cattle, probably because those animals do not have the propensity seen in cattle to form vascular anastomoses among fetuses early in gestation.
		There are reports of naturally-occurring chimerism in a variety of species.
		Notice the chimerism evident in the skin - big patches of skin on front and rear legs are covered with wool, representing the sheep contribution of the animal, while a majority of the remainder of the body is covered with hair, being derived from goat cells.
	www.vivo.colostate.edu /hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/mosaics.html (1233 words)

	Relationship Between Chimerism and Tolerance in a Kidney Transplantation Model -- Fuchimoto et al. 162 (10): 5704 -- ...
		Chimerism in peripheral blood and graft in representative CyA-treated (A and C) and untreated (B and D) animals that received SLA-identical kidney allografts on day 18 is shown by FACS analysis.
		Chimerism in the peripheral blood and in the graft in recipients of SLA-matched kidney allografts with CyA treatment are also shown (—).
		that chimerism causes the induction of graft tolerance.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/162/10/5704 (3775 words)

	vgn-ext-hidden_Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Impact of mixed chimerism (MC) on the likelihood of disease relapse for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
		The influence of donor-recipient chimerism on the rate of disease relapse is not well defined.
		Nucleated cell chimerism was CC in 65 (82%) and MC in 14 (18%).
	www.asco.org /ac/1,1003,_12-002636-00_18-0023-00_19-00104288,00.asp (640 words)

	Kinetics of engraftment in patients with hematologic malignancies given allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Intentional induction of mixed chimerism and achievement of antitumor responses after nonmyeloablative conditioning therapy and HLA-matched donor bone marrow transplantation for refractory hematologic malignancies.
		Mixed hematologic chimerism after allogeneic marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia is associated with a higher risk of graft rejection and a lessened incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease.
		Effect of mixed chimerism on graft-versus-host disease, disease recurrence, and survival after HLA-identical marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or chronic myelogenous leukemia.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/104/8/2254 (5128 words)

	Low-dose total body irradiation followed by allogeneic lymphocyte infusion may induce remission in patients with ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The primary end point of the study was donor-recipient chimerism measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after infusion.
		Percent donor engraftment or chimerism was defined as the percent
		Chimerism and tumor responses of the 11 patients with hematologic malignancies treated with a sibling graft
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/100/2/442 (4933 words)

	Mixed Hematopoietic Chimerism Allows Cure of Autoimmune Diabetes Through Allogeneic Tolerance and Reversal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Reversal of diabetes by induction of mixed allogeneic chimerism and allogeneic islet transplantation in diabetic NOD mice.
		B: Reversal of diabetes by induction of mixed allogeneic chimerism and allogeneic islet transplantation in diabetic NOD mice.
		Seung E, Iwakoshi N, Woda BA, Markees TG, Mordes JP, Rossini AA, Greiner DL: Allogeneic hematopoietic chimerism in mice treated with sublethal myeloablation and anti-CD154 antibody: absence of graft-versus-host disease, induction of skin allograft tolerance, and prevention of recurrent autoimmunity in islet-allografted NOD/Lt mice.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/2/376 (4537 words)

	Long-Term (>1 year) Analyses of Chimerism and Tolerance in Mixed Allogeneic Chimeric Mice Using Normal Mouse ...
		The spleen cells of mixed chimeric mice with 5% of donor cells show a high responsiveness to donor (C3H)-type MHC determinants, although the spleen cells of mixed chimeric mice with more than an initial 10% of donor cells show low responsiveness to not only host-type but also donor-type MHC determinants.
		Chimeric mice (four mice) were analyzed, and similar results were obtained.
		Mixed allogeneic chimerism induced by a sublethal approach prevents autoimmune diabetes and reverses insulitis in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/18/4/273 (3432 words)

	ScienceWeek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chimerism may be detected easily after sex-mismatched organ transplantation with the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization for the Y chromosome.
		Systemic chimerism may be recognized when a female host receives an organ from a male donor, and chimerism may be identified in an organ after the transplantation of the organ from a female donor into a male patient.
		The authors report their results demonstrate a high level of cardiac chimerism caused by the migration of primitive cells from the recipient to the grafted heart.
	www.scienceweek.com /2004/sa040402-6.htm (945 words)

	Effects of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in a mouse model of bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell anemia -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Effects of mixed hematopoietic chimerism in a mouse model of bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell anemia -- Iannone et al.
		Sickle donor lymphoid chimerism was assessed by staining peripheral
		For percent normal myeloid chimerism, the percentage of normal myeloid chimerism, as measured by dual color flow cytometry of peripheral blood, is plotted along the x-axis with the following outcomes along the y-axis: (A) % normal Hb (HPLC), (C) Hb concentration, (E), pathology score, and (G) blood smear score.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/97/12/3960 (4230 words)

	The Importation of Hematogenous Precursors by the Thymus Is a Gated Phenomenon in Normal Adult Mice -- Foss et al. 193 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Induction of thymic chimerism in normal adult mice by intravenous and intrathymic injection of BM cells.
		Thymic chimerism is heterogeneous between age-matched litters of mice injected intrathymically with BM cells.
		The induction of thymic chimerism is periodic in parabiotic mice.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/193/3/365 (6002 words)

	Fetal Immune Suppression as Adjunctive Therapy for In Utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Nonhuman ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		of chimerism in the progenitor population was higher in the
		Chimerism was determined from cells obtained from (a) unfractionated
		Follow-up of chimerism (%) in marrow, progenitors, PBL, and FACS-purified PBL lineage cells
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/22/5/759 (4938 words)

	Mosaicism and Chimerism
		This technique has been widely applied with mice and has also been applied to ruminants.
		The chimeric animal shown below is a baby "geep", made by combining a goat and sheep embryo.
		Chimeric mice and sheep-goat chimeras have been most useful in answering fundamental questions about developmental biology and pathology.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/mosaics.html (1233 words)

	Equal distribution of congenital blood cell chimerism in dizygotic triplets after in-vitro fertilization: Case report ...
		Dauber, E.M., Glock, B., Mayr, D. and Mayr, W.R. (1999) A case of dispermic chimerism: importance of DNA polymorphisms.
		Hansen, H.E. and Sondervang, A. (1993) DNA profiles of chimeric twins, TS and MR using the single-locus-probe technique.
		(1989) Mixed hematopoetic chimerism after allogeneic transplantation with lymphocyte depleted bone marrow is not associated with a higher incidence of relapse.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/1200 (2210 words)

	Chimerism of Metanephric Adenoma but Not of Carcinoma in Kidney Transplants -- Mengel et al. 165 (6): 2079 -- American ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Chimerism of Metanephric Adenoma but Not of Carcinoma in Kidney Transplants -- Mengel et al.
		A: B, Chimeric allelotype in epithelial cells of the metanephric adenoma (red arrow is pointing to allele of homozygote recipient, fl arrow is pointing to alleles of heterozygote donor).
		B: B, Chimeric allelotype in epithelial cells of the metanephric adenoma (red arrow is pointing to alleles of heterozygote recipient, fl arrow is pointing to allele of homozygote donor).
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/165/6/2079 (3288 words)

	Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant Strategies and the Role of Mixed Chimerism -- Spitzer 5 (3): 215 -- ...
		(DLI) for chimerism conversion and augmentation of a graft-versus-leukemia
		The use of a nonmyeloablative preparative regimen to induce a state of mixed chimerism, illustrated by both host (yellow) and donor (green) hematopoietic recovery, with the potential for minimizing transplant-related morbidity and GVHD, is depicted.
		Chimerism studies by gel electropheresis demonstrate the presence of both host and donor bands.
	theoncologist.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/full/5/3/215 (3933 words)

	Earth Wide Moth: Twinning and Human Chimerism
		Basically, it was about a case of human chimerism in Boston a few years ago.
		Various reports on this story suggest that upwards of fifteen percent of all humans could reflect similar variations of chimerism (not to mention "microchimerism" or the quality of a baby's genetically-coded cells lingering in the mother's body beyond birth, long enough to be passed on to subsequent children, according to the BBC piece).
		Paul Miller's multiplex consciousness)--the science of chimerism, as thinly elaborated in the linked articles, has been on my mind lately, both because it brings up a number of confounding issues but also because, at a more abstract level, it suggests a compelling metaphor for identity, identification and individualism as well as dialectic and fusion.
	www.earthwidemoth.com /mt/archives/001085.html (711 words)

	Bone marrow transplant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They do require high doses of immunosuppressive agents in the early stages of treatment.
		This leads to a state of mixed chimerism early after transplant where both recipient and donor HSC coexist in the bone marrow space.
		Decreasing doses of immunosuppressive therapy then allows donor T-cells to eradicate the remaining recipient HSC and to induce GVHD and the graft versus tumor effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant (1969 words)

	Result Content View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Donor lymphoid (CD3) and myeloid (CD14) chimerism was assessed in peripheral blood at 14, 30, 45 and 90-100 days after stem cell infusion.
		95%) donor lymphoid chimerism was observed at day 30 in five of the sixteen patients who received a CD34 dose of 6.8 x10e6/kg in contrast to eleven of seventeen patients who received >6.8 x106/kg (p< 0.06).
		We conclude: (1) lineage-specific chimerism analysis reveals significant differences in the kinetics of T cell and myeloid engraftment with very slow T cell recovery after T cell depletion.
	www.abstracts2view.com /hem/view.php?nu=HEM3L1_4622 (405 words)

	Result Content View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To investigate the exact kinetics of donor chimerism, the outcome of mixed chimerism, the prognostic role of chimerism in evaluation of engraftment, disease relapse, GVHD and long term survival after nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation(NST).
		The full donor chimerism and stable mixed chimerism with a high level of donor cells(DC 90%) were compatible with disease free survival.
		Sequencial and quantitative detection of chimerism may be of great value to study the kinetics of engraftment of NST, to evaluate the status of engraftment, to predict the outcome and prognosis of patients posttransplant and to guide implementation at early stage.
	www.abstracts2view.com /hem/view.php?nu=HEM3L1_3603 (529 words)

	Steve Shu's Blog: Musings On Human Chimerism
		The most eye opening thing that I saw over vacation was some TV show on human chimerism, with at least two cases where people did not have any visible/physical signs of the genetic condition, but where they had two full sets of DNA in their bodies.
		The term, "chimerism", comes from Greek mythology and refers to a multi-headed creature combining serpent, goat, and lion physiology (picture).
		I would guess that the probability of human chimerism is much, much, much lower (i.e., close to a very, very miniscule subset of Siamese twin conceptions and then a fraction of that because you'd have to have a case where the markers were not visible...
	steveshu.typepad.com /steve_shus_weblog/2006/01/musings_on_huma.html (3425 words)

	Increasing Mixed Chimerism Is an Important Prognostic Factor for Unfavorable Outcome in Children With Acute ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bader P, Holle W, Klingebiel T, et al: Mixed hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: The impact of quantitative PCR analysis for prediction of relapse and graft rejection in children.
		Kreyenberg H, Holle W, Mohrle S, et al: Quantitative analysis of chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by PCR amplification of microsatellite markers and capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection: The Tuebingen experience.
		Schattenberg A, De Witte T, Salden M, et al: Mixed hematopoietic chimerism after allogeneic transplantation with lymphocyte-depleted bone marrow is not associated with a higher incidence of relapse.
	www.jco.org /cgi/content/full/22/9/1696 (4314 words)

	Monitoring of Hematopoietic Chimerism by Short Tandem Repeats, and the Effect of CD Selection on Its Sensitivity -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The assessment of chimerism, the ratio of donor to recipient
		Quantitative analysis of chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by PCR amplification of microsatellite markers and capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection: the Frankfurt experience.
		Lion T. Summary: reports on quantitative analysis of chimerism after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by PCR amplification of microsatellite markers and capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/50/12/2411 (2051 words)

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