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	Chimurenga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chimurenga is a word that translates from the Shona language as 'struggle'.
		The Second Chimurenga refers to the guerrilla war of 1972-1980, which led to the end of white-minority rule in Rhodesia and to the independence of Zimbabwe.
		The present era in Zimbabwe is widely known as the Third Chimurenga.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chimurenga (333 words)

	Chimurenga: Cape Town Now!
		The term Chimurenga is also used to describe the music that fuelled the struggle against British colonialism and the white supremacist regime that replaced it during the 1970s in Zimbabwe.
		Chimurenga was created as a platform to end the "noise control" by media monopolies in South Africa.
		Chimurenga wants to articulate the experiences of African peoples wherever they may be located and I wish very much for readers in North America-- and beyond --to get involved, to contribute.
	www.molodiez.org /text3.html (1853 words)

	Rhodesian Bush War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rhodesian Bush War (now officially called the Second Chimurenga) was a conflict in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) between the white minority government of Ian Smith and the fl nationalists of the ZANU and ZAPU movements, led by leftist rebels Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo respectively.
		The war saw the extensive operation of Rhodesian regulars as well as elite units such as the Selous Scouts and the Rhodesian SAS.
		Mugabe has referred to the seizure of white-owned farms during the early 2000s as the "Third Chimurenga".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Chimurenga (1412 words)

	About InPDUM :: International President
		Chimurenga led a contingent of activists to the first NPDUM convention in Chicago in April of 1991 and returned from that meeting to help build a branch of the organization in St. Petersburg.
		Chimurenga was treasurer in the explosive period of 1996 then became President of the local in 1997, then went on to build a statewide organization and acted as State President.
		Chimurenga and NPDUM organized to stop three attempts to have him removed from the committee during his three year tenure.
	www.inpdum.org /about/president.shtml (917 words)

	Campaign to Elect Dwight "Chimurenga" Waller [St. Petersburg, FL. City Council - - District 6]
		So when InPDUM President Chimurenga Waller took a contingent of supporters to the doorstep of Mayor Baker’s mansion to announce his candidacy for the District 6 City Council seat, the white ruling class went into frantic action to prevent the African working class from having a voice and an ounce of power in local government.
		Chimurenga Waller sent a letter to Rice calling for her to take a principled stand in solidarity with right of African people to self-determination by withdrawing from the race.
		Chimurenga Waller had raised the issue of single member District voting in Pinellas County during a prior campaign for School Board.
	www.electwaller.com (3576 words)

	Chimurenga Online - Dancing the points
		But wonderfully, this issue of Chimurenga is not about working out South Africa’s exquisite anguish about its borders laid against the rest of the continent.
		This issue of Chimurenga touches the topic the way a dancer touches earth at certain points and leaps across it at others, both touch and absence signaling something, the inbetweenness as meaningful as a point touched again and again.
		In this beautiful job of conception, design, selection and presentation, Chimurenga proves again it is one of the most important magazines in South Africa.
	www.chimurenga.co.za /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=99 (969 words)

	What Is Chimurenga?
		Traditionally, chimurenga or bongozozo is a fight in which everyone at hand participates.
		Thomas Mapfumo coined the phrase chimurenga music to describe his revolutionary music which evolved during Zimbabwe's struggle to gain independence in the early seventies.
		The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga Chechipiri or the second revolution was a fulfilment of the prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka.
	www.zambuko.com /mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/music/chimurenga.html (1824 words)

	Africultures, cultures africaines
		Chimurenga, a quarterly publication, of arts, culture and politics, primarily on the African continent, but also emphasising linkages to the global African diaspora, has been in print since March 2002.
		In addition to interviews, Chimurenga carries essays, fiction, poetry and reviews articles by experts on subjects ranging from literature and the social sciences to all fields of culture including plastic and performing arts, music, cinema and various forms of social and political expression.
		Chimurenga orients itself not only to specialist readers and the intelligentsia that form its immediate target group but also to the lay reader.
	www.africultures.com /index.asp?menu=affiche_revue&no=47 (749 words)

	Popular Chimurenga of Zimbabwe - Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		After Zimbabwe’s independence from England in 1980, chimurenga was firmly established as the popular music of the people.
		Created from traditional Zimbabwean folk music and contemporary western pop, this music has spawned a number of groups in the country.
		In addition to rapid-fire rhythm and melodies derived from the ancient mbira (thumb piano) and multirhythmic drum patterns, chimurenga has also incorporated elements of other pan-African influences such as highlife and reggae.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461566808_761560962_-1_1/Popular_Chimurenga_of_Zimbabwe.html (141 words)

	CD Baby: THOMAS MAPFUMO AND THE BLACKS UNLIMITED: Chimurenga Explosion
		Two songs from Chimurenga Explosion were BANNED by the Mugabe administration from the ZBC, and the Cassette sold furiously as the political situation in that country built to a critical mass.
		His new album Chimurenga Explosion rings loudly with chiming guitars, thumping percussion and powerful emotive vocals that are the hallmarks of his style, making this record yet another truly great album in his remarkable canon.
		Thomas Mapfumo's Chimurenga Explosion (aNOnym reCOrds) is a mature brew, distilled over three decades of frontline struggle for the rights of ordinary Zimbabweans.
	www.cdbaby.com /cd/mapfumo4 (354 words)

	Zimbabwe Music Guide
		Zimbabwe's Second Chimurenga, better known to foreigners as the Rhodesian War, was this catalyst.
		Chimurenga guitar was the first incarnation of electric Zim music.
		Robson Banda, backed by his band the Black Eagles, was another chimurenga icon who produced a number of hits during the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.embargo.ca /zim/info/p3-elec.htm (401 words)

	Rootz i-mail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The music, named chimurenga (struggle) music, served as an Afrikan soundtrack to victory, culminating in the "official" withdrawal of the British in 1980 and a massive celebration that included an historic concert featuring Bob Marley.
		Ever since, Mapfumo has been the voice of Zimbabwe and her people, documenting their hopes and mourning the many ails corroding the country, from alcoholism to "AIDS" to political corruption, all over the span of dozens of albums.
		"Chimurenga Explosion", the latest from Mapfumo and band the Blacks Unlimited, has caused a heavy stir of controversy for its blatant criticism against Zimbabwe's political system.
	www.rootzreggae.com /Rootz-view/Mapfumo.htm (435 words)

	RECLAIM OUR STOLEN LAND (cont.)
		Africans were ‘resettled’ in villages on arid land and subjected to economic, social and political discrimination.
		Although the urban workers supported the Second Chimurenga, they were less concerned with issues of land and more with removal of the ‘petty apartheid’ and discrimination in education, health and other social services imposed by Ian Smith’s white minority regime.
		The struggles of the liberation movement finally forced the Mother Imperialist Country (Britain) to impose a settlement on its ‘kith and kin’ in Rhodesia, a stance it had refused to take since 1965 when the settlers ‘unilaterally’ declared their independence.
	members.aol.com /aaprpmidwest/reclaimstolenlandpg2.html (945 words)

	The Head Heeb: The fourth Chimurenga?
		I usually see it translated as "struggle." The first Chimurenga was the uprising against the British in the 1890s, the second was the war against Ian Smith, and Mugabe has characterized his land reform program as the third.
		The one who led the Chimurenga Chekutanga was a sister of an important prophet at the time and was hanged after the revolt’s failure, but not before she made a prophecy about her bones rising up and leading another successful liberation war.
		Chimurenga comes from the time when Sekuru Ka Guvi and Mbuya Nehanda, our ancestoral mediums rose up to the rhodesians and were eventually caught and hanged.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/018036.html (1988 words)

	CD Baby: THOMAS MAPFUMO AND THE BLACKS UNLIMITED: Chimurenga Rebel/Manhungetunge
		The songs on Chimurenga Rebel were banned in Zimbabwe in 2002.
		Chimurenga Rebel (2001) The first year of the new millennium proved a tough one for Thomas Mapfumo and the Blacks Unlimited.
		the cd is the best so far as both the instruments and the vocals are well cordinated.having been associated with chimurenga music for the past 15 years, this cd has left me convinced that chimurenga music is world class.
	cdbaby.com /cd/mapfumo6 (904 words)

	Chimurenga Rebel / Manhungetunge / RootsWorld Recording Review
		Mapfumo's latest recording, the aptly titled Chimurenga Rebel, is released as a double CD with Manhungetunge, his 2000 recording.
		Chimurenga Rebel is, indisputably, his most explicit criticism of the Zimbabwean government to date.
		Whilst Mapfumo maintains the rootsy Chimurenga sound, he is not afraid to experiment with some new rhythms and atypical arrangements.
	www.rootsworld.com /reviews/mapfumo-rebel.shtml (623 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Arts \| \| Netsayi Chimurenga, Soul
		Those were Netsayi's touchstones while she was growing up in north London and Zimbabwe, and this album incorporates them into a passionate hybrid.
		This is protest music - "chimurenga" translates as "liberation from struggle" - and she's full of fighting talk, but her jazz-inflected voice is seductive.
		Heavy on metaphor and simile ("Like a battered T-shirt on the washing line, words have never been this difficult"), her lyrics are partnered by quietly compelling African rhythms and infusions of western house and pop.
	arts.guardian.co.uk /filmandmusic/story/0,,1778013,00.html (123 words)

	Music: Unlimited Spirit (The Boston Phoenix . 03-23-98)
		Back in the '70s, Mapfumo's "chimurenga" or "struggle" songs made him the muse of the liberation war that transformed Southern Rhodesia into Zimbabwe.
		Recorded a year ago in the UK, the WOMAD session includes the legendary Zimbabwe guitarist Jonah Sithole, one of the first to tease the elusive melodies and rhythms of mbira out of a guitar.
		The WOMAD session features a ruminating mbira remake of the song "Pfumvu Pa Ruzeva," a 1978 classic describing hardships in the rural areas during the war.
	www.weeklywire.com /ww/03-23-98/boston_music_2.html (1649 words)

	City Pulse - MUSIC
		Subsequent hearings reveal the subtly varied approaches of each track, even though every subject — from the consequences of a beer-drinking spree to a lofty call for pan-African unity — is treated with the same earnestness and humanity.
		The complex musical texture is echoed in the lyrics of songs like “Nyama Yekugocha,” a Chimurenga battle song that has become a national soccer anthem in Zimbabwe, and the classic “Chitima Ndikature,” with its bright horn lines and pointed lyrics about the life of a labor migrant.
		Mapfumo’s chords and lyrics also reflect a spiraling frustration with the deteriorating economic, political and social life of Zimbabwe, where many of the songs are banned.
	www.lansingcitypulse.com /021106/music/index3.html (390 words)

	Thomas Mapfumo / cdRoots
		Nothing radically different, which is just fine, as Mapfumo pours out his spirit into a set of searing, soulful and biting songs, backed by one of the tightest, coolest bands in Africa.
		The album was recorded at Gung-Ho Studio in Eugene, the facility where Mapfumo had laid down a number of tracks from his historic 1999 release, Chimurenga Explosion.
		These Gung-Ho recordings are some of the highest quality entries in the entire Mapfumo catalogue, and what's more, the studio was beginning to feel like home to Mapfumo and his band.
	www.cdroots.com /anon-250.html (1080 words)

	Thomas Mapfumo (The Leopard Man's African Music Guide)
		But the disc as a whole doesn’t score as high as “Chimurenga Singles”, that is therefore preferred if you'll have some of Mapfumo’s earlier releases.
		At least "Chimurenga Explosion" is strong enough to accomany you from Zimbabwe to the USA and back again.
		Marima Nzara, Zimbabwe, & Havasevenzi Vapfana from Chimurenga Rebel; Manhungetunge & Pamuromo Chete from Manhungetunge
	www.leopardmannen.no /m/mapfumo.thomas.asp?lang=gb (2358 words)

	Independent Media Center \| www.indymedia.org \| ((( i )))
		The First Chimurenga was waged in the 1890’s by our ancestors against white occupation of their lands.
		The Second Chimurenga started around 1966, and this time was more organised by a new crop of leaders, which among them were Cde Mugabe and the late Cde Joshua Nkomo.
		It is the Second Chimurenga, which led to the demise of the illegal white rule in Zimbabwe.
	www.indymedia.org /en/2006/05/839855.shtml (3118 words)

	Zimbabwe: Chimurenga & Tuku Music
		Mapfumo's music has been termed “chimurenga,” from the Shona word for “struggle.” He spent prison time for political crimes in the '70s, but his first concert after his release was as critical as ever of the regime.
		Around Zimbabwe's independence, the undisputed king of chimurenga was at a creative peak, supported by a group that understood his music and his message.
		Mapfumo represented a return to roots for popular music in Zimbabwe, as expressed through his use of the Shona language (though not exclusively), constant reinvention of the mbira (thumb piano), and regular use of rhythms derived from the hosho (shaker).
	www.allaboutjazz.com /php/article.php?id=849 (1951 words)

	VH1.com : Thomas Mapfumo : Thomas Mapfumo Showcases Chimurenga Sound - Urge Music Downloads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		chimurenga music has seen a lot of action since he began fitting political and social themes to the sacred music of the Shona people in the early '70s.
		"Chimurenga" means "struggle," and back then it described the music of an upstart rock singer with a yen for roots culture and a hold on the heartstrings of a people striving for freedom.
		Though Mapfumo's new recording, Chimurenga Explosion (Anonymous Web), is loaded with barbs aimed at President Robert Mugabe's government, it's the top-selling record in the country.
	www.vh1.com /artists/news/1122113/07142000/mapfumo_thomas.jhtml (697 words)

	Chimurenga Icon Mapfumo Looks Back at Zimbabwe Liberation Days
		Zimbabwean music icon Thomas Mukanya Mapfumo came to prominence in the final final phase of the so-called Second Chimurenga war, when music was one of the few outlets for the expression of popular sentiment given the imposition of censorship by Rhodesia's white-minority government facing a fl liberation movement.
		The conflict gave birth to a new genre of protest music that crystallized in the 1960s after Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Great Britain made it a rogue state for most countries except South Africa and colonialist Portugal.
		His new style of music was called Chimurenga, after the Shona and Ndebele uprisings of 1893 and 1896, commonly referred to the First Chimurenga.
	www.voanews.com /english/archive/2006-04/2006-04-05-voa56.cfm?renderforprint=1&textonly=1&&CFID=20472277&CFTOKEN=20324219 (211 words)

	The Iraqi Chimurenga By Kenneth Bell
		The Shona people of what is today Zimbabwe had a word to describe tribal conflicts where everyone who wanted to fight that day piled in.
		Following their revolt against rule by the British South Africa Company in 1896-97, the concept of chimurenga began to be applied to any war against oppression - for that reason the guerrilla war of1972-1980 that led to the destruction of Southern Rhodesia and to the independence of Zimbabwe is the Second Chimurenga.
		However, for our purposes, it is the First Chimurenga - that of 1896-97 - that is important.
	www.countercurrents.org /iraq-bell201004.htm (1995 words)

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