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Topic: Chinese Buddhism

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	Buddhism in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Buddhism is a very important religion in China and one of the three major schools of thought along with Confucianism and Taoism.
		Buddhism arrived in China at the start of the 1st century CE from Central Asia by way of the Silk Road, the main trade route connecting China with the Middle East and India.
		Buddhism was less antithetical to Daoism, the other major religion of China, but at its core Daoism sought harmony with the natural world while Buddhism sought to master the inner world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Buddhism (1870 words)

	Han Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For thousands of years, Literary Chinese was used as the standard written format, which used vocabulary and grammar significantly different from the various forms of spoken Chinese.
		Within some variants of Chinese nationalist theory, including the official version espoused by the People's Republic of China, China is composed of many ethnic groups, and promoting the interest and culture of Han Chinese at the expense of the other ethnic groups is known as Han chauvinism, which has a pejorative meaning.
		Han Chinese speak many varieties of Chinese spoken language which are generally labelled as different Chinese dialects although the difference among them can be as great as seen in many European languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_Chinese (971 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Buddhism arrived in China at the start of the 1st century from Central Asia by way of the Silk Road, the main trade route connecting China with the Middle East and India.
		References to early Chinese Buddhism in the histories, however, contain hagiographical elements and are not necessarily reliable or accurate.
		It is conjectured that the shocking collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 and the resulting period of social upheaval and political unrest known as the Three Kingdoms period may have helped the spread of Buddhism.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chinese-Buddhism (1868 words)

	Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Buddhism entered China a few centuries after the passing away of the Buddha, at a time when Confucianism and Taoism were the predominant religions in a country that was as a big as a continent and rivaled India in historical antiquity and cultural pluralism.
		Today Buddhism in China is a relic of the past, an ancient monument that has been ravaged and vandalized by the clash of classes and ideological notions.
		It was founded by a Chinese monk by name Chih-i (538-597) who lived in Chekiang province of China, and formed his doctrines on the basis of the Saddharma-pundarika sutra, an ancient Buddhist text, which he believed to be the vehicle of all other truths.
	www.hinduwebsite.com /buddhism/chinese_buddhism.htm (3112 words)

	Buddhism and Its Spread Along the Silk Road
		As Buddhism advanced towards the Tarim basin, Kashgaria with Yarkand and Khotan in the west, Tumsuk, Aksu and Kizil in the north, Loulan, Karasahr and Dunhuang in the east, and Miran and Cherchen in the south became important centers of Buddhist art and thought.
		While numerous pilgrims arrived China from the West, Chinese Buddhist pilgrims were sent to India during different times and the accounts which some of them have left of their travels in the Silk Road provide valuable evidence of the state of Buddhism in Central Asia and India from the 4th to the 7th centuries.
		The decline of Buddhism along the Silk Road was due to the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in the East and the invasion of Arabs in the West.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/buddhism.shtml (3351 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Buddhism was widely disseminated in China during the reigns of the Eastern Han emperors Huan Di and Ling Di.
		Of all the translators in the history of Chinese Buddhism, the monk Xuan Zang of the Tang Dynasty is considered the greatest.
		Chinese officials say that Tibet used to be under the Chinese emperor in the past and it now functions as an autonomous region of China.
	www.dailynews.lk /2003/10/06/fea02.html (746 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Peter N. Gregory: DOCTRINAL CLASSIFICATION
		The historical process by which Buddhism was transmitted to China generated its own set of problems that framed the context in which the Chinese had to operate in their attempt to gain an understanding of the tradition as a whole.
		Indeed, the history of Chinese Buddhism can be represented in terms of the development of the increasingly sophisticated hermeneutical frameworks that were devised to understand a religion that was in its origin as foreign conceptually as it was distant geographically.
		Chinese Buddhists, aware of the limitations of earlier efforts to understand the tradition, turned to foreign authorities and sources in order to understand Buddhism on its own terms, shorn of the cultural filters that had characterized the previous period.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/doctrina.html (2740 words)

	Buddhism in China -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chinese officials questioned how a monk's personal attainment of ((Hinduism and Buddhism) the beatitude that transcends the cycle of reincarnation; characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering and individual consciousness) nirvana benefited the empire.
		Buddhism was less antithetical to (Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events) Daoism, the other major religion of China, but at its core Daoism sought harmony with the natural world while Buddhism sought to master the inner world.
		As a side note, duplications of Buddhist texts were considered to bring meritorious ((Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation) karma.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bu/buddhism_in_china.htm (2228 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: Philosophy and Religion in China
		The prevailing disorders, aggravated by barbarian invasions and the flight of northern Chinese to the south, heightened the attraction of Buddhism with its promise of personal salvation, despite its lack of affinity with the society-oriented thought of the Chinese.
		Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, a prince of the Sakya kingdom on the borders of what are now India and Nepal and a contemporary of Confucius.
		Zen (Ch'an in Chinese) is a Japanese term meaning "meditation." It is a major school of Japanese Buddhism that claims to transmit the spirit of Buddhism, or the total enlightenment as achieved by the founder of the religion, the Buddha (See Buddha; Buddhism).
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /core9/phalsall/texts/chinrelg.html (2886 words)

	20th WCP: Comparative studies for philosophy of Life of Christianity and Chinese Buddhism
		Chinese Philosophy not only is the fruit of thinking of the Chinese nation, but also is the important component part of world culture.
		Both Chinese Buddhism and Western Christianity are religion, but in the realm of thoughts and culture, they are important symbols of Oriental and Western culture.
		Buddhism, starting from its basic teaching "arising through causation (Pratityasamutpada)", believes that all things are naturally formed from causes and condition (Hetupratyaya), man is also the combination from Five Classifications (Pancaskandha), under given conditions and the result of ignorance (Avidya).
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Comp/CompHong.htm (856 words)

	Buddha: A History of Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This section of the Gateless Passage is a presentation of the history of Buddhism in China, that by neccesity is interwoven with a general summary of Chinese history.
		Chinese Buddhism by itself will be a task enough to cover, even when limited ourselves to the period of roughly 1 CE to 1000 CE.
		At the same time, Buddhism was adopted and promoted by many of the occupying dynasties in the North, where it eventually would achieve a popularity nearing the status of a state religion.
	villa.lakes.com /cdpatton/Buddha (718 words)

	Major Sects in Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Bodhidharma is thought to be the first patriarch in the Chinese school and the 28th patriarch of the Indian school.
		Originally there were five major Chinese schools, however only two of these schools (Linji and Caodong) have survived to the present day.
		The school's name is a Chinese rendering of the Sanskrit term dharma-laksana which means "marks of the dharmas." It is based on the writings of Asanga and Vasubandhu and corresponds to the Yogacara school of India.
	www.hsuyun.com /majorsects.html (821 words)

	Emptiness and the Institutional Suicide of Chinese Buddhism
		Buddhism struggled on among the uneducated and the deeply pious, and continued too as an inspiration in artistic circles, yet it never again assumed intellectual leadership.
		Also present in Buddhism's earliest layer is the notion of the impermanence of all entities, the denial of any persisting substratum that might be thought to underlie the shifting phantasmagoria that presents itself to our senses.
		Mahayana Buddhism is a unique case of an institution which exists to spread the knowledge that life requires death, that the old identity must die to make way for the new, that categories are but rigid superimpositions, ignorant attachment to which separates us from the endless participation that is the only true life.
	www.friesian.com /donner-2.htm (4676 words)

	Dharma: The Teachings of Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Dharma section of the Gateless Passage is a presentation of the teachings of Chinese Buddhism.
		The Chinese Canon section is the vaguest beginning of a presentation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon in Chinese and English.
		The Pure Land school is perhaps the oldest of the Chinese Buddhist sects.
	villa.lakes.com /cdpatton/Dharma (816 words)

	Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chinese Buddhism is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		Buddhism spread slowly in India until the powerful Mauryan emperor Asoka converted to it and actively supported it.
		The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements and schisms, foremost among them the Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana traditions, punctuated by contrasting periods of expansion and retreat.
	www.experiencefestival.com /chinese_buddhism (1111 words)

	Rel Note: Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chinese Buddhism conflates Buddhism with Taoism, fusing into one the Indian concern with liberation of the self and Chinese focus on nature.
		Chinese Buddhism keeps everything of significance that is most characteristic of Taoism, only the place of the Tao is occupied by the Buddha.
		Devotional Buddhism (worship of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as divine saviors) is carried out in temples and administered by priests.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/lr618/chbud.html (422 words)

	Crossing the Gate of Death in Chinese Buddhist Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Rituals and activities related to death are adopted by Chinese Buddhists according to their belief, the instructions they seek from Buddhist teachers, and the tradition they live in.
		Chinese Buddhists would try to arrange for the dying person to stay in a peaceful and comfortable environment, preferably accompanied by the chanting of Amitabha which may be sung by people or played by audio tapes.
		In Buddhism it is taught that all sounds constitute the speech of the Buddha.
	www.yogichen.org /efiles/mbk16.html#2 (6480 words)

	Chinese Religion - Buddhism (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		The Non-Chinese rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty converted to Buddhism and saw themselves as personification of the Buddha.
		The maturity and great age of Buddhism in China was the Tang Dynasty when emperors spent their wealth to establish monasteries and sculptures in different Buddhist caves.
		Buddhism was introduced into Tibet during the 7th century by a Tantric master named Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpotche), but it was only during the 11th century that Buddhism gained a real foothold in Tibet.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /Literature/Religion/buddhism.html (4149 words)

	Chinese Buddhism on the Silk Road
		During the Sui dynasty (581-618) Buddhism flourished as the state religion, and continued to flourish in the Tang dynasty (618-907) until a great persecution was carried out by the emperor in 845.
		During this period, Chinese Buddhist literature and art appeared in Central Asia, along the nothern Silk Road, as far westward as the oasis state of Kucha.
		The character of Chinese Buddhism of the period is reflected in these Dunhuang manuscripts.
	idp.bl.uk /chapters/topics/buddhism/chinese/chinese.html (564 words)

	Chinese Buddhism
		It is stated by one Yu Huan, in a work called A Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty, that a Chinese ambassador received the transmission of Buddha’s teachings in the 2nd century BC from Bactria, a Greco-Indian Buddhist kingdom north of modern day India.
		Though this may be the first accurate record of Buddhist communication with Chinese society, it was only the beginning of the greater transmission that came more pronounced in the coming centuries.
		It isn’t so much that it overshadowed Buddhism philosophically, though it did, but that historians at this time were strictly Confucian, which led to discounting and under representing Buddhist presence in Chinese society.
	www.msu.edu /~lapp/UBTweb/chinesebuddhism.html (590 words)

	Chinese Journal Analyzes Spread of Tibetan Buddhism in Chinese Community - www.phayul.com
		More significantly, Chinese devotees have been requesting teachings to be given to their community by the Dalai Lama.
		In August 2003, several hundred Chinese speakers from Singapore and Taiwan gathered in Dharamsala for a teaching by the Dalai Lama sponsored by their community.
		The politically motivated official position that Tibetan culture was backward is being challenged by the growing appreciation among ordinary Chinese of the deeper aspect of Tibetan Buddhism and the positive role that it is playing in the development of the society.
	www.phayul.com /news/article.asp?id=4410 (701 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum > Chinese Buddhism
		It would be the great Chinese Madhyamikan and exegete, Chi-tsang, however who would exemplify the teachings of the Madhyamaka fully.
		This is a catch-all place for those schools and cults which have existed in China but which did not last long or did not exert significant influnece in the larger scheme of history.
		He's the founder of Chan Buddhism, and his understanding of Buddhism is so great that he didn't need to recite Buddha's names or sutras, he just mediate for years and years.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/lofiversion/index.php/t3137.html (1381 words)

	Nara Buddhism
		For Buddhism was the religion of the civilized west and Japan had just begun actively importing the culture of China and Korea.
		For the bulk of Japan was culturally unaffected by the adoption of Chinese urban culture and Chinese Buddhism.
		Nevertheless, the earliest stages of Nara Buddhism were dominated by Korean and Chinese monks and priests.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ANCJAPAN/NARABUDD.HTM (749 words)

	CHINA BOOKS: Philosophy/Religion: Chinese Buddhism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)*
		Buddhism became so much a part of Chinese civilisation that it was, together with Taoism and Confucianism, collectively called the 'three philosophies' of the Chinese people.
		In spite of the common view of Buddhism as nondogmatic and tolerant, the historical record preserves many examples of Buddhist thinkers and movements that were banned as heretical or subversive.
		Buddhism in Taiwan is the first work in a Western language to examine the institutional and political history of Chinese Buddhism in Taiwan.
	www.chinabooks.com.au /generalcatalogue/philosbudd.htm (2052 words)

	Major Religions Ranked by Size
		Buddhism, for example, if viewed as a whole, can be understood to have a large amount of internal variation, including the Theravada and Mahayana branches, all of their sub-schools, various revivalist sects, as well as Tibetan and modern Western forms.
		But "Chinese traditional religion" is meant to categorize the common religion of the majority Chinese culture: a combination of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as well as the traditional non-scriptural/local practices and beliefs.
		In comparative religion texts Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism are sometimes addressed in three separate chapters, and sometimes treated in one chapter as "Chinese religion." Even today there are very valid reasons for distinguishing Taoism from Confucianism, and distinguishing both from Chinese Buddhism and non-scriptural Chinese folk religion.
	www.adherents.com /Religions_By_Adherents.html (11829 words)

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