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Topic: Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)

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	Federal Immigration Laws 1800-1900
		Act of March 3, 1875 targeted Chinese immigrants, who had been encouraged by industrialists, mine owners, and officials of the railroad, to emigrate to the United States as early as the 1850s.
		Chinese were the first non-European group to immigrate to the United States and few Americans understood their culture, customs, or language.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first piece of legislation that targeted a specific ethnic group.
	oriole.umd.edu /~mddlmddl/791/legal/html/immi1800.html (2673 words)

	Immigration Station
		In reaction to states starting to pass immigration laws, in 1882 the federal government asserted its authority to control immigration and passed the first immigration law, barring lunatics and felons from entering the country.
		Chinese were not on a equal immigration footing with other nationalities until immigration laws were completely rewritten in the mid 1960's.
		One class of Chinese the U.S. could not keep out were those who were already citizens of the United States by virtue of having a father who was a citizen.
	www.angelisland.org /immigr02.html (1605 words)

	1882 Chinese Exclusion Act in San Francisco Chinatown - The largest chinatown outside of Asia
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passengers, comparing the certificates with the list and with the passengers; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
		That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure and condemnation on any district of the United States into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found.
		That hereafter no State court or court of the United States shall admit Chinese to citizenship; and all laws in conflict with this act are hereby repealed.
	www.sanfranciscochinatown.com /history/1882exclusionact.htm (332 words)

	INS History, Genealogy, and Education - This Month in Immigration History: December 1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chinese have a long history of migration throughout Asia and, after the European discovery of America, often were part of crews on European ships going to Mexico and/or engaged in trade between Europe and the Far East.
		The 1882 act was the first of four "Chinese Exclusion Laws" which suspended the inflow of Chinese laborers, including their wives, who were also considered as labor, for ten years from 1882 through 1892.
		The vast amount of paperwork involved in Chinese Exclusion led to creation of a treasure house of Chinese immigration records that are now among INS records at the National Archives.
	uscis.gov /graphics/aboutus/History/dec43.htm (1175 words)

	Immigration: The Chinese
		Acts of violence against the Chinese continued for decades, mostly from white urban and agricultural workers.
		Even before the act of 1870, Congress had passed a law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The reason behind the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was to prevent an excess of cheap labor.
		Despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the Chinese population in the United States continued to increase.
	library.thinkquest.org /20619/Chinese.html (1318 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The act was both cause and effect: it came from decades of Chinese discrimination, and initiated decades of Chinese exclusion.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring immigration for ten years; the Geary Act extended the act for another ten years in 1892, and by the Extension Act of1904, the act was made permanent.
		The Chinese resented the fact that they were being discriminated against, yet they continued to immigrate to the United States because they felt their opportunities in the United States were still better than in China.
	sun.menloschool.org /~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act (999 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.
		The act was passed in response to the large number of Chinese who had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China and the availability of jobs working on railroads.
		Chinese And Chinese Americans The National Archives-Pacific Region holds records of the Honolulu and San Francisco offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service pertaining to Chinese immigration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States) (959 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Documents on Anti-Chinese Immigration Policy
		Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit:.
		Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation, limitation or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse.
		That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/chinxact.htm (389 words)

	chineseimmigrationact
		The history of immigration to the United States and the contribution of immigrants and successive generations of American-born ethnic groups are important and essential factors in the history of the United States and the study of American social, economic, political, and cultural life.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was followed by official U.S. government policy that excluded or limited by quota immigration by Japanese, Filipinos, and the whole range of peoples from Asian nations.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was the law of the land until Congress finally repealed it in 1943.
	www.lehigh.edu /~ineng/VirtualAmericana/chineseimmigrationact.html (649 words)

	Gale Research - DISCovering U.S. History
		The Chinese were thought to be a race of "coolies" who threatened the wages and dignity of native California labor.
		The Exclusion Act was renewed for another ten year period in 1892, and in 1902, Chinese exclusion was made permanent.
		In one section of the country, exclusion was an issue of paramount political magnitude, and elsewhere Americans believed the Chinese to be somehow outside the asylum tradition.
	bms.westport.k12.ct.us /lmc/chinexact.htm (819 words)

	Close Up Foundation Civics Education \| U.S. Immigration Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The United States admits approximately 900,000 legal immigrants every year, and annual immigration is swelled by another 300,000 people who illegally cross the borders of the United States.
		In addition, the Act introduces an ideological criterion for admission: immigrants and visitors to the United States can now be denied entry on the basis of their political ideology (e.g., if they are communists or former Nazis).
		However, the Act establishes an overall ceiling of 170,000 on immigration from the Eastern Hemisphere and another ceiling of 120,000 on immigration from the Western Hemisphere.
	www.closeup.org /immigrat.htm (4829 words)

	Chinese Immigration
		Chinese restaurants are found in small towns and large cities across the United States.
		Chinese labor was also sought elsewhere in America, on the east coast and in the south to substitute for the now freed slaves.
		Chinese cultivating, planting, and harvesting in vineyards, orchards, and ranches were useful by supplying great numbers of fruits and vegetables.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/China/china.html (2169 words)

	chinese exclusion act - infos
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A...
		Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of progressive racism...
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/17/chinese-exclusion-act.html (322 words)

	The Geary Act of 1892 - Geary Central
		The Geary Act required Chinese living in the United States to carry a certificate of residence, without which they were subject to deportation or imprisonment and a year of hard labor.
		That any Chinese person or person of Chinese descent convicted and adjudged to be not lawfully entitled to be or remain in the United States shall be imprisoned at hard labor for a period of not exceeding on e year and thereafter removed from the United States, as hereinbefore provided.
		And any Chinese person other than a Chinese laborer, having a right to be and remain in the United States, desiring such certificate as evidence of such right may apply for and receive the same without charge.
	www.geary.com /The_Geary_Act_of_1892 (521 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act
		This act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history, and it excluded Chinese laborers from the country under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
		For all practical purposes, the Exclusion Act, along with the restrictions that followed it, froze the Chinese community in place in 1882, and prevented it from growing and assimilating into U.S. society as European immigrant groups did.
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such line vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passenger, comparing the certificate with the list and with the passengers ; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_91.shtml (421 words)

	Separate Lives, Broken Dreams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		All Chinese immigrants entering the country were now scrutinized under the severe restrictions of the Chinese Exclusion Act.
		Left behind in China, the wives of Chinese immigrants in the United States were referred to as "grass widows" or "living widows." Though they were married and assumed all the obligations of a wife, these women often led solitary lives separated from their husbands for years and even decades at a time.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was a pivotal point in U.S. immigration history.
	www.asianamericanmedia.org /separatelivesbrokendreams/intro2.html (948 words)

	American West (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Of the 10 largest cities in the United States, 6 are in the West: Los Angeles, Houston, Phoenix, San Diego, Dallas, and San Antonio.
		Of the Western states, Texas is the largest at 267,339 square miles (692,405 km²) and Washington is the smallest at 68,192 square miles (176,616 km²).
		In the 2000 Census, the Census Bureau included the state with the second largest Hispanic population, Texas, in the South region, included the state with the second largest American Indian population, Oklahoma, also in the South, and included the Dakotas, with their large populations of Plains Indians, in with the Midwest region.
	american-west.iqnaut.net (1484 words)

	index
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 achieved its desired effect and significantly reduced the number of Chinese immigrants crossing America’s borders.
		The Exclusion Act was made possible due to the conditions of economic competition and a prevailing culture of racism.
		[7] The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 left with it a legacy of racism, and is still one of the most infamous and tragic pieces of legislation passed in United States history.
	www.american.edu /bgriff/dighistprojects/boyle/exclusion.htm (331 words)

	Chinese exclusion — Infoplease.com
		Chinese exclusion, policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882.
		In 1943 the acts were repealed when a law was signed setting an annual immigration quota of 105 (since changed) and extending citizenship privileges to Chinese.
		The exclusion of HIV-positive immigrants under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act and the Haitian Refugee Immigration......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0811914.html (544 words)

	Pacific Region - Chinese Exclusion Laws-Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		From 1882 to 1943 the United States Government severely curtailed immigration from China to the United States.
		Passed by the 47th Congress, this law suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years; permitted those Chinese in the United States as of November 17, 1880, to stay, travel abroad, and return; prohibited the naturalization of Chinese; and created a "Section 6" exempt status for teachers, students, merchants, and travelers.
		This Act required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of their right to be in the United States.
	www.archives.gov /pacific/education/4th-grade/chinese-exclusion.html (406 words)

	CHINESE-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
		Chinese labor was suggested, as they had already helped build the California Central Railroad, the railroad from Sacramento to Marysville and the San Jose Railway.
		The first Chinese were hired in 1865 [sic] at approximately $28 per month to do the very dangerous work of blasting and laying ties over the treacherous terrain of the high Sierras.
		Such was the demand for Chinese labor that the United States reinforced its "open door" policy by treaty: the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 guaranteed to the Chinese Government the unrestricted immigration of its citizens to the United States.
	cprr.org /Museum/Chinese.html (8502 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Even the Chinese made up only.002 percent of the population, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in response to the growing anti-Chinese sentiments in California.
		The 1892 Geary Act renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act for another ten years, and in 1902, Chinese immigration was made permanently illegal.
		In 1943, the United States government repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act because China at the time became an ally of the United States during World War II.
	www.usfca.edu /classes/AuthEd/immigration/exclusioninfo.htm (189 words)

	usnews.com: The People's Vote: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate.
		When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/documents/docpages/document_page47.htm (476 words)

	Ancestors in the Americas: The Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following Acts or parts of Acts relating to the exclusion or deportation of persons of the Chinese race are hereby repealed:
		656; 8 U.S.C. 2040, all Chinese persons entering the United States annually as immigrants shall be allocated to the quota for the Chinese computed under the provisions of section 11 of the said Act.
		Source: "Chinese Exclusion repeal Act of 1943" (Chap 344, 17 Dec. 1943), 57 United States Statutes at Large, pp.
	www.cetel.org /1943_repeal.html (322 words)

	Chinese Immigration to the United States
		Even so, a relatively large group of Chinese immigrated to the United States between the start of the California gold rush in 1849 and 1882, when federal law stopped their immigration.
		While the majority of immigrants came to settle in the United States permanently, many worked for a time and returned home with whatever savings they had set aside from their work.
		The result of this pressure was the Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/riseind/chinimms/chinimms.html (362 words)

	Digital History
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was the nation's first law to ban immigration by race or nationality.
		All Chinese people--except travelers, merchants, teachers, students, and those born in the United States--were barred from entering the country.
		Since Federal law allowed merchants who returned to China to register two children to come to the United States, men who were legally in the United States might sell their testimony so that an unrelated child could be sponsored for entry.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=419 (336 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (excerpts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Such passport shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set forth therein, and shall be produced to the collector of customs of the port in the district in the United States at which the person named therein shall arrive.
		Every applicant for registration shall make oath to the facts stated in his registry, which oath shall be recorded in the book of registry.
		Any refusal or neglect of the master to comply with the provisions of this section shall incur the same penalties and forfeiture as are provided for a refusal or neglect to report and deliver a manifest of the cargo.
	vassun.vassar.edu /~juweisen/382/exclusion.html (277 words)

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