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Topic: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

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	Chinese Exclusion Act: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 reversed the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 and excluded all but 105 Chinese immigrants to the United States per year for 10 years.
		The act was renewed in 1892 for 10 years, and in 1902 with no terminal date.
		The act was passed in response to the large number of Chinese who had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China and the availablity of jobs working on railroads.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ch/Chinese-Exclusion-Act.html (291 words)

	Federal Immigration Laws 1800-1900
		Act of March 3, 1875 targeted Chinese immigrants, who had been encouraged by industrialists, mine owners, and officials of the railroad, to emigrate to the United States as early as the 1850s.
		The Chinese governme nt did not ratify the treaty in time to satisfy Congress with the result that many of the provisions in the revised treaty were enacted in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first piece of legislation that targeted a specific ethnic group.
	oriole.umd.edu /~mddlmddl/791/legal/html/immi1800.html (2673 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in the United States in 1882.
		Other Chinese exclusion acts were passed in 1892, 1902, and 1904 and were followed by legislation restricting other ethnic immigrant groups.
		Congress decided to shorten the exclusion period from twenty to ten years and on May 6, 1882, after being passed in the House and the Senate, President Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/USA/ChineseExclusion.html (417 words)

	1882 Chinese Exclusion Act in San Francisco Chinatown - The largest chinatown outside of Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passengers, comparing the certificates with the list and with the passengers; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
		That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure and condemnation on any district of the United States into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found.
		That no Chinese person shall be permitted to enter the United States by land without producing to the proper officer of customs the certificate in this act required of Chinese persons seeking to land from a vessel.
	www.sanfranciscochinatown.com /history/1882exclusionact.htm (332 words)

	Immigration: The Chinese
		Because of laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act, the highly imbalanced male to female ratio, and the thousands of immigrants returning back to China, the Chinese population in the U.S. fell to a lowly 62,000 people in 1920.
		Acts of violence against the Chinese continued for decades, mostly from white urban and agricultural workers.
		Even before the act of 1870, Congress had passed a law forbidding American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The reason behind the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was to prevent an excess of cheap labor.
	library.thinkquest.org /20619/Chinese.html (1318 words)

	Immigration Station
		Beginning with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, a series of restrictive laws had prohibited the immigration of certain nationalities and social classes of Asians.
		Chinese were not on a equal immigration footing with other nationalities until immigration laws were completely rewritten in the mid 1960's.
		One class of Chinese the U.S. could not keep out were those who were already citizens of the United States by virtue of having a father who was a citizen.
	www.angelisland.org /immigr02.html (1605 words)

	chineseimmigrationact
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was followed by official U.S. government policy that excluded or limited by quota immigration by Japanese, Filipinos, and the whole range of peoples from Asian nations.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was the law of the land until Congress finally repealed it in 1943.
	www.lehigh.edu /~ineng/VirtualAmericana/chineseimmigrationact.html (649 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The act was both cause and effect: it came from decades of Chinese discrimination, and initiated decades of Chinese exclusion.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring immigration for ten years; the Geary Act extended the act for another ten years in 1892, and by the Extension Act of1904, the act was made permanent.
		For sixty-one years, the Chinese were excluded from entering the United States and becoming natural citizens when on December 17, 1943, the United States Congress pass the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act, which allowed Chinese to enter the United States legally once again.
	sun.menloschool.org /~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act (999 words)

	Separate Lives, Broken Dreams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chinese peasants, particularly in the rural Pearl River Delta area in the southeastern province of Guangdong, were desperate for relief.
		The Chinese, once welcomed for their work ethic and valuable contribution to the work force, were now blamed for lowering wages, employment opportunities, and working conditions of all laborers.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally passed by Congress in 1880, and signed into law by President Arthur on May 5, 1882.
	www.asianamericanmedia.org /separatelivesbrokendreams (874 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Documents on Anti-Chinese Immigration Policy
		Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit:.
		Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation, limitation or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse.
		That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/chinxact.htm (389 words)

	chinese exclusion act - infos
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A...
		Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of progressive racism...
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/17/chinese-exclusion-act.html (322 words)

	The Chinese Bill
		The Chinese are represented in one breath as a rotten race, the victims of hideous immorality, and in the next as a people who are going to drive intelligent and sturdy American laborers out of the field.
		Now during the last twenty-five years the Chinese immigration---and a large part of it was cooly traffic---amounted to 228,000 persons, of which more than a hundred thousand have returned, so that by the census cf 1880 the Chinese population in the country was 105,000.
		The coming of 230,000 or 240,000 Chinese in a quarter of a century, and the presence of 100,000 in the country at the end of that time, are not the precursor of an overwhelming invasion.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/INCORP/chinese/hrprs194.html (900 words)

	THE CHINATOWN FILES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		What happened to the Chinese American community during the 1950s and 60s was largely the result of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, the unique history of discrimination against Chinese immigration to the United States and the anti-Communist witch hunts.
		Immigration Act passed by Congress excludes "Chinese women, wives and prostitutes." An immigration quota of 105 Chinese immigrants a year is established, based on one-sixth of one percent of the existing Chinese population in the U.S. according to the 1920 census.
		Chinese immigration restrictions are lifted by Presidential proclamation, although the 1924 quota of 105 entries per year is maintained, as is the ineligibility for citizenship.
	www.chinatownfiles.org /history.html (1459 words)

	Immigration... Chinese: Exclusion
		This act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history, and it excluded Chinese laborers from the country under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
		For all practical purposes, the Exclusion Act, along with the restrictions that followed it, froze the Chinese community in place in 1882, and prevented it from growing and assimilating into U.S. society as European immigrant groups did.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/immig/chinese6.html (417 words)

	Affidavit and Flyers from the Chinese Boycott Case
		By 1880, the ratio of male to female Chinese immigrants was approximately 20:1.
		Additional discriminatory legislation the Chinese faced during the latter half of the 19th century pertained to segregated schools, lodging ordinances, laundry licensing fees, prohibition of intermarriage with whites, and bans from sections of cities.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was extended two times, once in 1892 for an additional 10 years, and again in 1902 for an indefinite time period.
	www.archives.gov /education/lessons/chinese-boycott (1040 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		A federal law passed in response to complaints by workers on the West Coast that competition from Chinese immigrants was driving down their wages and threatening white “racial purity.” It suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and declared Chinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization as American citizens.
		The law was renewed in 1892 for another ten years, and in 1902 Chinese immigration was permanently banned.
		Chinese immigrants did not become eligible for citizenship until 1943.
	www.bartleby.com /59/12/chineseexclu.html (169 words)

	Chronology of Asian American History
		Chinese in Hawaii establish a funeral society, their first community association in the islands.
		Chinese Exclusion Law suspends immigration of laborers for ten years.
		U.S. decides that Chinese born in the U.S. can't be stripped of their citizenship.
	web.mit.edu /21h.153j/www/chrono.html (2137 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another 10 years, and in 1902 with no terminal date.
		It was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.
		Chinese came to America in large numbers as individual miners during the 1849 California Gold Rush with 41,400 being recorded as arriving from 1851-1860.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States) (922 words)

	CHINESE-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chinese labor was suggested, as they had already helped build the California Central Railroad, the railroad from Sacramento to Marysville and the San Jose Railway.
		The first Chinese were hired in 1865 [sic] at approximately $28 per month to do the very dangerous work of blasting and laying ties over the treacherous terrain of the high Sierras.
		Such was the demand for Chinese labor that the United States reinforced its "open door" policy by treaty: the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 guaranteed to the Chinese Government the unrestricted immigration of its citizens to the United States.
	cprr.org /Museum/Chinese.html (8502 words)

	Our Documents - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate.
		But this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers because the 1882 act defined excludables as “skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.” Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law.
	www.ourdocuments.gov /doc.php?flash=false&doc=47 (514 words)

	China Adoption Blog - The Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Act came about after some unpleasantness in California involving words like "lynching" and "massacre." There were a lot of Chinese people there who'd crossed the Pacific to work on the railroads.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was only repealed in living memory - in 1943, when a new act made it legal for 105 Chinese immigrants to come to America per year.
		And although the individual sections of the Chinese Exclusion Act were repealed over half a century ago, the law itself was around long enough to have named a chapter of the United States Code, the official compilation of federal laws.
	china.adoptionblogs.com /weblogs/the-chinese-exclusion-act (579 words)

	index
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 achieved its desired effect and significantly reduced the number of Chinese immigrants crossing America’s borders.
		The Exclusion Act was made possible due to the conditions of economic competition and a prevailing culture of racism.
		[7] The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 left with it a legacy of racism, and is still one of the most infamous and tragic pieces of legislation passed in United States history.
	www.american.edu /bgriff/dighistprojects/boyle/exclusion.htm (331 words)

	Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act :: Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which barred practically all Chinese from American shores for ten years, was the first federal law that banned a group of immigrants solely on the basis of race or nationality.
		Gyory suggests neither one of these theses are correct, but the catalyst for the prohibition of Chinese immigration was national politicians who seized and manipulated the issue in an effort to gain votes, while arguing that workers had long demanded Chinese exclusion and would benefit from it.
		Gyory's main intention was to exonerate the workingman as being the contingency that caused the Chinese exclusion.
	www.optionstrading.com.au /product-detail/189/book/0807847399 (2336 words)

	The Geary Act of 1892 - Geary Central
		The Geary Act required Chinese living in the United States to carry a certificate of residence, without which they were subject to deportation or imprisonment and a year of hard labor.
		That any Chinese person or person of Chinese descent convicted and adjudged to be not lawfully entitled to be or remain in the United States shall be imprisoned at hard labor for a period of not exceeding on e year and thereafter removed from the United States, as hereinbefore provided.
		And any Chinese person other than a Chinese laborer, having a right to be and remain in the United States, desiring such certificate as evidence of such right may apply for and receive the same without charge.
	www.geary.com /The_Geary_Act_of_1892 (521 words)

	Chinese exclusion — Infoplease.com
		Chinese exclusion, policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882.
		In 1943 the acts were repealed when a law was signed setting an annual immigration quota of 105 (since changed) and extending citizenship privileges to Chinese.
		The exclusion of HIV-positive immigrants under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act and the Haitian Refugee Immigration......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0811914.html (544 words)

	Side Note to Lecture 08: Foreign Immigrants in Industrial America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The statute of 1882 suspended Chinese immigration for ten years and declared the Chinese as ineligible for naturalization.
		Chinese workers already in the country challenged the constitutionality of the discriminatory acts, but their efforts failed.
		The act was renewed in 1892 for another ten years, and in 1902 Chinese immigration was made permanently illegal.
	us.history.wisc.edu /hist102/lectures/lectur8a.html (520 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Chinese Americans)
		Chinese American pioneers lived throughout the state of California, wherever there was a chance to earn a living.
		The Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882 was renewed in 1892 and 1902, and then extended indefinitely in 1904.
		In 1924, the Immigration Exclusion Act was passed, which stated that all immigrants "ineligible for citizenship" were denied admission to the United States.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/5views/5views3g.htm (1201 words)

	Becoming American: The Chinese Experience . Program Two \| PBS
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882.
		Many Chinese Americans engaged in an elaborate deceit through a widespread practice of claiming "paper sons." The Chinese immigrant would claim to be the father of a young person still in China and provide the paperwork for their "child" to immigrate.
		New tensions developed within Chinese immigrant families as exposure to American freedoms and attitudes inspired the women and young people to defy the patriarchal culture of their homeland.
	www.pbs.org /becomingamerican/ap_prog2.html (614 words)

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