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Topic: Chinese Immigration Act

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		Chinese citizens had been migrating across the Pacific since the middle of the nineteenth century, essentially as impermanent labourers in gold mines and on the railways.
		This act was geared towards the prevention of foreigners entering Canada as contract labour, and had been enacted due to pressure from Canadian labour Unions, as well as in response to similar legislation in the United States.
		This act formally disenfranchised any person living in Canada who was of ‘enemy alien’ birth or who customarily spoke an ‘enemy alien’ language, and altered the balance of power significantly in Western Canada, where a large segment of the population was from Eastern and Central Europe.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/migrations/six1.html (2764 words)

	Federal Immigration Laws 1800-1900
		Act of March 3, 1875 targeted Chinese immigrants, who had been encouraged by industrialists, mine owners, and officials of the railroad, to emigrate to the United States as early as the 1850s.
		Chinese were the first non-European group to immigrate to the United States and few Americans understood their culture, customs, or language.
		Immigration Act of 1891 added to the list of those who were denied entry into the United States - paupers, idiots, and the insane, as well as diseased persons, convicts, polygamists, and those whose passage had been paid by another.
	oriole.umd.edu /~mddlmddl/791/legal/html/immi1800.html (2673 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Documents on Anti-Chinese Immigration Policy
		Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit:.
		Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation, limitation or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse.
		That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/chinxact.htm (389 words)

	Current Research \| Aspects of the Chinese Head Tax
		The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 aimed at restricting rather than excluding the Chinese from BC and the rest of Canada.
		Indeed, both the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, subsequent revisions to it and key case law decisions, made it clear that Canadian legislation regarding the Chinese had a simple goal.
		Chinese labourers were burdened by a tax that almost certainly constituted a significant debt for most of them, particularly after the tax was raised to $500 in 1903.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~dhum/re_aspects.html (375 words)

	~ GOLD ~
		They were so concerned with the increase in Chinese miners on the gold fields and alarmed by the digger’s many complaints about the Chinese they recommended a landing tax be imposed to "check and diminish this influx".
		Opposition to the Act came from pastoralists who appreciated Chinese labour and from W. Forster who argued that the Chinese were industrial and civilised people who could assist European migrants in developing the colony.
		The first Acts passed by the new Federal parliament in 1901 were the Pacific Islanders Labourers Act, and the Immigration Restriction Act.
	www.sbs.com.au /gold/story.html?storyid=58 (819 words)

	Close Up Foundation Civics Education \| U.S. Immigration Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The annual immigration ceiling is further reduced to 150,000; the quota is revised to 2 percent of each nationality's representation in the 1920 census.
		Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) This nonpartisan "think tank" is devoted to research and policy analysis of the economic, social, demographic, fiscal, and other impacts of immigration on the United States.
		Immigration History Research Center (IHRC) A center at the University of Minnesota, IHRC maintains archival and library collections, sponsors academic and public programs, and publishes bibliographic and scholarly works on immigration to the United States.
	www.closeup.org /immigrat.htm (4829 words)

	Canada in the Making - Specific Events & Topics
		Chinese and Japanese immigrants to Canada had a troubled relationship with the federal government throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, thanks to institutionalized racism and a predominating notion that these immigrants were a burden on white society.
		While Chinese immigration was somewhat accepted in the country during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) from 1880 to 1885, when the federal government needed a source of cheap labour to tackle the most dangerous jobs in railway building, there was much racial unrest afterward.
		Some members of the Chinese community are upset that Canada has not offered a similar apology or financial support to those whose lives were impacted by the Chinese Exclusion Act or Chinese Immigration Act.
	www.canadiana.org /citm/specifique/asian_e.html (2092 words)

	Gale Research - DISCovering U.S. History
		The Chinese were thought to be a race of "coolies" who threatened the wages and dignity of native California labor.
		The Exclusion Act was renewed for another ten year period in 1892, and in 1902, Chinese exclusion was made permanent.
		The restrictive features of the immigration act seemed necessary and indeed were an improvement over chaotic state supervision of immigration.
	bms.westport.k12.ct.us /lmc/chinexact.htm (819 words)

	CCNC : Chinese Head Tax and Exclusion Act
		Chinese immigration to Canada began around 1858 in response to the gold rush in British Columbia.
		During the exclusion era, early Chinese pioneers were not allowed to bring their family, including their wives, to Canada.
		Chinese workers on their way to railroad camps on the West Coast.
	www.ccnc.ca /redress/history.html (476 words)

	Chinese Immigration
		Chinese immigration can be divided into three periods: 1849-1882, 1882-1965, and 1965 to the present.
		Chinese labor was also sought elsewhere in America, on the east coast and in the south to substitute for the now freed slaves.
		Throughout this period of immigration Chinese Americans were confined to segregated ghettos, called Chinatowns, in major cities and isolated regions in rural areas across the country.
	nhs.needham.k12.ma.us /cur/kane98/kane_p3_immig/China/china.html (2169 words)

	History of Chinese immigration to Canada - Famous Chinese Americans - Chinese
		Chinese appeared in large numbers in the colony of British Columbia in 1858, when there was a gold rush in the Fraser Valley.
		After the 1885 legislation failed to deter Chinese immigration to Canada, the Government of Canada passed another law in 1900 to increase the tax to $100, and in 1904 it was increased (land fees) to 500 Canadian dollars (equivalent to $8000 CDN in 2003).
		Chinese from the mainland who were eligible in the family reunion had to visit the Canadian High Commission in Hong Kong, since Canada and the PRC did not have diplomatic relations until 1970.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada (1687 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 placed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants coming to Canada, forcing them to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country.
		Later, another law was passed, declaring that only one Chinese immigrant could come to Canada for every fifty tons (50.8 tonnes) of the ship they were travelling on, for that one voyage.
		This act was eventually superseded in 1923 by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned Chinese immigration entirely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885 (218 words)

	CHINESE-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
		Chinese labor was suggested, as they had already helped build the California Central Railroad, the railroad from Sacramento to Marysville and the San Jose Railway.
		Chinese immigration exploded in the 1850's, fueled by the California gold rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad.
		Such was the demand for Chinese labor that the United States reinforced its "open door" policy by treaty: the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 guaranteed to the Chinese Government the unrestricted immigration of its citizens to the United States.
	cprr.org /Museum/Chinese.html (8502 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act
		The act was both cause and effect: it came from decades of Chinese discrimination, and initiated decades of Chinese exclusion.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring immigration for ten years; the Geary Act extended the act for another ten years in 1892, and by the Extension Act of1904, the act was made permanent.
		The Chinese resented the fact that they were being discriminated against, yet they continued to immigrate to the United States because they felt their opportunities in the United States were still better than in China.
	sun.menloschool.org /~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act (999 words)

	Locations Nationwide - Chinese Immigration and the Chinese in the United States
		Immigration- related decisions made by these Federal officials were sometimes appealed to Federal courts, which also heard criminal cases involving Chinese alleged to be living in the United States illegally.
		Of special interest to researchers studying Chinese-American immigration are thousands of case files relating to habeas corpus actions brought in both circuit and district courts during the late 1800's and early 1900's to contest the Chinese exclusion actions of Federal immigration officials.
		Administrative History The Office of Superintendent of Immigration was established in the Department of the Treasury by an act of March 3, 1891, and was designated a bureau in 1895 with responsibility for administering the alien contract-labor laws.
	www.archives.gov /locations/finding-aids/chinese-immigration.html (7942 words)

	chinese exclusion act - infos
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A...
		Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of progressive racism...
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/17/chinese-exclusion-act.html (322 words)

	CBC News Indepth: China
		Chinese labourers were at the centre of a little-known chapter of Canadian First World War history.
		For years, the president of the Vancouver Chinese Benevolent Association made an annual trek to Ottawa to petition for the law to be amended.
		The Chinese who landed in the summer of '99 were the first such arrivals since 1987, when 174 Sikhs from India waded ashore in Nova Scotia.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/china/chinese_immigration.html (2701 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was an act passed by the federal government of Canada, banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada.
		Prior to 1923, Chinese immigration was already heavily controlled by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, which imposed a hefty head tax on all immigrants from China.
		Due to both a feeling of horror after Nazi race-oriented deathcamps were discovered and the contribution of Chinese communities in Canada during World War II, the Canadian government repealed the act on May 14, 1947 (necessary with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 on July 1, 1947).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1923 (442 words)

	Chinese-Canadian Genealogy - Chinese Head Tax
		The head tax on Chinese Immigrants was introduced by the Dominion (federal) government in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885.
		The Chinese Immigration Act of 1900 (which went into effect on January 1, 1902) increased the tax to $100, and finally, in the Chinese Immigration Act of 1903, it was raised to $500.
		Entries in the General Register of Chinese Immigration include the amount of head tax paid and other details, such as age, district and village of origin in China, etc. Note that entries are in rough chronological order and that some have been filmed out of sequence.
	www.vpl.ca /ccg/Head_Tax_Info.html (1329 words)

	frontline: teacher center: teachers' guide: dangerous straits: glossary
		Chinese Exclusion Act: From 1850 to 1882, around 100,000 Chinese men came to the U.S. to search for gold and to help lay railroad tracks.
		Taiwan Relations Act: A 1979 congressional initiative resulting from the Carter administration's decision to transfer its recognition of China to the PRC government in January 1979 and to abrogate the mutual defense treaty with Taiwan.
		Chinese military forces entered Tibet in 1950, recovering Tibet for the Chinese "motherland." In the early 1960s, south-central Tibet was renamed the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/china/4.html (1659 words)

	slides1.htm
		To restrict their immigration, a 'head tax' of $50 was imposed on every Chinese immigrant in 1885.
		Since the Chinese men could not bring their wives and children into Canada, the community was predominantly a bachelor society.
		Chinese communities across the country raised $5 million for the war effort.
	pages.interlog.com /~fccs/slides1.htm (341 words)

	Head Tax 人頭稅
		In 1923 Canada passed the Chinese Immigration Act on July 1, ironically the nation's birthday.
		During the latter phrase of this project thousands upon thousands of Chinese workers were brought in not only as a cost saving measure but also they were the only people who would worked in areas so dangerous that others had refused.
		Because the Chinese workers were paid substantially lower than the caucasian workers the Canadian government's saving was estimated to be nearly $3 million dollars.
	www.legacy1.net /ht_headtax.html (825 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act 1885, c (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Every master of any vessel who lands or allows to be landed off or from any vessel any Chinese immigrant before the duty payable under the provisions of this Act has been duly paid...
		Every Chinese person who wilfully evades or attempts to evade any of the provisions of this Act as respects the payment of duty...
		and every person who wilfully aids or abets any such Chinese person in any evasion or attempt at evasion of any of the provisions of this Act, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, or to a penalty not exceeding five hundred dollars, or to both.
	www.asian.ca /law/cia1885.htm (219 words)

	[No title]
		The Act was first passed in 1885 and continued to be inforced in 1900.
		The Act limits the number of Chinese immigrants to one person for every 50 tons of a ship's tonnage.
		Moreover, the Act puts a "head tax" on every immigrant - a charge that every Chinese person entering the country has to pay.
	www.chrc-ccdp.ca /en/timePortals/milestones/1mile.asp (287 words)

	Ancestors in the Americas: The Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act
		An Act to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Acts, to establish quotas, and for other purposes.
		656; 8 U.S.C. 2040, all Chinese persons entering the United States annually as immigrants shall be allocated to the quota for the Chinese computed under the provisions of section 11 of the said Act.
		A preference up to 75 per centum of the quota shall be given to Chinese born and resident in China.
	www.cetel.org /1943_repeal.html (322 words)

	IV: Perspective: Chinese Labourers (3)
		In 1885, it disenfranchised the Asian population and passed the "Chinese Immigration Act," which imposed a "head tax" of $50 upon each male entering Canada.
		legislation passed by the provincial government was the B.C. Immigration Act of 1901, which the federal government disallowed eight months after its passage.
		In its period of operation, the act allowed Vancouver and Victoria immigration agents to apply a "Natal" test to Chinese and Japanese newcomers, requiring them to demonstrate a proficiency in reading and writing English, which many failed.
	www.canadianhistory.ca /iv/perspective/perspective4_3.html (166 words)

	WritingDEN: Paragraphs - 4 of 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		That year, the Chinese Immigration Act prevented all Chinese except consuls, merchants, and students from entering Canada.
		The Act was the result of pressure from anti-Asian groups across the country.
		These groups felt that the head tax was insufficient because Chinese labourers were still coming to Canada.
	www2.actden.com /Writ_Den/h06/Level3/page4.htm (78 words)

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