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Topic: Chinese Manchuria

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	Manchuria
		The pinyin transcription of Manchuria in Chinese is Manzhou (滿洲), but Chinese seldom refer to the region in that name because of its separatist connotations and because it invokes the memory of the Japanese occupation and puppet state of Manchukuo.
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun[?].
		From 1945 to 1948, Manchuria (Inner Manchuria) was a base area for the People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War and with the encouragement of Soviet Russia, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Chinese Communists, victorious in 1949.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Manchuria.html (848 words)

	Manchuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Manchuria borders Mongolia in the west, Siberia in the north, China proper to the south and North Korea in the southeast.
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun, except for a small region known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River.
		Manchuria was known for its shamanism, ginseng and tigers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchuria (2126 words)

	Manchurian Legacy: Manchuria
		The seizure of Manchuria was, in effect, an unofficial declaration of war on China.
		Manchuria was a base for Japanese aggression in N China and a buffer region for Japanese-controlled Korea.
		At the end of the war the Chinese Communists were strongly established in Manchuria and by 1948 had captured the major cities and inflicted devastating losses on the Nationalist army.
	www.manchurianlegacy.com /manchuria.htm (459 words)

	China's Loss of Sovereignty in Manchuria 1895 - 1914
		Chinese officials tried hard to block their advances with little success and only inter-power rivalry buttressed by Chinese settlement of the area saved Manchuria from annexation.
		It allowed the use of Chinese ports by Russia in the case of war and China's consent to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria.
		Chinese officials were thus invited back into the area and continued to administer a large amount of the Chinese population.
	www.historyorb.com /asia/manchuria.shtml (1194 words)

	CHAPTER XIII: The Chinese Take a Hand
		The Chinese Communist government reputedly was labeling these troops "volunteers." The Sinuiju radio had announced that these troops formed the "Volunteer Corps for the Protection of the Hydroelectric Zone" and had entered Korea expressly to prevent the destruction of hydroelectric facilities along the Yalu.
		Chinese troops could be committed without being attacked effectively by air because of the short distances from the river to the front lines.
		Without accepting the theory that the Chinese troops in Korea were volunteers, the Joint Chiefs expressed the opinion that such a view was feasible in the event that the Chinese merely wanted to gain time for the defeated and disorganized remnants of the North Korean Army.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/pd-c-13.htm (9719 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Manchuria
		The Chinese administration was reorganized by an Imperial Decree of 20 April, 1907, and, instead of a Tsiang-kiun (military governor), a Tsung-tu (governor general and imperial high commissioner) with residence at Mukden, is placed at the head of the three provinces.
		Manchuria was the field of the action between the two contending armies, the chief battles being those of Liao-yang (25 Aug.-3 Sept., 1904) between Kuropatkin and Oyama, of Sha-ho (9-14 Oct.), and of Mukden (1-9 March, 1905).
		By the Treaty of Portsmouth both Russia and Japan agreed to evacuate simultaneously Manchuria, with the exception of the portion of the Liao-tung peninsula leased to Russia and surrendered to Japan, and to retrocede the administration of the province to China.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09585a.htm (1247 words)

	Trans-Siberian railway - History - Chinese Eastern line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Chinese Eastern line (CEL) as this section was named straightened the Siberian railway and reduced its length by 514 versts.
		Chinese government refused interference in financial activity of the company, that is profit from exploitation of a built railway is released from any debts.
		Manchuria and CEL were assigned a part of springboard for attack.
	www.transsib.ru /Eng/history-kvzd.htm (3166 words)

	"The legendary story of Chinese military martial arts in the 1969 Sino-Soviet border wars", Mizhou Hui - "Kempo" 2/97
		On March 2, 1969, Chinese and Soviet troops opened fire upon one another on a small piece of disputed land located along the Ussuri River on the northeast border between Chinese Manchuria and the Soviet Union.
		Also, Chinese attempts to photograph these beatings (in order to document it for propoganda) were neutralized by the Soviets as they would have no hesitation beating these "journalists" and taking their film.
		As mentioned earlier, the Chinese special forces were trained according to the 1963 manual which taught the use of the rear hand (which was kept low for protection of the groin) for offense and the front hand as a defensive shield.
	members.tripod.com /~CombatMachine/kemp05_e.htm (2095 words)

	Outer Manchuria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outer Manchuria (Chinese: 外滿洲), known in China as Outer Northeast [China] (Chinese: 外東北), is the territory ceded by China to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860.
		As Soviet Manchuria, Outer Manchuria formed part of the Far Eastern provinces of the USSR and was used as the launch-pad for the Soviet assault on Japanese occupied Inner Manchuria in 1945.
		Outer Manchuria is regarded by most Chinese as territory that was unfairly taken away, and irredentists believe that it should eventually be returned to China despite the fact that the region has historically been inhabited by Tungusic tribes and the Nivkhs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Outer_Manchuria (956 words)

	Japan and Emperor Hirohito to 1936
		By 1931, however, in Manchuria the Chinese were annoying the Japanese by building rail lines parallel to Japanese rail lines.
		Manchuria was peopled to a great extent by Chinese, in addition to Manchu and Mongol peoples, and the Japanese were concerned about Chinese nationalism there.
		Japan's army in Manchuria, the Kwantung army, was in charge of law and order in southern Manchuria, and it demanded an apology from the Chinese and a promise that such an incident would not happen again.
	www.fsmitha.com /h2/ch18.htm (4600 words)

	Manchuria
		Manchuria had a population of three million in 1850.
		The Japanese military argued that it needed to control Manchuria as security against a possible attack from the Red Army.
		The Chinese government appealed to the League of Nations under Article 11 of the Covenant.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWmanchuria.htm (245 words)

	HyperWar: International Military Tribunal for the Far East [Chapter 5]
		The representative had been instructed to inform the Young Marshal that Japan regarded Manchuria as her outpost, and that the Japanese Government would like to cooperate with him "behind the scenes" and was prepared to spare no sacrifice under the Cabinet's "Positive Policy" to prevent an invasion of Manchuria by the Chinese Nationalist Armies.
		The Chinese proposal to construct a railroad parallel to the South Manchurian Railroad, the claim that there was illegal taxation of Japanese in Manchuria, the claim of oppression of Koreans, and the denial of the right of Japanese subjects to lease land in Manchuria, were all "Manchurian Problems" according to the Japanese agitators.
		Chinese General Tsanh Shih-yi, who was Governor of the Province and had remained in Mukden, refused to cooperate with the Japanese in the organization of a new provincial government; for this, he was immediately arrested and confined in prison.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-5.html (18104 words)

	Montreal Mirror : Restaurants : Resto : Manchuria Dumpling King
		I've had an interest in northern Chinese cuisine since visiting the great Niu Kee restaurant in Chinatown (corner of St-Laurent and de la Gauchetière) a couple of years ago.
		Manchuria Dumpling King, which opened a year or so ago on St-Mathieu, not far from Concordia, offers quite a few northern - or north-eastern - dishes, along with the wide variety of dumplings from whence the place gets its name.
		Since I rarely come across that particular meat in Chinese restaurants, and because we were eager to see just what these hedgehog mushrooms were all about, we took her advice, also throwing in the Manchuria-style crispy pork spare ribs ($9.99) for good measure.
	www.montrealmirror.com /2005/031005/resto.html (662 words)

	CIVIL WARS-- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		What the Chinese side did not and does not understand about the Yalta Betrayal is that two factions of Anglo-American interest groups, i.e., the ranks of innate cousins of British colonialists and the ranks of American doctrinists with advocacy for "China containment", had joined hands with Russian/Comintern agents in subverting China.
		Chinese communist guerrillas in Manchuria, having no consistent contact with either Ruijin's Chinese Soviet or Yenan and being always in subordination to Moscow and Comintern direct from 1932 to 1942, had apparently ceased hostility against Japan in observance of the April 1941 Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty.
		Meanwhile, Chinese communists moved their women and wounded to Korea for asylum, for which Mao Ts-etung, in 1950, adamantly insisted on sending Chinese armies to the Korean War as a show of requital.
	www.republicanchina.org /civil_wars.html (11156 words)

	PRC-ROC Conflict Chronology: 1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Despite their numerical advantage, the Communist Chinese forces were unable to mount an offensive of their own.
		Nationalist Chinese leader, Chiang Kai-shek, orders a major offensive to take North China in response to Communist Chinese violations of the truce established in January.
		The Chinese people at large view this measure as the United States abandonment of the National Chinese government.
	home.nycap.rr.com /mismedia/C_TChronology/chronopages/1946.html (616 words)

	INTERVIEW WITH JOHN PATON DAVIES - 14/1/97
		JPD: No, because Manchuria was vital to the Chinese; Manchuria has been the battleground between the Russians and the Chinese, the Chinese and the Japanese, and the Russians and the Japanese.
		And as MacArthur brashly drove north towards the Manchurian border, the Chinese were bound to react, as would have the Russians had we advanced toward the part of Manchuria to the northeast of the Yalu.
		But I had put it in a general caveat in one of my papers, if I remember correctly, that the Russians were very dangerous if we were to advance towards their area of interest in Manchuria, and the Russians and Chinese, which I lumped together.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-15/davies2.html (979 words)

	Manchuria
		In September 1931, they claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway, and attacked the Chinese army.
		In September 1931, they claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway, and attacked the Chinese army (which had just executed a Japanese spy).
		The Chinese army did not fight back because it knew that the Japanese were just wanting an excuse to invade Manchuria.
	www.johndclare.net /EL5.htm (531 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Asia-Pacific \| Scarred by history: The Rape of Nanjing
		Japanese troops captured the Chinese city of Nanjing and embarked on a campaign of murder, rape and looting.
		The Chinese troops were no match for their opponents and Japan ended up in control of great swathes of Chinese territory.
		One Japanese newspaper correspondent saw lines of Chinese being taken for execution on the banks of the Yangtze River, where he saw piles of burned corpses.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/223038.stm (1187 words)

	Georgetown University \| Press Releases
		Georgetown University professor of Chinese studies James Reardon-Anderson describes the migration of Chinese to Manchuria and the incorporation of this settlement into an expanding Chinese state in his new book, Reluctant Pioneers: China’s Expansion Northward, 1644-1937.
		“The natural wealth of Manchuria, the gravitational pull on people in the south toward land in the north, and the seasonality of climate drove Chinese across the Great Wall and into a new chapter in their history,” writes Reardon-Anderson in the book’s introduction.
		The book traces the Chinese expansion into the territories north and west of the Great Wall from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries.
	explore.georgetown.edu /news/?ID=1747 (465 words)

	19.6. My Meeting with Yang Jing-yu
		The guerrilla army operating in southern Manchuria became the 1st Corps of the Anti-Japanese Allied Army, and the commander of this corps was Yang Jing-yu.
		In southern Manchuria, Yang Jing-yu, along with Wang Feng-ge, commander-in-chief of the Liaoning National Salvation Volunteers, the army of the Broadsword Society, gained the reputation of a hero in the first half of the 1930s.
		Had the Chinese and Korean communists fought separately, rather than as the Anti-Japanese Allied Army, he would not have been here in Nanpaizi with me, he declared, and heartily thanked us for the many Korean cadres we had trained and sent to him.
	www.kimsoft.com /war/r-19-6.htm (4107 words)

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