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Topic: Chinese Protectorate

	Tibet - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The new Chinese Republican government wished to make the commander of the Chinese troops in Lhasa their new Tibetan representative, but the Tibetans were in favour of having all of the Chinese troops return to China Proper.
		Chinese demographers have estimated that 90,000 of the 300,000 "missing" Tibetans fled the region.
		The issue of the proportion of the Han Chinese population in Tibet is a politically sensitive one.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Tibet (6920 words)

	[No title]
		As the Chinese, now organized into secret societies, consolidated their hold in the mining industry, the stage and the pretext for British intervention on the mainland were set.
		Chinese tin mining and commercial activity, together accounting for over four fifths of total revenue, were such important sources of funds for the government that "the main object of British policy towards the Chinese in the years after the Pangkor Engagement was to encourage tin mining and other commercial activities." (Butcher.
		Chinese and Indians combined totaled 53.2% of the population of all of Malaya, and the number was even more unsettling in the FMS alone, where the non-Malay population was 63.7%, and in the Straits settlements where it was an astounding 71.5% (Comber determined from a table titled "Abstract from 1931 Census." p 90).
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~ong/SCM/scm-faq2.htm (7247 words)

	All Downhill from Here
		Following the Military Mutiny of 1882, the Chinese had three thousand soldiers stationed in and around Seoul, faced by only about six hundred Japanese legation troops whose presence was sanctioned by treaty.
		Li Hongzhang believed that Chinese trade with Korea had to be freed from inflexible traditions and shared the view that foreigners should not be allowed exclusive trade rights.
		The dramatic increase in the number of Chinese traders in Korea dealt a severe blow to the economic interests of Korean merchants and lead to anti-Chinese feelings among the Korean populace.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C25/E2505.htm (2003 words)

	History of Singapore - SgWiki
		The sex ratio in Singapore's Chinese community was around fifteen to one, mainly due to restrictions that the Chinese government imposed, up till the 1860s, on the migration of women.
		Chinese criminal secret societies (analogous to modern-day triads) were extremely powerful; some had tens of thousands of members, and turf wars between rival societies occasionally led to death tolls numbering in the hundreds.
		For example, a Chinese Protectorate under Pickering was established in 1877 to address the needs of the Chinese community, including controlling the worst abuses of the coolie trade.
	www.sgwiki.com /wiki/History_of_Singapore (8859 words)

	history
		The Chinese historian Kim Ly Tuong recorded that in the Fifth Year of Dao Duong, Emperor of the Yao dynasty (236 1 B.C.), the Viet Thuong kingdom sent a diplomatic delegation to the Han court and offered a "sacred turtle" (Linh Qui) as a friendship present.
		Three years later, the better generals and arms of the Chinese Han armies saw to their downfall and the country was once more subjected to Chinese control.
		The Chinese dress and hair style were imposed on the Vietnamese women; local religious rites and costumes were replaced or banished; private fortunes were confiscated and taken to China.
	vietnam.gorgai.com /history1.htm (5576 words)

	Xinjiang Information Center - xinjiang map
		In 60 BC Han China established the Protectorate of the Western Regions (西域都護府) at Wulei (烏壘; near modern Luntai) to oversee the entire region as far west as the Pamir.
		In the late 5th century karghilik xinjiang the Tuyuhun xinjiang 1987 and the Rouran began to encroach upon the region and assert power in southern and northern Xinjiang, respectively, and the Chinese protectorate was lost again.
		Han Chinese are the majority in eastern and northern Xinjiang, including the cities of Urumqi, Karamay, Shihezi and the prefectures of Changji, Bortala, Bayin'gholin, Ili (especially the city of Kuitun), and Kumul.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_T_-_Z/Xinjiang.html (2293 words)

	Singapore - Crown Colony
		The Straits Chinese British Association was formed in 1900 by Baba Chinese leaders to promote loyalty to the British Empire as well as to advance the education and welfare of Singapore's Chinese.
		The Straits Chinese contributed generously to the British war effort in World War I. Although the Chinese upper class, particularly the Straits-born Chinese, grew increasingly Westernized, the homeland exerted a continuing pull on its loyalties that increased during this period.
		Students from Chinese- language schools often continued their education in China, where a school for Nanyang students had been opened in Nanjing in 1907 to prepare them for a role in Singapore's Chinese community.
	countrystudies.us /singapore/6.htm (2518 words)

	NUS: Library: A Sense of History: Singapore, 1914-1941
		Chinese female immigration to the Straits Settlements from 1901 to 1941.
		Chinese politics and political parties in colonial Malaya, 1920-1940: a study of the Kuomintang and the Malayan Communist Party.
		Janet Lim, author of Sold for silver, recalls how she was sold in 1930 and then imported into Singapore as a mui tsai, her years of servitude and her subsequent escape, and the impact of those years on her life.
	www.lib.nus.edu.sg /bib/sh/sing1914.html (3406 words)

	The rich Malaysia history revealed in brief, from the precolonial past until now
		Chinese workers had no agency to look after them unlike the plantation structures looking after the Indian workers.
		A Chinese Protectorate was also set up to look after the interest of the Chinese people and perform many of the functions previously undertaken by these associations.
		In 1948, local communists of the Communist Party of Malaya, nearly all Chinese, launched an insurgency, prompting the imposition of Malayan Emergency (the state of emergency was lifted in 1960).
	www.pulau-pangkor.com /Malaysia-history.html (2491 words)

	"Mao Zedong: Nationalist in Spite of Himself" Speech by Chas. Freeman
		Qin Shihuang is remembered without reverence by Chinese as the ruthless unifier of China whose violence and oppressions paved the way for the peaceful and tolerant order and the wealth and power of the Han Dynasty.
		Mao was determined to bring this vestige of China's turbulent past to heel and to eliminate Taiwan as an American protectorate on Chinese soil.
		The "socialism with Chinese characteristics" that his policies sponsored is derided by some as "bandit capitalism." There may be something to this.
	www.mepc.org /whats/MaoZedong.asp (2899 words)

	Chinese History - Tang Dynasty å” event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		The first empire of the Turks (Chinese: Tujue çªçµ•) was founded by Ashna Tumen é¿å²é£åé— (called Ili Khaghan ä¼å©å¯æ±—) in 552, the Turkish people occupied the Zhunggar Basin æº—åç¾çå° but were defeated in 583 by armies of the Sui Dynasty é and divided into Eastern (Dong Tujue æ±çªå¥) and Western Turks (Xi Tujue è¥¿çªå¥).
		Although the Qidan often staged raids on Chinese territory and had to be pushed back to the north several times, they never really endangered the Tang empire.
		KoguryÅ (Chinese: Gaogouli é«å¥éº—) sought the support of the Turks, and Paekche (Chinese: Baiji ç¾æ¿) in the south that of the Japanese to withstand the pressure from the Sui troops in 598 and could likewise heavily defeat the Sui armies in 612.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Tang/tang-event.html (4601 words)

	Re: Chinese as the original Muslims in the area, Impossible
		Chinese had been traversing the Malay Archipelago as early as the Western Han Dynasty period, the native Malay cultures of the region were therefore not alien to them.
		For example, the Javanese Kingdom of Majapahit, located in the interior of Java, was a Chinese protectorate, while the island's northern coastline was directly ruled by China - a Chinese crown colony.
		Hui Chinese and other non-Muslim Chinese were accepted as royalty and aristocracy by the natives during the Ming Dynasty.
	www.centurychina.com /plaboard/posts/3665652.shtml (295 words)

	banas
		The first certain references to a game of (possibly) the chess type in Chinese sources date from the early 9th century: these are the shortstory Cen Shun by Niu Sengru (779-847) and a poem by Bo Juyi (772-846).
		There was just one embassy, and when the Chinese return mission arrived after Harsa's death, they were attacked by the governour of Tirabhukti.
		The Chinese words ``Xiangqi'' and ``Xiangxi'' as well as their Middle Chinese counterparts do not show any influence of neither the Sanskrit word nor its Chinese rendition.
	www.mynetcologne.de /~nc-jostenge/banas.htm (2107 words)

	The Union of India - Sunday, October 03, 2004 Entries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But these regions had their loyalties to the high seat in Tibet and Tibet was a protectorate of the Chinese empire.
		The Chinese in the meanwhile were too busy in the internal war between the communists and the nationalists. The British took advantage of this chaos in China and started expanding towards Ladakh, North Eastern Frontier Agency and even opened up an office in Lhasa.
		The Chinese were completely oblivious to this border line set up by the British since they were not a party to the agreement.
	o3.indiatimes.com /freedom/archive/2004/10/03.aspx (1252 words)

	Xinjiang Summary
		Located in northwestern China, the Uighur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is bordered by Mongolia to the northeast; the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east; the Tibetan Autonomous Region to the southeast; India and Afghanistan to the south and southwest; Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to the west; and Russia to the north.
		This figure is all the more remarkable because, since 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party arrived to take over the governing of Xinjiang, the central authorities have followed a policy of settling large numbers of Han (ethnic Chinese) in the territory in an effort to solidify their rule.
		In the late 5th century the Tuyuhun and the Rouran began to encroach upon the region and assert power in southern and northern Xinjiang, respectively, and the Chinese protectorate was lost again.
	www.bookrags.com /Xinjiang (3013 words)

	The Exoticism in Tang (618-907)
		The strange features of these foreigners which most struck the Chinese, then as now, were their great noses and hairy faces, features which were a gift to the craftsmen in clay.
		He was a Khotanese and came to the Chinese court in the mid 7th century.
		Intermarriage with Chinese was allowed and many foreigners did marry Chinese women; they were not allowed, however, to take their Chinese wives back to their home countries.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/tang.shtml (2551 words)

	Welcome to World Cambodian Congress
		By the beginning of the first century A.D., the country had absorbed along with many Chinese settlers – a great many of them the refugees from the Han dysnaty – much of what was worthwhile in the culture of the occupying power: the difficult art of rice planting in artificially irrigated areas, Chinese writing skills.
		In 40 A.D., the Vietnamese, much to their surprise, found themselves free from foreign domination for the first time in 150 years and the Trung sisters were proclaimed queens of the country.
		With the rise of the strong Tang dynasty in China after 618, resistance became hopeless: Viet-Nam became the Chinese Protectorate General of the "Pacified South" ("An-Nam" in Chinese).
	www.wccpd.org /ngo/ngo1.html (2935 words)

	Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan
		By encouraging Chinese men to settle in Mongolian territory and marry Mongolian women, the Manchu hoped to impose the Chinese lifestyle and culture on Mongolians.
		The Chinese force the Bogd Khan to surrender Mongolian autonomy, January 2, 1920, courtesy of the National Museum of Mongolian History.
		With the support of the Bogd Khan and the Mongolian princes, the MPP sent a small delegation to Russia to request aid from the Communist Russians in organizing the liberation army and supplying it with ammunition.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /mongolia/section2c.html (489 words)

	N.Korean generals want early nuke test \| WORLD \| NEWS \| tvnz.co.nz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There are fears North Korea is about to test a nuclear bomb, and it may bring the date of a planned nuclear test forward after a contentious remark by China's UN ambassador angered generals in the reclusive country, a source with close ties to Pyongyang said on Sunday.
		Korea was a Chinese protectorate for several centuries until Japan seized it as a colony in 1910.
		A second source with ties to the Chinese leadership said Beijing was alarmed that the chosen test site, deep inside an old coal mine in the north of the country, was just a few hundred kilometres (miles) from the Chinese border.
	tvnz.co.nz /view/page/411419/846284 (812 words)

	vietnam: then&now
		However, the Han also introduced Chinese writing, Confucianism, science, medicine, architecture and many other cultural aspects etc. The scholars and religious travellers also brought Buddhism, Taoism and the civil code of Confucianism to Viet people.
		Northern Vietnamese was so influenced by the Chinese that it became central factor of their complex make-up.
		Chinese rule continued through the collapse of the East Han Dynasty.
	library.thinkquest.org /25734/h/history4.html (305 words)

	Law And Order
		They did not have any Chinese in the police force, so it was difficult to communicate with the Chinese.
		This Protectorate would handle the matters and problems that were related to the Chinese.
		He also encouraged the Chinese to seek government’s help instead of going to the secret societies.
	library.thinkquest.org /12405/maintain.htm (573 words)

	The Emergence of Japan as a Western Text, 4
		In 1871 the Kingdom of the Ryûkyûs, a Chinese protectorate since the fourteenth century, was brought under Japanese jurisdiction, and eight years later annexed, to the futile protestations of the Ryûkyûan king and the Ch’ing court.
		Japanese forces were outnumbered on land and sea but within seven months had expelled the Chinese from Korea, destroyed the Ch’ing fleet, and were in control of Shantung, crucial Manchurian ports, and the sea lanes leading to Peking.
		By the autumn of 1905 Japan stood among the colonial powers of the West as an equal, and through the remainder of the Meiji period confirmed the status in a series of diplomatic accords that in effect traded recognition of colonial interests.
	www.themargins.net /bib/front/intro4.htm (2070 words)

	CBC News Indepth: The Dalai Lama
		Under the treaty, Tibet became a "national autonomous region" ruled by a Chinese commission, with the Dalai Lama as a figurehead ruler.
		It was during the reign of the fourth Dalai Lama that the holder of the office became known not only as the reincarnation of previous Dalai Lamas but also of a bodhisattva, an enlightened being, known for compassion.
		Throughout the eighteenth century, Tibet was caught in power struggles between China and the Mongols, a fight that China eventually won, and which ended with Tibet as a Chinese protectorate.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/dalailama (1375 words)

	Peak Oil News & Message Boards >> Public Policy; Political and Legal News >> Solstice 2100: Q&A
		Mostly quiet, that is; he tried to take back Mexico from the Chinese in ’66, and that didn’t work very well.
		We had a coalition government of generals for a few years after that, but in ’79 the generals fell to fighting each other, and the country broke apart.
		Nine, counting California, but that’s a Chinese protectorate, not a country of its own.
	www.peakoil.com /article21394.html (453 words)

	Vets With A Mission - Origin of Vietnam Name
		Seeking the Chinese emperor's approval of the new national name, Cia Long sent his Ambassador, Le Quan Dinh, to China in 1802.
		In a protracted war which ended with the celebrated battle of Bach Dang, General Ngo Quyen vanquished the Chinese invaders and founded the first National Dynasty in 939.
		When the issue of Cia Long's successor was being discussed in court before his death, the power struggle between the French and Chinese factions resumed.
	www.vwam.com /vets/history/vietnam.html (5980 words)

	Bibliography: Singapore, 1867-1914
		Godley, Michael R. The mandarin-capitalists from Nanyang: overseas Chinese enterprise and the modernization of China, 1893-1911.
		"The Chinese in Malaya and China's politics 1895-1911." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 50(2):7-24, 1977.
		The Imperial frontier in the tropics, 1865-75: a study of British colonial policy in West Africa, Malaya and the South Pacific in the age of Gladstone and Disraeli.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /singapore/resources/sgbibl3.html (1255 words)

	3gardner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		By 1575, the King of Luzon of the Philippines likewise became tributary to the Chinese empire - in part to counterbalance the influence of Spain, that is, until the Spanish opted to wipe out the Chinese population in Manilla in 1662.
		By 1747-1749, Beijing was unable to restore order in Tibet, leading to the 1751 invasion and the Chinese efforts to control the succession and non-spiritual "material world" politics of the dalai lama.
		By 1890, the Board of Admiralty was abolished - indicating the total disarray of the Chinese navy.
	hometown.aol.com /wignesh/3gardner.htm (5300 words)

	Tibetbook.com Home Page
		China and Tibet in the early 18th Century: history of the establishment of the Chinese protectorate in Tibet.
		About a nun who is imprisoned and brutalized by Chinese and Tibetan jailers for an impromptu independence demonstration, and her cousin, an up-and-coming Lhasa nightclub singer, who is accidentally betrayed and finally saved by her Chinese boyfriend.
		About a young monk who becomes obsessed with the 1998 world cup and attempts to bring a tv and a satellite dish to his Tibetan exile monastery in India.
	www.tibetbook.com /readinglist.html (949 words)

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