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	Footnotes to History- C
		Chinese Islamic Republic- The Hui Muslims, descendants of Persian and Central Asian refugees, occupy the Ningxia region of central China.
		Chinese Soviet Republic- The Soviet Republic was declared in December of 1931 under the Presidency of Mao Zedong.
		Cisalpine Republic- The Cisalpine Republic was formed in June of 1797 by Napoleon, merging the earlier puppet states of the Cispadane and the Transpadane Republics.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natc.htm (6093 words)

	Soviet (council) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first soviet (in this sense) was created in Saint Petersburg in January 1905 by workers meeting in the apartment of Voline.
		The term also came to be used outside the Soviet Union by some Marxist-Leninist movements, for example, the Chinese Communist Party's efforts in the "Chinese Soviet Republic" immediately prior to the Long March.
		Based on and in support of view of the state implicit in the Bolshevik use of the term, the word "soviet" naturally extended, or consciously was extended, to mean in effect any body formed by a group of soviets to delegate, up a hierarchy of soviets, the authority to express and effect their will.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Soviet_(council) (341 words)

	Jiangxi Soviet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Jiangxi Soviet, formally called the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghēguó), also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934.
		Chinese Communists left Jiangxi to evade the pursuit and started the Long March northwest to Shaanxi.
		This was before the Simplification of Chinese characters, so official documents of the Soviet Republic were written and the coins inscribed in Traditional Chinese.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic (226 words)

	Chapter 11, Section b5- Soviet Aggression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Soviet forces invaded Manchuria in 1929 to support the Soviet claims to the disputed Chinese Eastern Railway; they withdrew after Chinese acceptance of the Soviet position regarding the railway.
		In August 1945 the Soviet Union concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance with the Republic of China’s Kuomintang (KMT) government, granting it economic concessions and defense facilities, as previously agreed upon by the wartime Allies.
		Although the Soviets promised to respect KMT sovereignty in Manchuria, they stripped the region of nearly all of its industrial machinery, resisted efforts by the Chinese government to reestablish its authority, and gave arms taken from captured Japanese soldiers to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the KMT’s adversary in a civil war.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/c11sb05.html (304 words)

	Chinese Soviet Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Twenties the Chinese communists proclaimed a Soviet republic in Kiangsi.
		The Chinese Communist Party adopted their own War Flag in 1935, which was red bearing a large 5-pointed white star in the center upon which was a fl hammer and sickle of the Russian-soviet type.
		The Chinese Red Army, on the other hand adopted a red banner with a single yellow star in the canton after the Japanese defeat, during the struggle for control of China with the Nationalists.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/cn-csr.html (240 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Jiangxi (江西;; former transliteration: Kiangsi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River's lower and middle sections.
		Chinese Soviet Republic's government located in Ruijin (瑞金), which is sometimes called the "Red-coloured Old Capital" (“红色故都”), or just the "Red Capital".
		Jiangxi is the birthplace of the Gan language-dialect, one of the Chinese languages.
	www.online-encyclopedia.info /encyclopedia/j/ji/jiangxi.html (539 words)

	Flag of the Republic of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The flag of the Republic of China is red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays.
		For the summits held between the KMT and Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC flag was displayed at an equal position to the flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic.
		The flag of the Republic of China has begun to symbolize the existence of a past and possibly future unified China, and as such the government of the PRC has made it clear that for Taiwan to change the flag would be a major provocation in favor of Taiwan independence.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/F/Flag-of-the-Republic-of-China.htm (2209 words)

	Li Fu-jen: End of the Chinese Soviets (1938) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Soviet China has become a “Special Administrative District” under the jurisdiction of the Kuomintang government at Nanking, and the Red Army is now the “Eighth Route Army” subordinated to the high command of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek.
		It consisted in the expulsion of the Chinese Red Army from Kiangsi, the virtual extinction of the Chinese Soviet Republic which had its seat there, and – on the international arena – the growing isolation of the Soviet Union in a sea of fascist and military states.
		The Chinese bourgeoisie and its government are quite incapable, principally because of their ties with imperialism and their fear of the masses, of carrying the war to a successful conclusion.
	www.marxists.org /archive/glass/1938/01/endsoviets.htm (4190 words)

	Long March - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Long March (長征;, pinyin:Chángzhēng) was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Chinese Communist Army to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army.
		The Communist Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, was on the brink of complete annihilation by Chiang Kai-Shek's troops in Jiangxi Province in October 1934.
		Upon the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Long March has since been glorified as the party's symbol for strength and resilience.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Long_March (979 words)

	CNN Cold War - Spotlight: Chinese-Soviet border clashes
		Consequently, a group of Soviet border guards was dispatched to the location where the Chinese had violated the border.
		Soviet leaders, meanwhile, decided to relax Cold War tensions -- which led to the policy of detente in the 1970s.
		Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia and the other former Soviet republics that border China have worked to bury the old border disputes.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/15/spotlight (1183 words)

	Mao Zedong - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		From 1931 to 1934, Mao helped established the Chinese Soviet Republic in south-east China, and was elected as the chairman.
		The withdrawl of Soviet aid, border disputes, disputes over the control and direction of world Communism, whether it should be revolutionary or status quo, and other disputes pertaining to foreign policy contributed to the Sino-Soviet Split in the 1960s.
		Furthermore, many within the People's Republic of China itself point to the phenomenal economic growth that has occurred in Mainland China as a result of the Deng Xiaoping reforms after Mao's death as evidence of the incorrectness of Mao's economic policies.
	openproxy.ath.cx /ma/Mao_Zedong.html (1418 words)

	Mao Zedong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Throughout his leadership, the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) became the ruling party of mainland China as the result of its victory in the Chinese Civil War.
		Unrealistic grain demands by the government, Soviet withdrawal of support, natural disasters, and an economy that had spent ten years recovering from decades of war and chaos caused famine across the nation.
		The withdrawal of Soviet aid, border disputes, disputes over the control and direction of world communism, whether it should be revolutionary or status quo, and other disputes pertaining to foreign policy contributed to the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mao_Zedong (4757 words)

	SOVIET (COUNCIL) FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Russian Marxists made them a medium for organizing against the state, and between the February and October_Revolutions, the Petrograd_Soviet was a powerful force.
		The term also came to be used outside the Soviet Union by some Marxist-Leninist movements, for example, the Chinese_Communist_Party's efforts in the "Chinese_Soviet_Republic" immediately prior to the Long_March.
		In this sense, post-Kerensky government bodies at local and republic levels (but in the Russian federated republic, local, republic, and federated republic levels) were called "soviets", and at the top of the hierarchy, the Supreme_Soviet was the nominal core of the Union government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, officially formed in December 1922.
	www.whereintheworldisbush.com /soviet_(council) (331 words)

	Soviet Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soviet Republic may refer to one of the following states.
		Any of the republics of the Soviet Union.
		Specifically to Bolshevist Russia and Russian SFSR after the Russian Revolution and during the Russian Civil War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_Republic (100 words)

	Mao Zedong
		Under his leadership, it became the ruling party of mainland China as the result of its victory in the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
		In the field of philosophy, Mao's ideas are considered culturally significant rather than original; still, his ideas have had a monumental impact on generations of Chinese, and have significantly affected the rest of the world.
		The other was the reformers, led by Deng Xiaoping, who wanted to overhaul the Chinese economy based on pragmatic policies and to deemphasize the role of ideology in determining economic and political policy.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mao_zedong.html (3176 words)

	Documents from Communist China
		It shall be the mission of the Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic to guarantee the democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry in the Soviet districts, and to secure the triumph of the dictatorship throughout the whole of China.
		The Soviet government of China guarantees to the workers, peasants, and toilers freedom of speech and the press as well as the right to assembly; it will be opposed to bourgeois and landlord democracy, but is in favour of the democracy of the workers and peasant masses.
		The Soviet régime of China declares its readiness to form a united revolutionary front with the world proletariat and all oppressed nations, and proclaims the Soviet Union, the land of proletarian dictatorship, to be its loyal ally.
	sourcebook.fsc.edu /history/communistchina.html (3900 words)

	Mao Zedong -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led China's communist revolution and served as chairman of the People's Republic of China (1949–59) and chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1931–76).
		He became chairman of a Chinese Soviet Republic formed in rural Jiangxi province; its Red Army withstood repeated attacks from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist army but at last undertook the Long March to a more secure position in northwestern China.
		Leader of the Chinese Communist Party from 1931, he was chairman (chief of state) of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party until his death.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9371234?tocId=9371234 (1048 words)

	Jiangxi Soviet -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Jiangxi Soviet, formally called the Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 (Click link for more info and facts about Pinyin) Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghēguó), also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934.
		(Chinese communist leader (1893-1976)) Mao Zedong was the (The officer who presides at the meetings of an organization) chairman.
		In April 1932, a Central Postal Office (邮政总局) was created, and printed several designs of (A token that postal fees have been paid) postage stamps for use in provinces under the rule of the Soviet Republic.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/ji/jiangxi_soviet.htm (261 words)

	Mao Zedong - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mao is widely credited for creating a mostly unified China that was free of foreign domination for the first time since the Opium War, while at the same time criticized for the famine of 1958–1961 and the violence of the Cultural Revolution.
		In the field of philosophy, Mao's ideas are considered more culturally significant than original; still, his ideas have had a monumental impact on generations of Chinese and have significantly affected the rest of the world.
		Facing the fact of not being heard on the political stage, Mao responded to Liu and Deng by launching the Cultural Revolution in 1966, in which the Communist hierarchy was circumvented by giving power directly to the Red Guards, groups of young people, often teenagers, who set up their own tribunals.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Mao_Zedong (3610 words)

	Chinese Soviet Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Chinese Soviet Republic (中华苏维埃共和国 Pinyin : Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghēguó), also translated as the SovietRepublic of China or the China Soviet Republic, existed from 1931 to 1934.
		In April 1932, a Central Postal Office(邮政总局) was created, and printed several designs of postage stamps for use in provinces under the rule of the Soviet Republic.
		This was before the Simplification of Chinese characters, so official documents of the Soviet Republic werewritten and the coins inscribed in Traditional Chinese.
	www.therfcc.org /chinese-soviet-republic-37480.html (205 words)

	International Seminar on Nationality Question
		The Soviet Government in China recognise the right of self-determination of the national minorities in China, their right to complete separation from China, the formation of an independent state for each national minority.
		In 1945 the CPC argued for national self-determination (as soon as the war was concluded), rejected the policy of advocating secession for the minority nationalities, and opted for the equality of nationalities in the Chinese state.
		The first Constitution of the People's Republic of China which was promulgated in 1954 represented a retreat even from its earlier acceptance of the principles of Sun Yat-sen on the national question.
	revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv2n1/aiprf.htm (2880 words)

	AllRefer.com - China - Perception Of Threat - The Soviet Union \| Chinese Information Resource
		The 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia and the buildup of Soviet forces in the Soviet Far East raised Chinese suspicions of Soviet intentions.
		Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev's 1986 offer to withdraw some troops from Afghanistan and the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolia) were seen by Beijing as a cosmetic gesture that did not lessen the threat to China.
		Chinese leaders reportedly did not consider a Soviet attack to be imminent or even likely in the short term.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/china/china391.html (930 words)

	International People's Times
		Before the granting of German membership, the Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic and the Government of the German Democratic Republic concluded a Treaty of Mutual Alliance.
		Former CSR Minister of Culture Chan Chiyan is currently residing in Bangkok, Thailand.
		The Chinese Soviet Republic, as a neighbour of the affected nations, is willing to give financial and medical assistance to Indonesia, Thailand, Maldives, Somalia and India.
	internationaltimes.blogspot.com (1666 words)

	China in the 20th Century
		The Chinese people, being resentful of foreigners and dissatisfied with inability of the present government to throw them out, initiated the Revolution of 1911, replacing the Chinese 2000 year old imperial system with the Republic of China headed by Sun Yat-sen.
		The army of the Republic of China, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek tried to destroy the Communist army in 1934, however, Chiang failed but did cause the CCP to flee northward in the Long March.
		On March 20, 2000, the Chinese in Taiwan elected a president that was pro-independence.
	www.kings.edu /history/20c/china.html (6493 words)

	The Republic of China and the United Nations, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In November 1931, the CCP established the so-called "Chinese Soviet Republic" in Juichin, Kiangsi Province, and organized a provisional central government.
		As described above, the Taiwan area and the Chinese mainland constitute two separate parts of the territory of China; one is ruled by the ROC government and the other is ruled by the PRC government.
		This resolution was passed overwhelmingly and, as a result, the ROC government, as the legitimate representative of her 21 million people, has both the responsibility and the obligation to realize their expectations.
	www.taipei.org /press/gioun95.htm (3283 words)

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