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	Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Art of China - Architecture
		It is a thorough study of imperial cities, beginning with Khubilai Khan=s city in China, Dadu, which was the focus of the author=s dissertation, continuing with imperial capitals throughout the centuries, such as Chang=an and Luoyang during the Han and the Tang dynasties, and Nanjing, Shenyang and Beijing during the Ming and Qing.
		Translated from Chinese, the work is written by an expert on Chinese architecture, documenting the palace, its wooden structures, both interior and exterior views, various halls, buildings, pavilions, and gates.
		Devoted to Chinese gardens and in honor of Professor Chen Congzhou of Shanghai, the issue includes 6 essays on the cosmological setting of Chinese gardens, the Confucian role, interior display in relation to external space, and Ascholar gardens,@ with a lengthy guide to secondary sources on Chinese gardens.
	www.si.edu /Encyclopedia_SI/freersac/chinarct.htm (1685 words)

	The Cultural Heritage of China :: The Arts :: Architecture :: Introduction
		Thus, in contrast to Western architecture, which tends to grow in height and in depth, Chinese architecture stresses on the visual impact of the width of the buildings.
		The privileging of certain colors, numbers and cardinal directions in traditional Chinese Architecture reflected the belief in a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could not be attributed to a transcendent God or principle but was irreducible from the thing itself.
		The Chinese dragon, an emblem reserved for the imperial regime, were heavily used on imperial architecture - on the roofs, on the beams and pillars, and on the doors.
	www.ibiblio.org /chineseculture/contents/arts/p-arts-c03s01.html (1270 words)

	Chinese Architecture
		The most important is the Chinese architectural emphasis on the horizontal axis, in particular the construction of a heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not as well emphasized.
		Chinese buildings may be built with either red or grey bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire.
		The use of certain colours, numbers the cardinal directions in traditional Chinese architecture reflected the belief in a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could be wholely contained in its own form, without reference to an evanescent belief.
	www.chinaonline.cn.com /chinese_culture/topical/chinese-architecture.html (1270 words)

	Chinese Architecture,China Architecture Tours,Ancient China Architecture
		Chinese Buddhist architecture consists of temple, pagoda and grotto.
		The Buddhist architecture was considered as aesthetic and cultural.
		The main emphasis in the Chinese Buddhist architecture was given on symmetries and layered roofs.
	china.tourism-asia.net /chinese-architecture.html (234 words)

	Shanghai Architecture
		While both the Bund architecture and the modern architecture in Shanghai seem to be entirely Western in style, the Bund architecture represents colonialist domination while the new architecture is an example of the emerging sense of proud Chinese nationalism and Shanghai regionalism.
		The architecture of the Bund “represented China’s subjugation by outsiders” (Dong, 200).
		Modern Shanghai architecture stands in stark contrast to this — it is a representation of pride in the city, and serves a purpose in defining both a national Chinese identity and a regional Shanghai identity to Shanghai’s citizens.
	www.nd.edu /~pschram1/shangarch.html (4044 words)

	Chinese Architecture
		However, the traditional skills of Chinese architecture, including major carpentry, minor carpentry, masonry, and stone masonry, are still applied to the construction of vernacular architecture in the vast rural area in China.
		Chinese buildings may be built with either red or gray bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire.
		The Chinese dragon, an emblem reserved for Imperial China, were heavily used on Imperial architecture - on the roofs, on the beams and pillars, and on the doors.
	www.chinese-architecture.info (2762 words)

	Chinese architecture â“ FREE Chinese architecture Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Find Chinese architecture Research
		Chinese architecture Style that as early as the Neolithic period, used columns to support roofs, faced houses s, and used bright colours.
		The characteristic Chinese roof with wide overhang and upturned eaves was probably developed in the Zhou period (1030–221 bc).
		A walled complex with a central axis for temples and palaces was established in the Han (202 bc–ad 220), and the practice of building residential units around a central courtyard with elaborately planned garden became standard.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O142-Chinesearchitecture.html (767 words)

	Chinese architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important is the Chinese architectural emphasis on the horizontal axis, in particular the construction of a heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base, with the vertical walls not as well emphasized.
		Chinese buildings may be built with either red or grey bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but are vulnerable to fire.
		The Chinese dragon, an emblem reserved for the imperial regime, were heavily used on imperial architecture - on the roofs, on the beams and pillars, and on the doors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_architecture (1382 words)

	architec
		The Potala in Lhasa is a gong to the Chinese; the lame temple of Beijing is Yonghegong.
		The names in the Chinese language for nearly all the things connected with the emperor or the empress were preceded by the epithet "dragon" or "phoenix".
		Sovereign to all birds, it has the head of the golden pheasant, the beak of the parrot, the body of the mandarin duck, the wings of the roe, the feathers of the peacock and the legs of the crane.
	www.chinaetravel.com /china/architec.html (2642 words)

	Chinese architecture â“ FREE Chinese architecture Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		Chinese architecture the buildings and other structures created in China from prehistoric times to the present day.
		The background of Chinese architecture has been somewhat clarified as a result of the increase of archaeological activity since 1949.
		Globalisation and architecture: the challenges of globalisation are relentlessly shaping architecture's relationship with society and culture.(theory)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Chines-arc.html (1590 words)

	Architecture
		But a significant architectural development of theis period was the invention of corbel brackets, called dougong in Chinese, which are inserted on column heads to support the projecting eaves.
		Architectural art reached an advanced level in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) when more and more elegant flexible designs were created, featuring polygonal, multi-eaved roofs, intricate ceiling structures, finely carved doors, windows, colunms and brackets.
		After 1949 imperial mausoleums were decreed cultural relics under special preservation, and renovations of the art of ancient Chinese architecture and many of them are open to the public as tourist spots.
	www.pasadena.edu /chinese/cultural/architecture.html (2537 words)

	Chinese architecture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		B.C. The background of Chinese architecture has been somewhat clarified as a result of the increase of archaeological activity since 1949.
		As early as the neolithic period, a basic principle of Chinese architecture was already established, wherein columns spaced at intervals, rather than walls, provided the support for the roof.
		Through the T’ang and Sung dynasties, Chinese architecture retained the basic characteristics already developed in the Han, although there was a greater technical mastery and a tendency toward rich adornment and complexity of the system of bracketing.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Chines-arc.html (954 words)

	Chinese Architecture categories and features
		Localization starts right after Buddhist architecture was introduced into China with Buddhism during the Han dynasty, interpreting Chinese architectural aesthetics and culture.As the central structure of spreading Buddhism in China, the temple is where cenobites preceding their religious life.
		Later as architectural techniques improved, glazed tiles, exquisite engravings and delicate paintings were applied in the construction of temples, which came to be more magnificent and splendid.Chinese Buddhist architecture follows symmetric style strictly.
		Garden architecture, an important part of ancient Chinese architecture is a combination of structures and man-made landscape with natural scenery.
	polaris.gseis.ucla.edu /yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_ARCHITECTURE_CATEGORIES.HTM (2816 words)

	Architecture and Culture
		Styles of Chinese ancient architecture are rich and varied, such as temples, imperial palaces, altars, pavilions, official residencies and folk houses, which greatly reflect Chinese ancient thought - the harmonious unity of human beings with nature.
		The influence of this spirit on architecture is characterized by pursuing sense and connotation.
		Usually, the front of Chinese architecture is simply plain walls that cannot catch your eyes, but when you patiently walk inside, you will find the best feature is waiting in the farthest inside like a shy girl slowly uncovers her veil.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/architecture/culture (285 words)

	thecoolhunter.net - architecture
		Chinese architect I.M. Pei with Pei Partnership Architects recently designed the Suzhou Museum in the city’s historic district 100 miles northwest of Shanghai.
		Architecture and landscape become interrelated as a series of gardens and courtyards flow in and from the building itself.
		A fitting tribute to cultural and architectural traditions of an area steeped in history, but a refreshing approach to a home in the hills that isn’t all bling and dodgy ‘period’ features.
	www.thecoolhunter.net /architecture (4753 words)

	Chinese Architecture - China at Chinaxyht (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the years.
		As for the commoners, be they mandarins, merchants or farmers, their houses tended to follow a set pattern: the centre of the building would be a shrine for the deities and the ancestors, which would also be used during festivities.
		On its two sides were bedrooms for the elders; the two wings of the building (known as "guardian dragons" by the Chinese) were for the junior members of the family, as well as the living room, the dining room, and the kitchen.
	www.chinaxyht.com /architecture_china.html (422 words)

	Chinese Super Bargains, Chinese Computers / Notebooks, Chinese Dictionary, Chinese ESL-English as Second Language, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinese, like the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family, is a tonal language, meaning that different tones, or intonations, dis-tinguish words that otherwise are pronounced identically.
		Chinese is written with thousands of distinctive characters called ideographs which have no relation to the sound of a word.
		The earliest Chinese characters were pictographs, such as a crescent for the moon, or a circle with a dot in the center to represent the sun.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Chinese.htm (1165 words)

	The Cultural Heritage of China :: The Arts :: Architecture :: Imperial Roof Decoration
		Chinese imperial roof decoration or roof charms or roof-figures (檐獸 / 檐兽; Pinyin: yán shòu) or (走獸 / 走兽; Pinyin: zǒu shòu) or (蹲獸 / 蹲兽; Pinyin: Dūn shòu) was only allowed on official buildings of the empire.
		Chinese roofs are typically of the hip roof type, with small gables.
		Variant versions are still widespread in Chinese temples and has spread to the rest of East Asia and parts of Southeast Asia.
	www.ibiblio.org /chineseculture/contents/arts/p-arts-c03s05.html (383 words)

	Chinese Architecture
		Chinese architecture is most famous for the Great Wall of China.
		A Chinese structure is based on the principle of balance and symmetry.
		That is why the Chinese have added an additional colonnade to support the weight under the outer edges, reducing the bracket system to mere decorations.
	library.thinkquest.org /10098/china1.htm (1173 words)

	Chinese Architecture
		Lavishly illustrated Chinese Architecture is a comprehensive and authoritative study of Chinese architecture from Neolithic times through the late nineteenth century.
		Not only does she explain the architecture of the Yin Yu Tang house, but she tells of Chinese family life from the poems recited at weddings to the stories the children learned in school.
		Given the antiquity of Chinese culture, and the dramatic sweep of its history over the past few hundred years, it is as important to place Yin Yu Tang in time as it is to locate it geographically.
	www.wordtrade.com /arts/architecture/chinesearchitectureR.htm (1470 words)

	Chinese architecture - Chinese Art - Chinese Art
		Chinese buildings can be built with either red or grey bricks, but wooden structures are the most common; these are more capable of withstanding earthquakes, but vulnerable to fire.
		The privileging of certain colours, numbers and cardinal directions in traditional Chinese Architecture reflected the belief in a type of immanence, where the nature of a thing could not be attributed to a transcendent God or pinciple but was irreducible from the thing itself.
		On its two sides were bedrooms for the elders; the two wings of the building (known as "guardian dragons" by the Chinese) were for the junior members of the family, as well as the living room, the dining room, and the kitchen.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Chinese_architecture (1328 words)

	Chinese Architecture - Architecture
		The Chinese architecture style, by contrast, combines rectangular shapes varying in size and position according to importance into an organic whole, with each level and component clearly distinguished.
		The key characteristic of chinese architecture is its use of a wooden structural frame with pillars and beams, and earthen walls surrounding the building on three sides.
		Chinese architecture use wood as a main construction material for thousands of years; wood on the Chinese represents life, and “life” is the main thing Chinese culture in its various form endeavors to communicate.
	www.artsentertainmentarticles.com /Architecture/chinese-architecture (844 words)

	Welcome to the Curtual Division, Taipei Economic & Cultural Office in Houston
		Another characteristic of Chinese architecture is its use of a wooden structural frame with pillars and beams, and earthen walls surrounding the building on three sides.
		Chinese have used wood as a main construction material for thousands of years; wood to the Chinese represents life, and ``life'' is the main thing Chinese culture in its various forms endeavors to communicate.
		The highly varied color murals found on a traditional Chinese building have both symbolic and aesthetic significance, and may range from outlines of dragons and phoenixes and depictions of myths to paintings of landscapes, flowers, and birds.
	www.houstoncul.org /eng_culexg/c001.htm (1130 words)

	ARCHITECTURE
		Chinese architectural style is a unique architectural style which uses timber as the primary construction material.
		As one of the three famous architectural styles, together with Western and Islamic architecture, Chinese architecture is distinguished by the follownig main characteristics: 1)its greatest achievements are the royal palaces and city planning, which reflect China's supreme imperial authority and social estate system; 2) its courtyards were
		It is generally accepted that traditional Chinese architectural style can be classified into several categories: royal palaces, residential houses, and religious temples and pagodas and tombs.
	english.people.com.cn /features/architecture/home.htm (165 words)

	Chinese Architecture
		Although few examples of Chinese homes have survived from ancient times, using archeological evidence, scholars have determined that many of the basic principles of Chinese house design, such as the emphasis on orientation, layout, and symmetry go far back in Chinese history.
		The basic building block of Chinese architecture is the bay or "the space between," which is the space defined by roof supports.
		Chinese houses almost always consist of an odd number of bays; an even number of bays is considered unlucky.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/chinaproject/chinesearchitecture.html (613 words)

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