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Topic: Chinese civil service examination

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		It must be emphasized that examinations during the Han dynasty were used mainly to grade officials already in the civil service.
		They used civil service examinations to limit the development of alternative military and aristocratic power centers and to draw into their government the sons of elities from newly emerging regions in South China.
		During Tang dynasty, examinations enhanced the interest in classical works and it was also the golden age of poetry as many candidates were practising the art as part of their for examinations.
	members.tripod.com /~leavis/china.htm (1679 words)

	Li Bai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the use of the pronunciation 'bó' (pinyin romanisation), originally associated with the reading of Classical Chinese, has largely disappeared in modern China, partly as a result of language planning and standardisation.
		Though he expressed the wish to become an official, he did not sit for the Chinese civil service examination.
		He was given a post at the Hanlin Academy, which served to provide a source of scholarly expertise and poetry for the Emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Li_Po (1083 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Confucianism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought which had tremendous influence on the history of Chinese civilization down to the 21st century.
		The Chinese character for "rites" previously had the religious meaning of "sacrifice" (the character 禮 is composed of the character 示, which means "altar", to the left of the character 曲 placed over 豆, representing a vase full of flowers and offered as a sacrifice to the gods; cf.
		The Chinese examination system seems to have been started in 165 BCE, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Confucianism (4674 words)

	confucian education
		The fundamental justification for the Chinese Imperial Exams was that appointees to civil service positions were not to be chosen through special or inherited privilege, but through an individual's own abilities.
		The civil service examination was thus a means for creating such a body of men, and it became a meritocratic strategy that was emulated by France and Britain in the nineteenth century when these countries began needing public servants for their far-flung imperial outpost.
		At the provincial level examinations candidates were tested on the breadth of their studies in the Classics, and these examinations often last up to seventy-two hours.
	www.csupomona.edu /~plin/ls201/confucian3.html (545 words)

	Confucianism
		It is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought which had tremendous influence on the history of Chinese civilization up to the 21st century.
		The Chinese examination system seems to have been started in 165 BC, when certain candidates for public office were called to the Chinese capital for examination of their moral excellence by the emperor.
		Rujiao and Kongjiao contain the Chinese term jiao, the noun "teaching", used in such as terms as "education" or "educator", but also, notably, the term most frequently used for constructing the names of religions in Chinese.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/co/confucianism.html (4750 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinese civilization had stabilized in a monarchical empire guided by Confucian ideas, though intrigues would soon bring the fall of the Former Han dynasty.
		As Chinese population increased to 230 million, those working in cotton, silk, paper, and iron industries in the north had to be supplied with grain from the south, where peasants had heavy taxes.
		Chinese ships and guns were inferior to the iron steamships and flintlock rifles of the English.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	Confucianism Encyclopedia Article @ BareHands.com (Bare Hands) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought which has had tremendous influence on the history of Chinese civilization down to the 21st century.
		The term jiao, however, is notably used to construct the names of religions in Chinese: the terms for Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Shintoism and other religions in Chinese all end with jiao.
		The term xue is parallel to "-ology" in English, being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, political science, economics, and sociology all end in xue.
	www.barehands.com /encyclopedia/Confucianism (3451 words)

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	www.upscexam.com /ias_syllabus_mains (598 words)

	Book: Chinese Literature: A Dream of Red Mansions-chinese literature, classical chinese literature, ancient chinese ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Dream of Red Mansions is the greatest classic Chinese novel written by Cao Xueqin in the mid-eighteenth century.
		The novel has made a breakthrough in the traditional single-thread development of plots and characters, and created a grand, integral and natural artistic structure in which numerous characters move about in the same place at the same time without disturbing the unity of the plots.
		A few words of his or her own are good enough to outline the lifelike character's personality and, therefore, for the reader to tell who is who.
	www.chinesecultureonline.com /productdetail.do?menu=BA&id=44 (250 words)

	Wang Yangming [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		As is well known, by the time of the Yongle reign (1403-24), Cheng-Zhu learning had become fully established as the basis for the civil service examination that was the exclusive pathway to government service in imperial China.
		The establishment of Neo-Confucianism as the examination curriculum contributed to what some thinkers considered to be the “vulgarization” of Neo-Confucian moral teaching.
		As Cheng-Zhu learning served as the basis of the civil examinations, those who wanted to get involved in the political arena had to master it regardless of whether or not they agreed with the essence of its teaching.
	www.iep.utm.edu /w/wangyang.htm (4818 words)

	Ed Rogers Rare & Out of Print Books - Rare Paleontology Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lorenzo Magalotti (1637-1712) was an Italian scientist, diplomat and courtier in the service of the Medici.
		During his years of political service, Francis Bacon wrote a collection of essays and several works on reorganizing the natural sciences and provided which were published before and after in death.
		His last political service in the East was a difficult mission to Burma in 1827.
	www.geology-books.com /newcatalog.html (16786 words)

	Confucianism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		'''Confucianism''' (Chinese: 儒家, Pinyin ''Rújiā'', ''lit.'' "''The School of the Scholars''"; or, less accurately, 孔教 ''Kŏng jiào'', "The Religion of Confucius") is an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the early Chinese sage Confucius.
		It suggests that Confucianism cannot "answer fully to the religious needs of the heart" since it deemphasizes active participation in worship of the deity, has "little use of prayer," recognizes no concept of grace, and has "no definite teaching" regarding the afterlife.
		[http://afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Lunyu The Analects of Confucius] in Chinese with English translations of James Legge and D.C. Lau
	goc.subdomain.de /Confucian (4613 words)

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