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Topic: Chinese economic reform

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	China's Economic Reform
		According to development economics, the key to solving this problem is to transfer the 150 to 200 million excess laborers in rural areas to non-agricultural sectors.
		On the one hand, the reform of state-owned enterprises and the restructuring of the state sector are proceeding at a slow pace.
		Reformers of the Eastern European countries, when assessing their past experience, point out that one of the most important reasons why their reforms were unsuccessful or abandoned halfway was the insurmountable resistance that they encountered when they tried to reform the state sector.
	www.oycf.org /Perspectives/5_043000/china.htm (3283 words)

	Chinese economic reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Although Chinese economic reform has been characterised by many in the West as a return to capitalism, Chinese officials have insisted that it is a form of socialism, because to do otherwise would call into question the validity of Marxism and the legitimacy of the regime.
		The first reforms in the late 1970s and early 1980s consisted of opening trade with the outside world, instituting the contract responsibility system in agriculture, by which farmers could sell their surplus crops on the open market, and the establishment of township village enterprises.
		Chinese economic reforms occurred at roughly the same time as peristroika in the Soviet Union, yet peristroika has been widely judged to be a failure while Chinese economic reform has been widely considered to be a success.
	chinese-economic-reform.area51.ipupdater.com (872 words)

	Chinese economic reform - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com
		The initial challenge of economic reform was to solve the problems of motivating workers and farmers to produce a larger surplus and to eliminate economic imbalances that were common in command economies.
		Although many in the West have characterised Chinese economic reform as a return to capitalism, Chinese officials have insisted that Chinese economic reform is a form of socialism, because to do otherwise would call into question the validity of Marxism and the legitimacy of the regime.
		The first reforms in the late 1970's and early 1980's consisted of opening trade with the outside world, instituting the contract responsbility system in agriculture, by which farmers could see their surplus crops on the open market, and the established of township_village_enterprises.
	www.indexsuche.com /Chinese_economic_reform.html (898 words)

	Communist Party of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The party was founded in 1921, and fought the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War, which ended with the party's victory in the Chinese Revolution.
		Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt.
		Chinese Neo-Leftism, meanwhile, is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist road" -- i.e., to return China to the days after Mao but before the reforms of Deng Xiaoping and his successors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Party_of_China (1987 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The distinctiveness of China’s economic reform The distinctive pattern of China’s economic reform emerged from the interaction between government policy and the often unforeseen consequences of economic change.
		Big bang reforms Big ban reforms were brought with a belief that destruction of the system at a single blow is necessary because disentangling the elements of the system was impossible.
		Chinese policy makers have failed to achieve consensus about or articulate a vision of the post-reform economic system, despite of their propaganda.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /wwac/561/7.2_Naughton.doc (683 words)

	Capitalism
		If economic practices can be mapped to a fitness landscape in which optimization of the distribution of wealth is evolved then both viewpoints are valid, since random and chaotic fluctuations could be viewed as mutations.
		Under Chinese Marxism, which is the official state ideology, capitalism refers to a stage of history in which there is a class system in which the proletariat is exploited by the bourgeoisie.
		In the official Chinese ideology, China is currently in the primary stage of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/capitalism_1.html (5178 words)

	Chinese Economic Reform
		To be sure, the move toward economic reform came about as a result of a "changed domestic and international environment, which altered the leadership's perception of the factors that affect China's national security and social stability" (Xu 247).
		To a great extent, the issue of economic reform became politicized as the issue was used as a means by Deng Xiaoping to attain the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.
		Economic reform, then, becomes nothing less than a moral crusade and it is thus easy to see why, for example, China "has staked its national prestige on becoming a founding member of the World Trade Organization" (Gargan 14).
	www.studyworld.com /newsite/ReportEssay/SocialIssues/GlobalIssues/Chinese_Economic_Reform-3285122.htm (4500 words)

	Product Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Jinglian Wu, one of the principal architects of modern economic reform in China, is a Senior Researcher with the Development Research Center under the State Council, Professor of Economics at the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and a Bao Steel Chair Professor of Economics at China-Europe International Business School.
		Achievements and deficiencies of the reform of power-delegating and profit-sharing.
		7.2 Fiscal and Taxation Reform from 1980 to 1993.
	websites.swlearning.com /cgi-wadsworth/course_products_wp.pl?fid=M2b&product_isbn_issn=1587991977&discipline_number=428 (1409 words)

	SOAS: SED: Putting meaning into markets: Coasian analysis of Chinese economic reform
		Reform policy tends to expand the freedom of action for economic agents rather than to prescribe new patterns of behaviour.
		An analysis of economic relations must be able to account for and reconcile issues of the culturally informed practices which, in conjunction with the newly competitive environment, provide the rules of economic interaction.
		Secondly, in the particular case of Chinese reform, it claws-back the telos of the system from an impersonal notion of efficiency to the intentional activities of the economic agents themselves in the specific market structures to which they have contributed.
	www.soas.ac.uk /SED/Issue2-1/jamie.html (2221 words)

	Free-TermPapers.com - Chinese Economic Reform
		Chinese Economic Reform Two years after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, it became apparent to many of China's leaders that economic reform was necessary.
		To be sure, the move toward economic reform came about as a result of a changed domestic and international environment, which altered the leadership's perception of the factors that affect China's national security and social stability (Xu, Zhiming.
		Economic reform, then, becomes nothing less than a moral crusade and it is thus easy to see why, for example, China has staked its national prestige on becoming a founding member of the World Trade Organization (Gargan, pg.
	www.free-termpapers.com /tp/13/euz41.shtml (4479 words)

	The Jamestown Foundation
		The current leadership remains committed to economic reform, recognizing that it is necessary for long-term growth and prosperity.
		The prime objective of the reform process has been rapid economic growth in such sectors as foreign investment, urban and rural industrialisation, service industries, and private sector enterprises, while increasing managerial autonomy for the state and collectively-owned sectors of industry and expanding foreign trade.
		Economic development, free-market reforms and political democratization are intimately connected — which is something the CCP would rather not confront.
	www.jamestown.org /publications_details.php?volume_id=408&issue_id=3422&article_id=2370097 (1739 words)

	AllRefer.com - China - The Relation with Economic Reform \| Chinese Information Resource
		Implementing the reforms of the science and technology system, however, presupposed reforms of the economic, industrial, and local administrative systems (see Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979, ch.
		The intent of the reformers was to change the basic conditions of the economic system, so that the self-interest that had pushed managers of factories and research institutes toward compartmentalization, duplication, and hoarding of resources would henceforth push them toward cooperation, division of labor, and orientation toward the needs of the market.
		Because these reforms represented a radical departure from the procedures developed since the 1950s, the leadership anticipated that their implementation would be slow, and it planned to phase them in over a number of years.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/china/china273.html (536 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Soviet and Chinese Economic Reform - Marshall L. Goldman and Merle Goldman
		Summary: Compares the processes of economic liberalization in the USSR and China, to the latter's advantage, and considers that "China may be a more receptive environment for economic reform", possibly because the reform process has been going on longer there, possibly for cultural reasons, i.e.
		Marshall I. Goldman is Professor of Economics at Wellesley College, Associate Director of the Russian Research Center, Harvard University and author of Gorbachev?s Challenge: Economic Reform in the Age of High Technology.
		There have been previous efforts to reform the Stalinist model, but what makes Deng and Gorbachev different is that they not only acknowledge the need to change, but seek to implement changes that challenge the vested interests of their own communist parties.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19880201faessay7884/marshall-l-goldman-merle-goldman/soviet-and-chinese-economic-reform.html (732 words)

	Chinese Economic Reform: The Impact on Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Chinese Economic Reform looks beyond the recent economic success of China, by focusing specifically on the pivotal role of the People's Liberation Army in the economy as a means of consolidating its power.
		China's relationship with the rest of the world is evaluated in the context of this situation and the implications for her defence policy outlined.
		This is the first book to carefully examine the economic reform on defence and includes a controversial and fascinating chapter on the staggering corruption in the army.
	isbn.nu /0415130077 (376 words)

	Free Essay Chinese Economic Reform Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		This 7-page paper is an analysis of the Chinese Economic Reform movement after Mao's takeover of mainland China in 1949.
		This 4 page paper provides an overview of the Qing Dynasty of 18th century China, especially in regards to economic growth and the transformation of imperi...
		Indeed, when the policy was first implemented, many Chinese seem[ed] to fear that Deng's policies [were] drawing China back toward its former semi-colonial status as a "market where the imperialist countries dump their goods, a raw material base, a repair and assembly workshop, and an investment center." (Nathan 51)
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25922 (4582 words)

	Faculty and East Asian Collection Librarians
		Reform and Revolution in China: 1911 Revolution in Hunan and Hubei (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976).
		Chinese Village, Socialist State, with Edward Friedman and Mark Selden (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991) * Won the Joseph Levenson Prize from the Association of Asian Studies.
		The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /chinesehistory/faculty.html (1479 words)

	Chinese Economic Reform
		The party's leaders decided to shift the base of party legitimacy from virtue to competence, and to do that they had to demonstrate that they could deliver the goods.
		Nathan noted the almost pathological resistance to foreign intervention in the Chinese economy: "Some Chinese fear that reliance on imported technology will encourage a dependent psychology...
		Suttle, head of emerging markets research at the investment firm of J.P. Morgan, has predicted that "[i]t looks as though the Chinese are going to have the soft landing they are aiming for" (quoted in Hansell D2).
	www.studyworld.com /newsite/ReportEssay/History/Asian\Chinese_Economic_Reform-92.htm (4493 words)

	Ying-yi Qian (Fall 2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Before coming to Cal, he taught in the Department of Economics at Stanford University for nine years, and in the Department of Economics at the University of Maryland for 2 years.
		Professor Qian's main research areas are comparative institutional economics, economics of transition, and China's economic reform and development.
		His study on Chinese economic reform focuses on the macro level, such as the government behavior and firms' behavior.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~olney/interviews/qian.html (368 words)

	Table of contents for Understanding and interpreting Chinese economic reform
		The Raise of the Issue of Reform in China Chapter 2 The Evolution of China's Reform Strategy 2.1 Administrative Decentralization (1958 to 1978) 1.
		An Economic Analysis of Administrative Decentralization 2.2 Incremental Reform (1979 to 1993) 1.
		Active Participation in Regional Economic Cooperation Part Three Macroeconomic and Social Issues Chapter 9 Establishment of a New Social Security System 9.1 The Social Security System Before Reform and the Reform Plan of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CCCPC 1.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0514/2005017747.html (1551 words)

	economic China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		State Economic and Trade Commission Introduction to the ministers, their functions, organization of the Commission and its companies.
		Chinese economy continues to boom China's economy will continue to expand at a fast rate, the OECD says, but pollution and welfare remain problems.
		China-inc.com Now that China is a member of WTO it will further the economic China is predicted to become the world's largest economic center by the year 2030.
	www.chinaexhibitions.com /China_economic.html (1265 words)

	Amazon.com: Growing Out of the Plan : Chinese Economic Reform, 1978-1993: Books: Barry Naughton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Growing Out of the Plan is a comprehensive study of China's economic reforms, from their beginnings at the end of 1978 through the completion of many of the initial reform measures during 1993.
		In addition to being a thorough and reliable guide to the specifics of Chinese economic reform, the book highlights the distinctive features of Chinese reforms that differentiate them from those in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
		The author argues that the success of the reforms is not the result of carefully plotted strategy, although in hindsight the reforms seem to have added up to a coherent package.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521574625?v=glance (838 words)

	Chinese Economic Policy: Economic Reform at Midstream
		This volume, composed of nine provocative chapters by prominent Chinese specialists, analyzes Chinese economic change—the break-up of collective farming, the growth of private commerce, and the decentralization of industry.
		Robert Dernberger assesses the rate and structure of Chinese economic growth.
		Dorothy Solinger discusses Wuhan’s comprehensive urban economic reform in terms of decentralization, leasing, stocks, bonds, bankruptcy, manager responsibility, markets, and trade centers.
	www.paragonhouse.com /catalog/product_info.php?cPath=25_53&products_id=271 (520 words)

	Anti Essays : Free Essays on Chinese Economic Reform Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Below is a free essay on "Chinese Economic Reform" from Anti Essays, your source for online free essays, free research papers, and free term papers.
		Given this history of economic reform, it is evident that "under the
		Chinese to leave the villages and become involved in industry in urban
	www.antiessays.com /essay.php?eid=176 (3600 words)

	ipedia.com: Market economy Article
		More controversial is the question of how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces.
		Examples of controversial economic policies include protectionist tariffs, federal control of interest rates, and welfare programs.
		In the Soviet Union, this process was known as perestroika while in China the creation of a socialist market economy was one element of Chinese economic reform.
	www.ipedia.com /market_economy.html (336 words)

	Incentives and Corruption in Chinese Economic Reform
		"Lessons from China's economic reform," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol.
		"Bureaucratic Corruption and Endogenous Economic Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol.
		Department of Economics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut using
	ideas.repec.org /p/bro/econwp/98-8.html (352 words)

	China in Search of an Efficient Corporate Governance System. International Comparisons and Lessons
		The paper, based on the study of recent developments of the reform and the literature on non-standard corporate governance systems tries to assess how the Chinese government can cope with the huge task of modernizing the State sector which, for many years, will still play a major role in the development of the Chinese economy.
		If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first.
		Paper provided by Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University in its series
	ideas.repec.org /p/hwe/certdp/9901.html (206 words)

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