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	AllRefer.com - Chinese exclusion (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Chinese exclusion, policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882.
		Efforts were made to ban Chinese immigration, and in 1879 Congress passed a bill to that effect.
		A new treaty was signed in 1894 by which China agreed to exclusion of Chinese laborers for 10 years.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Chines-exc.html (450 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Exclusion Act, signed into law May 6, 1882, followed revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868.
		It was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.
		The act was passed in response to the large number of Chinese who had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China and the availability of jobs working on railroads.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States) (364 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in the United States in 1882.
		Chinese immigrants had become victims of criticism and racism because of their way of life.
		Congress decided to shorten the exclusion period from twenty to ten years and on May 6, 1882, after being passed in the House and the Senate, President Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/USA/ChineseExclusion.html (417 words)

	Separate Lives, Broken Dreams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Chinese peasants, particularly in the rural Pearl River Delta area in the southeastern province of Guangdong, were desperate for relief.
		The Chinese, once welcomed for their work ethic and valuable contribution to the work force, were now blamed for lowering wages, employment opportunities, and working conditions of all laborers.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was finally passed by Congress in 1880, and signed into law by President Arthur on May 5, 1882.
	www.naatanet.org /separatelivesbrokendreams (874 words)

	At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943, by Erika Lee. Introduction.
		The Chinese exclusion laws are important historical markers that open this investigation, but the emphasis in this book is on the encounters between the Chinese in America and the politics, processes, and consequences of immigration restriction and exclusion.
		Chinese immigration patterns and the terms of the exclusion laws and the ways in which they were enforced evolved in many ways over the sixty-one years of exclusion.
		The American gatekeeping ideologies, policies, and practices that originated in Chinese exclusion were at the center of the reshaping of America, and especially the growth of the federal government at the turn of the twentieth century.
	www.ibiblio.org /uncpress/chapters/lee_americas.html (5170 words)

	\| Ritualization of Regulation: The Enforcement of Chines Exclusion in the United States and China \| The American ...
		Chinese exclusion is commonly likened to erecting a wall or guarding a gate.
		The Chinese exclusion laws were more pioneering in their goal of sifting through migrants one by one and applying a status to each that determined his or her right to enter.
		Chinese still complained, "The practice with the immigration officials is to regard every Chinese applicant for admission as a cheat, a liar, a rogue and a criminal." But such complaints only reiterated the obvious, a consequence of the very existence of the cross-referenced files that officials and Chinese had worked together to produce.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/108.2/mckeown.html (12732 words)

	chineseimmigrationact
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was followed by official U.S. government policy that excluded or limited by quota immigration by Japanese, Filipinos, and the whole range of peoples from Asian nations.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act also required Chinese “non-laborers” in China who desired to enter the U.S. to obtain certification from the Chinese government that declared that they were qualified to immigrate.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was the law of the land until Congress finally repealed it in 1943.
	www.lehigh.edu /~ineng/VirtualAmericana/chineseimmigrationact.html (649 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Documents on Anti-Chinese Immigration Policy
		Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit:.
		Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation, limitation or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse.
		That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/chinxact.htm (389 words)

	CSPN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passengers, comparing the certificates with the list and with the passengers; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
		That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure and condemnation in any district of the United States into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found.
		That no Chinese person shall be permitted to enter the United States by land without producing to the proper officer of customs the certificate in this act required of Chinese persons seeking to land from a vessel.
	www.washington.edu /uwired/outreach/cspn/curaaw/aawdoc01.html (377 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act
		The door to the Chinese American dream was finally slammed shut in 1882, when Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act.
		For all practical purposes, the Exclusion Act, along with the restrictions that followed it, froze the Chinese community in place in 1882, and prevented it from growing and assimilating into U.S. society as European immigrant groups did.
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such line vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passenger, comparing the certificate with the list and with the passengers ; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
	www.classbrain.com /artteenst/publish/article_91.shtml (431 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act
		By 1882 the Chinese were hated enough to be banned from immigrating; the Chinese Exclusion Act, initially only a ten year policy, was extended indefinitely, and made permanent in 1902.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring immigration for ten years; the Geary Act extended the act for another ten years in 1892, and by the Extension Act of1904, the act was made permanent.
		For sixty-one years, the Chinese were excluded from entering the United States and becoming natural citizens when on December 17, 1943, the United States Congress pass the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act, which allowed Chinese to enter the United States legally once again.
	sun.menloschool.org /~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act (999 words)

	CCNC : Chinese Head Tax and Exclusion Act
		Chinese immigration to Canada began around 1858 in response to the gold rush in British Columbia.
		During the exclusion era, early Chinese pioneers were not allowed to bring their family, including their wives, to Canada.
		Many Chinese families did not reunite until years after the initial marriage, and in some cases they were never reunited.
	www.ccnc.ca /redress/history.html (476 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: CHINESE
		After reaching a peak of 836 in 1900, the Chinese population in Texas began to decline as a delayed reaction to the congressional enactment in 1882 of the Chinese exclusion law, which for the next six decades barred practically all further immigration from China.
		Socially, the Chinese in Texas have always been a close-knit, inward-looking community, bound by their own awareness of the distinctiveness of their original Chinese culture as well as by a long history of discrimination in the United States.
		Until the end of exclusion, they were classified as aliens ineligible for citizenship and thus, except for the few who had been born in the United States, were denied the right to vote.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/pjc1.html (1413 words)

	Immigration... Chinese: Exclusion
		Chinese men in the U.S. now had little chance of ever reuniting with their wives, or of starting families in their new home.
		Until these restrictions were relaxed in the middle of the twentieth century, Chinese immigrants were forced to live a life apart, and to build a society in which they could survive on their own.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 suspends immigration of Chinese laborers under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/immig/chinese6.html (417 words)

	Oregon Blue Book History/Chinese-Americans
		Chinese laborers provided much of the backbreaking toil to make the cuts for the Oregon and California Railroad as it inched southward through the Umpqua Mountains to the Rogue River Valley or on the line of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company as it stretched eastward in 1880-82 through the Columbia Gorge.
		The Chinese congregated in Chinatown in Portland or, when their seasonal work diminished, traveled to communities in San Francisco, Seattle, or Vancouver, British Columbia.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act then cut off immigration, leaving nearly 9,000 Chinese men in Oregon with little prospect of bringing a bride from home or paying for passage of family members.
	bluebook.state.or.us /cultural/history/history19.htm (545 words)

	Guide Introduction: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization
		In final form, it prohibited the arrival of Chinese laborers, skilled and unskilled, for ten years; made mandatory the registration and the carrying of valid passports by all Chinese; made all Chinese ineligible for citizenship; and forbade wives of laborers already in the United States from joining their spouses.
		Chinese and Japanese admitted prior to exclusion were entitled to visit their homelands and return to the United States.
		Finally, a massive investigation of the administration of Chinese exclusion laws was made by dozens of immigration inspectors under the direction of Richard H. Taylor in early 1914.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/guides/immigration/ins/insa1.asp (3339 words)

	Chinese Exclusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The exclusion law contributed to an economic and demographic decline of the Chinese immigrant population.
		Few Chinese women lived in California at the time of exclusion, and thus the immigrant population faced extraordinary difficulties replenishing itself through natural increase.
		The exclusion law not only made it nearly impossible for additional Chinese to enter California, it also caused great hardships for those who were already here.
	www.californiahistory.net /7_pages/chinese_exclusion.htm (186 words)

	Statistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Permitted Chinese laborers already in the United States to remain in the country after a temporary absence.
		Permitted the entry of Chinese students, teachers, merchants, or those “proceeding to the United States...
		On December 17, 1943, the Chinese exclusion laws were repealed.
	uscis.gov /graphics/shared/aboutus/statistics/legishist/450.htm (74 words)

	THE CHINESE EXCLUSION CASE (CHAE CHAN PING v
		The validity of the act is assailed as being in effect an expulsion from the country of Chinese laborers, in violation of existing treaties between the United States and the government of China, and of rights vested in them under the laws of Congress.
		To prevent the possibility of the policy of excluding Chinese laborers being evaded, the act of October 1, 1888, the validity of which is the subject of consideration in this case, was passed.
		Whatever license, therefore, Chinese laborers may have obtained, previous to the act of October 1, 1888, to return to the United States after their departure, is held at the will of the government, revocable at any time, at its pleasure.
	www.augustana.edu /Users/Podehnel/cases/CHINEXCL.htm (2433 words)

	Chinese exclusion on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The exclusion of never-married women from Chinese fertility surveys.
		'Chinese Demons': the violent articulation of Chinese otherness and interracial sexuality in the U.S. Midwest, 1885-1889.
		The Sino-American Alliance During World War II and the Lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Chines-exc.asp (864 words)

	1943 Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Acts San Francisco Chinatown - The largest chinatown outside of Asia
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following Acts or parts of Acts relating to the exclusion or deportation of persons of the Chinese race are hereby repealed: May 6, 1882 (22 Stat.
		656; 8 U.S.C. 2040, all Chinese persons entering the United States annually as immigrants shall be allocated to the quota for the Chinese computed under the provisions of section 11 of the said Act.
		A preference up to 75 per centum of the quota shall be given to Chinese born and resident in China.
	www.sanfranciscochinatown.com /history/1943repealofexclusionact.htm (302 words)

	index
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 achieved its desired effect and significantly reduced the number of Chinese immigrants crossing America’s borders.
		The Exclusion Act was made possible due to the conditions of economic competition and a prevailing culture of racism.
		[7] The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 left with it a legacy of racism, and is still one of the most infamous and tragic pieces of legislation passed in United States history.
	www.american.edu /bgriff/dighistprojects/boyle/exclusion.htm (331 words)

	Digital History
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was the nation's first law to ban immigration by race or nationality.
		All Chinese people--except travelers, merchants, teachers, students, and those born in the United States--were barred from entering the country.
		Chinese business owners also wanted immigrants to staff their laundries, restaurants, and small factories.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=419 (336 words)

	INS History, Genealogy, and Education - Chinese Immigrant Records (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Responsibility for enforcement of US Chinese Exclusion law transferred to the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1903, and continued until repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943.
		Chinese Immigration and Chinese in the United States: Records in the Regional Archives of the National Archives and Records Administration.
		Record of Chinese Census for the District of Montana and Idaho, ca.
	uscis.gov /graphics/aboutus/history/chinese.htm (587 words)

	Chinese Exclusion
		Both of the great political parties pandered to the leaders of the crusade against the Chinese for the sake of electoral votes, and in the Pacific States the friends of the Chinese were forced to keep still or to publicly speak contrary to their convictions.
		At first a demand was made that the Chinese should be driven out, then that no others should be allowed to come, and laws with these objects in view were passed, in spite of the treaties, preventing the coming of any more.
		It also compels all Chinese laborers to obtain, within one year after the passage of the law, certificates of residence from the revenue collectors, and if found without such certificate they shall be held to be unlawfully in the United States.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/robert_ingersoll/chinese_exclusion.html (2412 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Even the Chinese made up only.002 percent of the population, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in response to the growing anti-Chinese sentiments in California.
		The 1892 Geary Act renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act for another ten years, and in 1902, Chinese immigration was made permanently illegal.
		In 1943, the United States government repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act because China at the time became an ally of the United States during World War II.
	www.usfca.edu /classes/AuthEd/immigration/exclusioninfo.htm (189 words)

	Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History - - Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The underlying premise for the act was to eliminate Chinese competition for jobs during a time of economic depression and to discourage the permanent settlement of Chinese in the United States.
		Although not specifically mentioned in the Chinese Exclusion Act, female laborers and wives of laborers were barred by implication, as the federal court ruled in two separate cases in 1884.
		The Exclusion Act succeeded in keeping Chinese women out of the country and separated from their husbands, sometimes for decades, thus creating undue hardships for family members on both sides of the ocean.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/women/html/wm_005900_chineseexclu.htm (319 words)

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