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	Immigration Station
		Beginning with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, a series of restrictive laws had prohibited the immigration of certain nationalities and social classes of Asians.
		Chinese were not on a equal immigration footing with other nationalities until immigration laws were completely rewritten in the mid 1960's.
		One class of Chinese the U.S. could not keep out were those who were already citizens of the United States by virtue of having a father who was a citizen.
	www.angelisland.org /immigr02.html (1605 words)

	Chinese exclusion - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		CHINESE EXCLUSION [Chinese exclusion] policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882.
		In 1943 the acts were repealed when a law was signed setting an annual immigration quota of 105 (since changed) and extending citizenship privileges to Chinese.
		Citizenship, economy and social exclusion of mainland Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong (1).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-chines-exc.html (541 words)

	INS Monthly Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They expressed fear that repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Acts would be the opening wedge to breaking down American labor laws and standards, that it would augment postwar unemployment and that Chinese immigrants would be competitors with returning veterans in need of jobs.
		Fear was expressed at the hearings that the yearly number of Chinese admitted to this country would be a large one since, according to the 1924 Immigration Act, the quota under which an immigrant belongs is the quota of the country of his birth, the quota of his country of origin.
		Some foresaw that large numbers of Chinese would enter outside the quota as natives of one the Western Hemisphere nonquota countries--there are said to be many Chinese in Latin American countries--or would, because of birth in a British possession, entitled to enter under the very large British quota.
	uscis.gov /graphics/aboutus/History/mraug43.htm (2526 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882
		The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in the United States in 1882.
		Other Chinese exclusion acts were passed in 1892, 1902, and 1904 and were followed by legislation restricting other ethnic immigrant groups.
		Congress decided to shorten the exclusion period from twenty to ten years and on May 6, 1882, after being passed in the House and the Senate, President Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/USA/ChineseExclusion.html (417 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (United States) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.
		The act was passed in response to the large number of Chinese who had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China and the availability of jobs working on railroads.
		Chinese And Chinese Americans The National Archives-Pacific Region holds records of the Honolulu and San Francisco offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service pertaining to Chinese immigration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act_(United_States) (959 words)

	Court rulings on dual citizenship
		Chinese people were also barred from becoming naturalized US citizens -- and it was argued, on this basis, that Wong was ineligible to be considered a US citizen, in spite of his having been born in the US.
		The fact that, under the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Wong's parents could not become US citizens -- or even that Wong himself would not have been eligible for naturalization in the US on account of his race -- was simply irrelevant in light of the 14th Amendment's citizenship clause.
		Section 309(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 USC § 1409(a)] says that a non-US-born child born out of wedlock to an American father and a foreign mother can qualify for US citizenship if the father's paternity is established prior to the child's 18th birthday.
	www.richw.org /dualcit/cases.html (4963 words)

	Tracking the "Yellow Peril" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The INS and Chinese Immigrants in the Midwest
		Tracking the "Yellow Peril", published by Picton Press, is a guide to the vast amount of documents kept by the federal government on Chinese immigrants to the United States during the era of the Chinese Exclusion Acts, from 1882 to 1943.
		Part One, "Exclusion of Chinese in the Midwest" describes in detail Chinese family structure and the immigration strategies implemented by families, women, students, professionals and public charges in an effort to circumvent U.S. efforts to keep the Chinese out.
	fuzzo.com /genealogy/Asia/ChristoffReview.htm (481 words)

	Education World® - *History : By Region : North America : USA : 19th Century : General Resources
		Chinese Exclusion Acts This page has more information about the existing Chinese communities in California and how they were affected by the Chinese Exclusion Acts of the late 19th century.
		Chinese Exclusion Acts: Chinatown Heritage Trail Here is an engaging and informative account of causes and effects of the Chinese Exclusion Acts of the 1880s and the Asian Exclusion Act of 1924.
		Chinese Exclusion Acts: Encyclopedia.com The encyclopedia entry here offers a brief but informative overview of the Chinese Exclusion Acts of the late 19th century, their causes and effects.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=5336 (665 words)

	The Eagle and the Dragon
		Chinese sailors and merchants arrived in New York City in the early 1800s, but the first Chinese to stay were lured to "Gum San" (Gold Mountain) after gold was discovered in California.
		In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Acts, legally suspending further immigration and denying them the basic rights of citizenship that were granted to other races.
		Chinese immigration was declared permanently illegal in 1902, although loopholes were found and family members of Chinese already living in the U.S. were allowed entry.
	hoover.archives.gov /exhibits/China/Chinese_Americans (1636 words)

	chinese exclusion act - infos
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A...
		Passed in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was a climax to more than thirty years of progressive racism...
		The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.
	www.angelfire.com /alt2/ang2/17/chinese-exclusion-act.html (322 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
		That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passengers, comparing the certificates with the list and with the passengers; and no passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in violation of law.
		That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall be liable to seizure and condemnation on any district of the United States into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found.
		That the words "Chinese laborers", whenever used in this act, shall be construed to mean both skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/chinex.htm (326 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act
		The act was both cause and effect: it came from decades of Chinese discrimination, and initiated decades of Chinese exclusion.
		Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, barring immigration for ten years; the Geary Act extended the act for another ten years in 1892, and by the Extension Act of1904, the act was made permanent.
		For sixty-one years, the Chinese were excluded from entering the United States and becoming natural citizens when on December 17, 1943, the United States Congress pass the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act, which allowed Chinese to enter the United States legally once again.
	sun.menloschool.org /~mbrody/ushistory/angel/exclusion_act (999 words)

	PBS - THE WEST - Documents on Anti-Chinese Immigration Policy
		Whereas the Government of the United States, because of the constantly increasing immigration of Chinese laborers to the territory of the United States, and the embarrassments consequent upon such immigration, now desires to negotiate a modification of the existing Treaties which shall not be in direct contravention of their spirit:.
		Legislation taken in regard to Chinese laborers will be of such a character only as is necessary to enforce the regulation, limitation or suspension of immigration, and immigrants shall not be subject to personal maltreatment or abuse.
		That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese laborers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this act,.
	www.pbs.org /weta/thewest/resources/archives/seven/chinxact.htm (389 words)

	Digital History
		An Act to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Acts, to establish quotas, and for other purposes.
		656; 8 U.S.C. 2040, all Chinese persons entering the United States annually as immigrants shall be allocated to the quota for the Chinese computed under the provisions of section 11 of the said Act.
		A preference up to 75 per centum of the quota shall be given to Chinese born and resident in China.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /asian_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=46 (352 words)

	ARC - Chinese Immigration
		The Act of 1882, implementing the Treaty of 1880, established the basis for Chinese exclusion.
		Most records of immigration investigation files relate to the enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Acts during the years 1882 - 1943 and are among the records of Immigration and Naturalization Service district offices and United States district and circuit courts.
		The original act was passed as a temporary measure to restrict "Chinese laborers," but was extended and harshened by later legislation.
	www.archives.gov /research/arc/topics/chinese-immigration.html (527 words)

	Chinese exclusion — Infoplease.com
		Chinese exclusion, policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882.
		The exclusion of HIV-positive immigrants under the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act and the Haitian Refugee Immigration......
		The exclusion and detention of aliens: lessons from the lives of Ellen Knauff and Ignatz Mezei.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0811914.html (544 words)

	Good & Evil (COMLIT 141)
		Chinese Exclusion Acts / Immigration Exclusion Act (1882)—prohibited citizenship for Chinese immigrants.
		Subsequent acts reinforcing the exclusion of Chinese immigrant were passed in 1884, 1886 and 1888.
		The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 cut Filipino immigration to a quota of fifty persons per year, and all Filipinos in the United States were reclassified as ‘aliens.’ [] The U.S. exclusion of Filipino immigration was continually connected with the issue of Philippine independence from U.S. colonization.
	www.umass.edu /complit/ogscl/jana/janahistoryofimmigration.htm (1166 words)

	Our Documents - Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
		In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur.
		The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate.
		When the exclusion act expired in 1892, Congress extended it for 10 years in the form of the Geary Act.
	www.ourdocuments.gov /doc.php?flash=true&doc=47 (514 words)

	1943 Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Acts San Francisco Chinatown - The largest chinatown outside of Asia
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following Acts or parts of Acts relating to the exclusion or deportation of persons of the Chinese race are hereby repealed: May 6, 1882 (22 Stat.
		and hereafter the Commissioner General of Immigration, in addition to his other duties, shall have charge of the administration of the Chinese exclusion law, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Treasury."; March 3, 1901 (31 Stat.
		428); section 25 of the Act of March 3, 1911 (36 Stat.
	www.sanfranciscochinatown.com /history/1943repealofexclusionact.htm (302 words)

	Prospectus
		Focusing specifically on uses of Chinese literature, my dissertation, Exclusions and Innovations: The Incorporation of Chinese Literature in Modern American Poetry, questions this history by assessing how Chinese culture is represented in the experimentation of avant-garde poets (innovations), and the writings of marginalized Chinese immigrants (exclusions).
		I use this comparative model to demonstrate how Chinese literature in the form of translations, imitations, and allusions has become familiar within American poetry, yet at the same time the intertextual travel traces an erasure of Chinese immigrant culture that resulted from the Chinese Exclusion Acts and other anti-Chinese legislation in the US (1882-1965).
		I show that as the rhetoric of Chinese exclusion shifted from blatant racist notions of civilization to political containment of communist ideology, the "third" space of China represented by the tradition of the Cathay-style Orientalism had been reclaimed as an experimental "Beat" aesthetic to resist American domestic containment culture of the Cold War.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jmcdoug/diss_research/introframe.htm (966 words)

	CHINESE-AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD
		Chinese labor was suggested, as they had already helped build the California Central Railroad, the railroad from Sacramento to Marysville and the San Jose Railway.
		The first Chinese were hired in 1865 [sic] at approximately $28 per month to do the very dangerous work of blasting and laying ties over the treacherous terrain of the high Sierras.
		Such was the demand for Chinese labor that the United States reinforced its "open door" policy by treaty: the Burlingame Treaty of 1868 guaranteed to the Chinese Government the unrestricted immigration of its citizens to the United States.
	cprr.org /Museum/Chinese.html (8502 words)

	Chinese Exclusion Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Even the Chinese made up only.002 percent of the population, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 in response to the growing anti-Chinese sentiments in California.
		The 1892 Geary Act renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act for another ten years, and in 1902, Chinese immigration was made permanently illegal.
		In 1943, the United States government repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act because China at the time became an ally of the United States during World War II.
	www.usfca.edu /classes/AuthEd/immigration/exclusioninfo.htm (189 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		On January 27, 1919, five persons of the Chinese race, of whom four are petitioners herein, joined in an application for a writ of habeas corpus to the judge of the federal court for the Southern Division of the Northern District
		As to each the warrant of deportation recited that the petitioner was a native of China, was found to have secured his admission by fraud, and was found within the United States in violation of section 6 of the Chinese Exclusion Act of May 5, 1892, c.
		Deportation under provisions of the Chinese Exclusion Acts can be had only upon judicial proceedings; that is, upon a warrant issued by a justice, judge, or commissioner of a United States court upon a complaint and returnable before such court, or a justice, judge, or commissioner thereof.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=259&invol=276 (2465 words)

	Becoming American: The Chinese Experience . Resources \| PBS
		The Chinese Culture Center of San Francisco is a major community-based, non-profit organization established in 1965 to foster the understanding and appreciation of Chinese and Chinese American art, history, and culture in the United States.
		The Chinese Historical Society of New England is dedicated solely to documenting, preserving and promoting the history and legacy of Chinese immigration in New England.
		The Museum of Chinese in the Americas (MoCA) is the first fulltime, professionally staffed museum dedicated to reclaiming, preserving, and interpreting the history and culture of Chinese and their descendants in the Western Hemisphere.
	www.pbs.org /becomingamerican/ce_resources.html (2508 words)

	ActionLA: Action for World Liberation Everyday!
		The China bashing campaign had deep roots in U.S. labor movements for over 100 years, beginning from Chinese exclusion acts (which was the first major political action taken by US labor movement, and AFL).
		Chinese workers in U.S. historically had been stereotyped as "job stealing" "union busting" people (during the labor strikes on late 19th century, many bosses will ship Chinese workers to replace the striking workers).
		It created a huge anti-Chinese feeling within the labor movement and lead to the labor supports the racist Chinese exclusion acts.
	actionla.org /features/view.php?id=230 (506 words)

	APANA - Asian Pacific American Network in Agriculture Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Annual immigration quota for Chinese was set at 105, compared to 60,000 for England.
		The national origin provision of the Immigration and Naturalization Act was repealed.
		It was used under the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 for detention and interrogation.
	www.apana-usda.org /facts.cfm (1662 words)

	Pacific Region - Chinese Exclusion Laws-Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Passed by the 47th Congress, this law suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years; permitted those Chinese in the United States as of November 17, 1880, to stay, travel abroad, and return; prohibited the naturalization of Chinese; and created a "Section 6" exempt status for teachers, students, merchants, and travelers.
		Referred to as the Geary Act, it allowed Chinese laborers to travel to China and reenter the United States but its provisions were otherwise more restrictive than preceding immigration laws.
		This Act required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of their right to be in the United States.
	www.archives.gov /pacific/education/4th-grade/chinese-exclusion.html (406 words)

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