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Topic: Chinese mathematics

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	Chinese overview
		In fact much Chinese mathematics from this period was produced because of the need to make calculations for constructing the calendar and predicting positions of the heavenly bodies.
		The decline in Chinese mathematics from the fourteenth century was not by any means dramatic.
		It is to the credit of Chinese mathematicians that they did not let their mathematical tradition be replaced by the western tradition.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Chinese_overview.html (2961 words)

	The science of mathematics is looked at with such importance in China that it is considered one of the six basic arts
		It is the importance that the Chinese place on mathematics that caused it to be one of the most influential cultures in the history of the world in terms of mathematical breakthroughs.
		Though the Chinese were the first to develop a modern numerical system, it was how they manipulated those numbers that made their advancements in mathematics extraordinary.
		The mathematical knowledge of the Chinese was so ahead of their time it is not surprising that scholars had a hard time believing it.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/students/math/math.htm (2360 words)

	Chinese mathematics
		Unlike the Greeks, Chinese developed their mathematics in relation to the problems of everyday life - their most famous work on mathematics Jiuzhang suanshu or Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a tribute to this practical approach to mathematics in general.
		The oldest known, complete, Chinese mathematical text is a work on astronomy, which shows how to measure the positions of the heavenly bodies by using sun-dials of a kind.
		The mathematical syllabus that was the basis for the examination consisted of ten, now most famous, Chinese mathematical texts.
	www.mathsisgoodforyou.com /topicsPages/general/chinese.htm (233 words)

	Chinese Mathematics
		Chinese mathematics, was defined by Chinese in ancient times as the "art of calculation" (suan chu).
		This proves that the Chinese were one of the first civilization to understand and efficiently use a decimal numeration system.
		The Chinese also discovered the concept of Zero and invented a wide variety of mechanical aids like counting boards, and wrote numerous mathematics texts to aid them in mathematical calculation.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinamath.html (463 words)

	Bibliography of Chinese Research in Mathematics Education
		The author, one of the leading mathematics educators in China and professor in mathematics department of Beijing Normal University, briefly describes the main research results of a national major project in basic mathematics education in China, The Perspective of Mathematics Education in China in the 21st Century—the theory and practice of ‘mathematics for all’.
		Six general parts are reported: background of mathematics curriculum reform; the fundamental thinking of mathematics curriculum reform; mathematical ideas and methods in terms of ‘mathematics for all’; the program of elementary mathematics curriculum reform; the main points of junior middle school mathematics curriculum reform and, on senior middle school mathematics curriculum reform.
		The author, one of the leading mathematics educators in China and professor in mathematics department of East China Normal University in Shanghai, uses a considerable amount of data to describe the current situation and problems emerging in mathematics education in China.
	www.crme.soton.ac.uk /biblios/chinese_math_ed.html (2959 words)

	Chinese Numbers
		The Chinese abacus has an extra bead in each group, which gives alternative settings that are sometimes useful, but has essentially the same groupings, and is used in the same way.
		Chinese mathematics consisted almost entirely of numerical calculations, in which considerable skill and ingenuity was shown.
		Chinese mathematics was practical, and very good at that, but would never have developed into anything like Greek mathematics, which became modern mathematics in the 18th century.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/math/chinum.htm (1410 words)

	Chinese mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		WikiProject Mathematics or the Mathematics Portal may be able to help recruit one.
		Knowledge of Chinese mathematics before 100 BC is somewhat fragmentary, but there are elements that seem consistent.
		For one Chinese mathematics in early times was strongly related to astronomy and perfecting the calendar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_mathematics (649 words)

	Review: Knowing and Teaching Mathematics
		Partly this noninterest in mathematical expertise reflects an attitude widespread among educators [Hi] that "facts", and indeed all subject matter, are secondary in importance to a generalized, subject-independent teaching skill and the development of "higher-order thinking".
		The Chinese base subtraction on these same facts, but they refer to this topic as "subtraction within 20" and treat it as one to be understood thoroughly, since they regard it as the link between the computational and the conceptual basis for multidigit subtraction.
		Making mathematics teaching a specialty can be expected to increase the mathematical aptitude of the teaching corps in two ways: it reduces the manpower requirements for mathematics education by concentrating it in the hands of the mathematically most qualified teachers, and it raises the incentives for mathematically inclined people to become teachers.
	amte.sdsu.edu /resources/ktm-review.html (5072 words)

	Development of Math in China3
		However, there are several existing Chinese applied mathematics texts, which are collections of problems and solutions organized in chapters according to their practical applications.
		These texts proves that the Chinese were the first society to use some of the most basic and advanced mathematical principles and concepts utilized in modern times.
		This theory, commony known as the "Pythagorean theorem," shows that the sum of the squares of the legs of a right triangle is equal to the squares of the hypotenuse or (A X 2) + (B X 2) = (C X 2).
	www.saxakali.com /COLOR_ASP/developcm3.htm (440 words)

	[No title]
		In 1993 the then Faculty of Mathematics and Physics (of which the Institute of Mathematics was a part) was divided and two separate faculties were established.
		Henceforth, mathematics would be the basic language of science because it replaced the vague ideas of earlier times with quantitative and precise relations based on empirical observations of the material world.
		The web of mathematical relationships that has been created over the past three centuries to describe physical behavior has culminated in quantum mechanics, the mathematical description of the subatomic realm.
	www.lycos.com /info/mathematics-egypt--science.html (508 words)

	Mathematical Herbal Medicine \| acupuncturetoday.com
		To judge Chinese medicine by Western medicine’s standard and approaches is akin to judging the correctness of the Chinese language using the standards of English grammar.
		Mathematical herbal medicine is defined as a new interdisciplinary field aimed at describing, elucidating and understanding the underlying processes and mechanisms of herbal medicine from mathematical approaches and viewpoints.
		Chinese herbal medicine, the world’s earliest, most complete, systematic, and comprehensive herbal medicine system, should be taken as the standard in establishing mathematical herbal medicine.
	www.acupuncturetoday.com /archives2005/jun/06xu.html (2138 words)

	Math Maze - Be Maze-merised - History of Math
		Chinese mathematics in early times was strongly related to astronomy and the calendar.
		The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is a Chinese mathematics book, believed to be written in the 1st century AD or even earlier.
		In the history of Arabic Mathematics, one of its greatest achievements is the introduction of "Arabic Numerals".
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01951/history.htm?country=babylonia (2564 words)

	Dialogues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Previous cross-national studies have consistently shown that the mathematics performance of students in the United States is not as high as expected or desired, especially when compared with the performance of students in certain Asian countries.
		By contrast, only a few Chinese sixth graders solved these problems in that way—most tried to develop a "closed-end" formula for the number of blocks needed, a formula in which each step could be calculated independently of the number of blocks needed for the previous stairstep.
		Jinfa Cai is an associate professor and director of secondary mathematics education at the University of Delaware.
	www.nctm.org /dialogues/2001-11/20011115.htm (1324 words)

	Chinese Mathematics : Rebecca and Tommy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The only geometrical theorem which we can be certain that the ancient Chinese were acquainted is that the area of the square described on the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares described on the sides; Pythagoras theorem.
		Its context is a summary of the mathematical knowledge possessed in China up to the middle of the 3rd century.
		The Chinese characters for kou and ku originally were used to designate 'leg' and 'thigh'.
	www.roma.unisa.edu.au /07305/pythag.htm (533 words)

	The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar
		Chinese New Year is the main holiday of the year for more than one quarter of the world's population; very few people, however, know how to compute its date.
		I give a lot of public lectures on calendar topics and here are lecture notes on Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars, The Mathematics of the Public Holidays of Singapore, The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar.
		The mathematics behind the date of Chinese New Year is explained in full detail in my paper The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar or the shorter introduction When is Chinese New Year?
	www.math.nus.edu.sg /aslaksen/calendar/chinese.shtml (2785 words)

	Ancient Chinese Science - History for Kids!
		Chinese scholars also conducted scientific observations of plants and animals, and also of astronomy (the stars and planets).
		Mathematics was taught in the schools, through the use of a math textbook called the Nine Chapters, which may have been written as early as the Han Dynasty in the 200's AD (but nobody knows for sure).
		By around 850 AD, under the Tang Dynasty, Chinese printers were experimenting with block printing, and around the year 1000 they invented moveable type.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/china/science/index.htm (414 words)

	Key College Publishing: The Ambitous Horse - Ancient Chinese Mathematics Problems
		Explore the similarities and differences between the ancient Chinese use of the decimal system and our own by introducing your middle school students to Chinese numerals and calculating rods.
		Original Chinese and alternate Western solutions follow many of the problems, and the format calls for students to justify the steps in these solutions.
		His focus and passion have been to explore the multicultural dimensions of mathematics and to enrich mathematics education by bringing historical topics to the classroom.
	www.keycollege.com /catalog/titles/ambitious_horse.html (278 words)

	Frank J. Swetz: The Sea Island Mathematical Manual
		Paperback: $15.95 SH The Haidao Suanjing or Sea Island Mathematical Manual, is one of the "Ten Classics" of traditional Chinese mathematics, and its contents demonstrate the high standards of theoretical and mathematical sophistication present in early Chinese surveying theory.
		The contents of the Haidao also testify to the ability of the Chinese to systematize mathematics and hint at the use of proof in Chinese mathematics, a concept usually associated with Greek mathematical thought.
		Frank J. Swetz is a Professor of Mathematics and Education at the Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-00795-8.html (226 words)

	History of mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jain mathematicians contributed from the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD, while Hindu mathematicians from the 5th century and Islamic mathematicians from the 9th century made major contributions to mathematics.
		One striking feature of the history of ancient and medieval mathematics is that bursts of mathematical development were often followed by centuries of stagnation.
		In many respects, the mathematics studied today is far closer in style to that of Islamic mathematics than to that of Hellenistic mathematics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_mathematics (5108 words)

	What's New (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Chinese students' mathematics performances are assumed to be related directly to their teachers' deep mathematics understanding and ability to represent concepts flexibly in their classrooms, which, in turn, are thought to be influenced by Chinese mathematics curriculum and policies.
		In A Commitment to America's Future; Responding to the Crisis in Mathematics & Science Education, the BHEF Mathematics and Science Initiative outlines a plan-of-action, to be undertaken in each state by a coalition of education, business, and policy leaders, which focuses on system-wide improvement of the teaching and learning of mathematics and science.
		The project, Critical Mathematics and Science Synergy, or Critical MASS, engages teachers in a long-term professional development program to: enhance their knowledge of content, pedagogy, and student learning; assist teachers in developing instructional and conceptual synergy between science and mathematics; and help teachers create a collaborative reflective dialog.
	lsc-net.terc.edu /go.cfm/new (707 words)

	[No title]
		Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth, 1-168.
		The chapters on Chinese and Indian alchemy are suggestive despite the inadequacy of their secondary sources.
		Chinese Medicine and the Anthropology of Menstruation in Contemporary Taiwan.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~nsivin/nakbib.html (8047 words)

	Mathematics - History and Culture
		The problems posed here often involve fundamental mathematical methods and notions, but their chief appeal is their capacity to tease and delight.
		FROM THE PUBLISHER: In this carefully researched study, the author examines Egyptian mathematics, demonstrating that although operations were limited in number, they were remarkably adaptable to a great many applications-solution of problems in direct and inverse proportion, linear equations of the first degree, and arithmetical and geometrical progressions.
		Unlike modern mathematics in which numbers and concepts are expressed in a universal mathematical notation, the numbers and concepts found in native cultures occur and are expressed in many distinctive ways.
	iweb.tntech.edu /AGutek/BOOKS/Math-History/history.htm (1384 words)

	History of Mathematics: China
		Primary sources are Mikami's The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan and Li Yan and Du Shiran's Chinese Mathematics, a Concise History.
		Includes "Chinese remainder problem" or "problem of the Master Sun": find n so that upon division by 3 you get a remainder of 2, upon division by 5 you get a remainder of 3, and upon division by 7 you get a remainder of 2.
		Chinese Mathematics, a Concise History, Translated from the Chinese by John N. Crossley and Anthony W.-C. Lun.
	aleph0.clarku.edu /~djoyce/mathhist/china.html (1907 words)

	Math in Ancient China - History for Kids!
		The earliest Chinese mathematical textbook is called the Nine Chapters.
		It is possible that Chinese mathematicians were the first to have the idea of zero, which is to say, the idea of place value, on which so much of modern mathematics depends.
		This is not mentioned in the Nine Chapters, but Chinese Hua Ma numbers do use place value for arithmetic.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/china/science/chinamath.htm (350 words)

	Series on Mathematics Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences (M3AS)
		Mathematics education is a field of active research in the past few decades.
		Plenty of important and valuable research results were published.
	www.worldscibooks.com /series/sme_series.shtml (109 words)

	HOW CHINESE LEARN MATHEMATICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Furthermore, based on the relevant research findings, the book explores the implications for mathematics education and offers sound suggestions for reform and improvement.
		This book is a must for anyone who is interested in the teaching and learning of mathematics concerning Chinese learners.
		Textbook Use Within and Beyond Chinese Mathematics Classrooms: A Study of 12 Secondary Schools in Kunming and Fuzhou of China (L-H Fan et al.)
	www.worldscibooks.com /mathematics/5629.html (454 words)

	Chinese Mathematics Competitions and Olympiads, Book 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This book is a continuation of the earlier volume and covers the years 1993 to 2001.
		China has an outstanding record in the International Mathematical Olympiad, and the book contains the problems which were used to identify the team candidates and select the Chinese teams.
		They come in all levels of difficulty, from the relatively basic to the most challenging.
	www.mathpropress.com /books/olympiads/china2 (102 words)

	Mathematics Archives - Topics in Mathematics - History of Mathematics
		African mathematics, Native American mathematics, Math in European artifacts, Pacific Islander mathematics, African American mathematics, Latino mathematics, Asian mathematics, Middle Eastern mathematics, Mathematics and gender, Mathematics and economic class, Multicultural mathematics
		Database of the "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik", Archive of the most important mathematical publications of the period 1868 -1943.
		Mathematical Problems - Lecture Delivered Before the International Congress of Mathematicians at Paris in 1900.
	archives.math.utk.edu /topics/history.html (719 words)

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