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Topic: Chinese military ranks

	Comparative military ranks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Comparative military ranks are a means of comparing military rank systems of different nations as a means of categorizing the hierarchy of an armed force compared to another.
		Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Flyers Corps
		Ranks and insignia of the National Socialist Motor Corps
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Comparative_military_ranks (151 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Military of the Republic of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		However, the military's current foremost mission is the defense of the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu against an invasion by the Communists' People's Liberation Army, which is seen as the predominant threat to the ROC
		The Pescadores Islands (Chinese: 澎湖群島; Wade-Giles: Peng-hu; Pinyin: Pénghú, from Portuguese, fishermen) are an archipelago in the Taiwan Strait.
		Next to the star are three small lines, the Chinese numerals for "8" and "1", which stand for "August 1", to commemorate the establishment of the PLA in 1928, after the Nanchang Uprising (Crampton, The World of Flags, 1990, p.28).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Military-of-the-Republic-of-China (762 words)

	ArtsEditor: features: Dynastic Couture
		In 1644, the birth of the Qing Dynasty was owed to the battle prowess of the Manchu invaders of the North.
		These were often codified with animal representations—cranes, for example, represented the first of nine military ranks, while the egret served as a symbol of the sixth military rank.
		The representation of hierarchy within both the civil and military administrations was a highly regulated and distinct aspect of attire that was soon to be magnified exponentially with the reign of the emperor Qianlong in 1736.
	www.artseditor.com /html/features/0304_dragons.shtml (1028 words)

	Chinese archery training background text
		The move to a formal, relatively objective and nationwide system for selecting military officials seems to have started in the Northern Wei period, when it became necessary to overcome the family-centered and ethnocentric systems of appointing officials that was endemic in the Wei-Jin period.
		Chinese historians have naturally associated archery with the nomadic tribes of the north, and it is these tribes who dominated the aristocratic lines of North China in the Wei-Jin Period.
		There is no direct historical description of the content of the Sui military examinations; but from contemporary biographies of officials who passed them, we can see that they had a strong Confucian content and included practical displays of military skills, which would certainly have included archery on foot and on horseback.
	www.atarn.org /training/chinese_archery_bckgrnd.htm (3283 words)

	People's Liberation Army Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Until the early 1990s the navy a subordinate role to the PLA land The strategy of the PLAN was a of Maoist guerrilla warfare and the Soviet young officers school.
		Examples of the expansion China's blue-water naval capabilities were the 1980 of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in the Western Pacific by twenty-ship fleet extended naval operations in the China Sea in 1984 and 1985 and visit of two naval ships to three Asian nations in 1985.
		The main target of PRC military Taiwan is within range of Chinese land and the PRC's main focus in case a conflict over Taiwan would be sea rather than power projection.
	www.freeglossary.com /Chinese_aircraft_carrier (643 words)

	National and World Briefs
		China planning for war with U.S. WASHINGTON - Chinese military officers studying U.S. forces are developing ways to overcome America's high-tech weaponry and defeat what they see as a superpower in decline, a Pentagon analyst said Thursday.
		In a laborious translation of hundreds of Chinese military books and journals, the Pentagon found no sign of a post-Cold War warming of relations but rather a military hierarchy calculating its chances in a hypothetical conflict with the United States.
		Former Citadel cadet Kim Messer and her parents sought unspecified damages from the cadets, who the lawsuit said were responsible because of their ranks in the company to which she was assigned last fall.
	www.lubbockonline.com /news/091997/LA0765.htm (822 words)

	China - Military Modernization in the 1970s
		With enormous prestige in both the military and the civilian sectors, Deng vigorously promoted military modernization, the further disengagement of the military from politics, and the shift in national priorities to economic development at the expense of defense.
		By arguing that a rapid military buildup would hinder the economy and harm the defense industrial base, civilian leaders convinced the PLA to accept the relegation of national defense to last place in the Four Modernizations.
		Nonetheless, the Chinese military and civilian leadership remained firmly committed to military modernization.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-2926.html (649 words)

	M.E. Sharpe, Inc. - Book Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		As a result, the PLA became one of the most important actors in the Chinese economy, controlling a multi-billion dollar international business empire that ran the gamut from large farms to world-class hotels and transnational corporations.
		He explores the historical and contemporary antecedents of the Chinese military-business complex, and provides the first documentary analysis of decision-making surrounding the origins of the post-1978 commercial empire.
		Few people know the Chinese military as well as James Mulvenon, and one immediately senses that one is in the hands of an experienced guide when one opens this book.
	www.mesharpe.com /mall/resultsa.asp?Title=Soldiers+of+Fortune%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Chinese+Military%2DBusiness+Complex%2C+1978%2D1998 (694 words)

	Project for the New American Century
		It is this fuller--but unstated--account of Chinese behavior that fits with the substantive heart of the report, documenting China's rapid and dramatic improvements in military capabilities.
		Chinese naval journals indicate a deep interest in blockading operations, and pay close attention to the vulnerabilities of Taiwan's island economy.
		After all, this is the country that now ranks third in the world in overall defense spending, and the one that has increased its military budget fastest over the past decade, with growth in military expenditures outpacing even China's own remarkable growth in GDP.
	www.newamericancentury.org /china-20050808.htm (1576 words)

	China set to join ranks of space-faring nations \| csmonitor.com
		Space policy experts say that either the Chinese are extremely confident about the launch, or have decided to closely control the publicity on a program whose success or failure is highly sensitive.
		China's leaders, by contrast, are looking at the kinds of military applications that have spun out of the US program, and that have been incorporated into programs like the Aegis system, which uses interlinking satellite and computer tracking to coordinate air-, sea-, and land-based military systems.
		At the space exhibition, a Chinese woman who works in a park, and who took off early for the national holidays this week, says that the Shenzhou 5 astronaut mission makes her proud of China.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1002/p01s03-woap.html (1168 words)

	[No title]
		The strategy, which some Chinese military analysts call "unrestricted warfare", aims directly at what they see as the United States' extreme reliance on costly high-tech weapons and its fear of suffering casualties.
		The fact that it was published by the PLA suggests significant support for the strategy in senior Chinese military circles, the CIA said in its introduction to the translation.
		Rather than confronting the enemy head-on with traditional military weapons, the Chinese study imagines instigating a financial crisis in the stock market, then burying a computer virus in the financial transaction network, taking down an electric grid and telephone communications network, and paralyzing the mass media.
	www.taiwansecurity.org /News/2001/SFC-042001.htm (738 words)

	Chinese life/society
		According to historical records, before military boots were invented, soldiers wrapped pieces of hide and rattan around their shins for protection, and certain scholars believe that military boots were developed from these beginnings.
		Within the ranks of the underground terra-cotta army of Emperor Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty (211-206 B.C.), generals and cavalrymen wear leather boots, while archers wear square-headed, stitch-soled cloth shoes with a strap across the instep.
		The changes in Chinese shoe culture reflect its close connection with the natural and geographical conditions of China, and also manifest social, economic and cultural changes, as well as the likes and dislikes of rulers and the common people of different periods.
	www.chinavoc.com /life/focus/shoeshistory.asp (1657 words)

	Joining the Ranks of Aggressor Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		And that issue — whether the United States should join the ranks of nations that had waged wars of aggression — turned not on military victory but on whether the United States had initiated the war.
		After all, let’s not forget that from a military standpoint, Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1991 and Germany’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1939 were as quick and successful as the U.S. government’s recent invasion of Iraq.
		At the risk of belaboring the obvious, Iraqi military forces were in no position to mass at the Mexican border or on American seacoasts.
	www.fff.org /comment/com0305a.asp (2033 words)

	[No title]
		BEIJING - The Chinese military, the People's Liberation Army, claims a major success in modernising a once-largely illiterate peasants' army to a fighting force which boasts thousands of eggheads in its ranks.
		The slogan of the PLA today is 'fight to win', which could be a reality if the Chinese military could overcome its backwardness and achieve its modernisation goals.
		In the past, military cadres were promoted to new posts merely from among the ranks.
	www.taiwansecurity.org /News/ST-121200.htm (432 words)

	MANNERHEIM - Military Career - Chinese Expedition
		According to various programmes, he was to assemble military intelligence about the western and northern border provinces of China, the reforms in the army and government and the military political situation as well as the march routes from Russia in the direction of Lanzhou and Peking.
		Pelliot was favourably disposed towards Mannerheim’s participation in the expedition, but in addition to the permission of the French government, he required that the officer in question would be subordinated to him in all matters concerning the route and management of the expedition.
		Louis Vaillant, a medical officer of the 2nd rank in the Colonial Army, and photographer Charles Nouette were also members of the expedition.
	www.mannerheim.fi /05_s_ura/e_kiina.htm (638 words)

	Martial arts disctionary and supplies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		"Military way" or "way of fighting." A generic term encompassing all of the Japanese martial arts, which are largely 20th century offspring stemming from concepts that can first be positively identified about the mid-18th century.
		"Military person," "warrior," or "samurai." A term for the Japanese warrior which was changed to samurai in the 15th century.
		A northern Chinese form of kung fu developed from 14th to 17th century by Muslims of Sinkiang, Chinghai, and Kansu, in the west and south of China.
	www.tigerstrike.com /ma-abc.htm (1206 words)

	Heaven Nine - a Chinese Domino Game.
		Unlike the Civilian tiles, the ranking within the suit is determined by the total number of dots on the tiles.
		The meaning of their names then gives a hint on their ranking according to "the order in nature." And you only need to memorize 13 patterns out of the 32 tiles, the rest can be determined by counting the dots.
		The tiles on the left are at higher rank than the ones on the right with the exception of the (4-2) piece, which should have been placed between the 7s and the 5s.
	members.tripod.com /cp_lai/sky-nine.htm (4157 words)

	Military chinese military
		Finding the most informative chinese military sites is more difficult than it first appears.
		We did many hours of research on chinese military and select a few of the best web sites for you to visit.
		Observing the continued growth of the Internet and expansion of e-commerce chinese military retailers develop more experience in providing services and goods A great advantage that Internet commerce offers to chinese military stores have over large shopping mall chinese military operations is that costs are markedly lower.
	www.go-seekit.com /military/chinese-military.htm (186 words)

	Military - Military Ranks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Military terms and soldier slang used historically in the British military.
		Hat and collar badges of the Light Horse Regiments and Infantry Battalions of the Australian Military...
		The Rank Structure, Honours andAwards of Pakistan Army.
	military.researchalot.com /militaryranks (688 words)

	BOOK REVIEW OF SUMMER 2001
		The heart of his contribution is a detailed description of the emblems of the nine civil or military ranks and a fascinating discussion of stylistic evolution of badges through the Qing dynasty.
		It is period fashion that is at the heart of his attempt to assign a reliable chronology to the development of rank badges.
		Although Hugus admits that it is not possible to assign specific dates to individual badges, his arguments are based on close observation of numerous examples drawn from public and private collections (including his own and his co-author's), as well as the stock of well-known dealers in the field.
	www.persimmon-mag.com /summer2001/bre_sum2001_6.htm (813 words)

	CNN.com - Gag order placed on Chinese military - May 9, 2001
		A military source on Wednesday told CNN that the officers have been instructed to refrain from making remarks on Sino-U.S. relations.
		In internal meetings, several retired generals even attacked Jiang by name for his "weak and lax policy" toward the U.S. The military source said the report that another spy plane, an RC-135 had flown close to the northeastern coast earlier this week had aroused a lot if indignation among PLA officers.
		The Chinese detained the U.S. crew for 11 days and insisted that they had caused the accident by ramming the Chinese jet.
	www.cnn.com /2001/US/05/09/china.us.plane.03/index.html (925 words)

	Hygra: Chinese Export Lacquer Tea Chest Circa 1800 With Significant Colored Decoration
		The decoration is not in the fashion of export lacquerware, but in the ancient tradition of Chinese brush and ink sketches.
		There are scenes of Chinese life framed with representations of flowers all of which carry symbolic significance.
		He was of Turkish origin and had risen through the military ranks and was a favorite of Yangguifei - the "fragrant concubine".
	www.hygra.com /tc/tcchinsilv.htm (409 words)

	Defending Pakistan: Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		I hate to object further, but military feasibility, procurement, and acquisition is not as easy as you might think it is. Russia might be cash stripped, but they are not in the market for us.
		I'm sure Chinese guidence systems and missile experts are keen on and are already collaborating with Pakistani scientists in deciphering the secrets of the guidence system of latest version of Tomahawk cruise missiles.
		While my argument is a laymen's one, vast crossovers in technologies between the civilian and military sectors are evident in all developed economies: The same factories that produced consumer goods were geared to produce war supplies in times of need and in times of peace military supply factories are transformed into those producing nonmilitary goods.
	www.chowk.com /show_article.cgi?aid=00000217&channel=university (7074 words)

	China - POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS AT THE PARTY CENTER
		A stress on political stability supplanted the call to "continuing revolution." In Chinese academic circles, efforts were made to restore and raise academic standards, and party leaders stressed the importance of science and technology and the contribution of intellectuals in realizing modernization.
		Deng participated in the Long March and rose through the ranks of the Red Army to become a senior political commissar during the war against Japan (1937-45) and the Chinese civil war (1945-49).
		Hu had been viewed as Deng's successor as party leader, but he came under attack from within the Political Bureau for what was described as indirectly encouraging questioning of the communist system, for pushing the economic reforms beyond their intended limits, and for speaking out abruptly in international circles.
	www.countrystudies.us /china/116.htm (2457 words)

	Chinese Military Ranks - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		I was translating some infos on Chinese military histories when I encounter this problem: how should I translate the Chinese military ranks into English?
		Sorry, I think I have seen a post either by Yun or Sephowyrm about this military rank translation, but I searched the forum and just can't find it...
		Beginer or Expert at the chinese language it would be more helpfull if the "tones" could be provided or if the characters were given.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1071 (618 words)

	Chowk : Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Chinese are having a lot of problems with their combat aircraft projects.
		Military genius retired ISI chief Hameed Gul told Khabrain on 26 February 2003 that the American invasion of Iraq will definitely happen after which Saddam would be no more but America too would not survive.
		U.S. MILITARY officers who recently returned from Afghan duty describe a deteriorating security situation in the country, which is currently patrolled by about 7,000 U.S. troops, primarily from the 82nd Airborne Division, along with a 5,000-strong United Nations peacekeeping mission confined to the capital, Kabul.
	www.chowk.com /paint_voice_discussion_form.cgi?vid=27 (15147 words)

	Find military Information online at Amerifindit, America's Search Engine & Directory
		Read about the largely unrecognized role of women in the military with this guide that highlights their part in all the wars of past and present.
		Professional organization for women in the military, women contemplating military service and women veterans.
		The National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records (NPRC-MPR) is the repository of millions of military...
	military.amerifindit.com (399 words)

	The User Titles ("Ranks") On This Forum: Archived Magle Int. Music Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Since everybody will keep the ranks they have "earned" up until that point, I recommend posting a little extra to get the rank you want before the change takes place (after that it will take somewhat longer to reach the different ranks).
		Above all, this is a fun site - the rank designations can be viewed as an indicator of how much you contribute - not of your military prowess - lighten up - life's too short to get bogged down in minutiae.
		Well, the truth is that I DO dislike military ranks, and for that reason I shall ask to be relieved from service...
	www.magle.dk /ubbthreads/showflat.php/Cat/0/Board/opendis/Number/172/page/0/view/collapsed/sb/5/o/all/fpart/4 (1052 words)

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