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Topic: Chinese nobility

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	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		This was coupled with a loss of the social-economic power of the nobility, owing to the economic changes of the Renaissance and the growing economic importance of the merchant classes (or bourgeoisie), which increased still further during the Industrial Revolution.
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobleman (1262 words)

	Chinese Literature
		Chinese literature may be divided into three major historical periods that roughly correspond to those of Western literary history: the classical period, from the 6th century BC through the 2nd century AD; the medieval period, from the 3rd century to the late 12th century; and the modern period, from the 13th century to the present.
		Stimulated by the literature of the West, Chinese writers, led by Hu Shih, started a literary revolution known as the Chinese Renaissance in an attempt to urge the written use of colloquial language and to heighten its status as a means of scholarly expression.
		During the first half of the 20th century Chinese writers used literature as a mirror to reflect the seamy side of life, as a weapon to combat the evils of society, and as a form of propaganda to spread the message of class struggle.
	www.ron-turner.com /chineseliterature.html (2627 words)

	Chinese nobility: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chinese mythology is the mythology of chinese civilization....
		The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a continental european duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of...
		Gong (pinyin: gong1) was the highest title of chinese nobles during zhou dynasty and the second highest title, ranked below wang, from han...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chinese_nobility.htm (3328 words)

	An introduction to Chinese literature
		Chinese poetry was further enriched by the folk songs collected by the Music Bureau (Yuefu, or Yeh-fu), an institution founded about the 2nd century BC.
		The greatest Chinese poetry was created during the Tang (Tang) dynasty (618-907), a period of general peace and prosperity ending in a decline.
		Stimulated by the literature of the West, Chinese writers, led by Hu Shi, started a literary revolution known as the Chinese Renaissance in an attempt to urge the written use of colloquial language and to heighten its status as a means of scholarly expression.
	www.china-on-site.com /literatu/intro.htm (2750 words)

	Kingdoms of their Own
		The efforts of the Chinese colonial administration in each military district to bring newly occupied lands under the Celestial Empire's growing influence had a substantial impact on native life in Choson and a lasting effect on the Korean people.
		Chinese institutions and the Chinese way of life dominated each military district, yet the Chinese had no connection to the Korean people.
		Although Chinese colonial policies were not repressive, the basic cultural differences between the Chinese and Koreans and their close cultural contact set in motion a disintegrative social process in Korea.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C01/E0112.htm (3387 words)

	Emperor of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some Emperors, like the Kangxi Emperor, after abolishing the position of Crown Prince, placed the succession papers in a sealed box, only to be opened and announced after his death.
		Unlike the Emperor of Japan, Chinese political theory (See Mandate of Heaven) allowed for a change in dynasty and an emperor could be replaced by a rebel leader.
		As the Emperor has, by law, a high position challenged by no one else, his subjects are to show the utmost respect in his presence, whether it includes direct conversation or otherwise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Emperor (1260 words)

	New Directions
		Chinese history is filled with cases where court eunuchs assumed power behind the throne or where a boy emperor was ruled by the Dowager Empress and her family.
		The Chinese turned away Koryo envoys enroute to the Ming court on the pretext that Koryo was sending them old and weak horses in tribute.
		The occupation of the area by the Ming Chinese army was tantamount annexing the entire northeastern territory once under the command of the Mongol Ssangsong Commandery.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C07/E0705.htm (2715 words)

	Chinese nobility: Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Usually the first-born of the queen (queen: The wife or widow of a king) inherited the office, but this rule was not universal and disputed succession was the cause of a number of civil wars (civil wars: A war between factions in the same country).
		All titles of nobility were officially abolished when China became a republic (republic: A form of government whose head of state is not a monarch) in 1912.
		In modern Chinese, a king (king: A male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom) would be referred to as Wang, while an emperor (emperor: The male ruler of an empire) would be referred to as Huangdi.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/chinese_nobility (1647 words)

	Chinese Dragons
		The colors of Chinese dragons are evidently quite variable, but in the case of the chiao type its back is striped with green, its sides are yellow, and it is crimson underneath.
		The Chinese dragon is as a symbol of auspicious power in Chinese folklore and art, it is the embodiment of the concept of yang [male] and associated with the weather and water as the bringer of rain.
		Chinese dragons are believed to be the rulers of moving bodies of water, such as waterfalls, rivers, or seas.
	www.crystalinks.com /chinadragons.html (2532 words)

	ipedia.com: Nobility Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Typically, nobility descends from chivalry in the feudal stage of the develop...
		Typically, nobility descends from chivalry (or warrior class) in the feudal stage of the development of a society.
		Another confusion of the term nobility is with aristocracy.
	www.ipedia.com /nobility.html (455 words)

	[No title]
		Wang and Huangdi — the Chinese heads of state The king or wang (王; wang2) was the Chinese head of state since Zhou dynasty until Qin dynasty.
		Fengjian and Zongfa of the Zhou Dynasty The social system of the Zhou Dynasty is sometimes referred to as the Chinese proto-feudalism and corresponds to the combination of Fengjian and Zongfa in Chinese language.
		Any male member of the noble or gentry could be called a gongzi (公子 gong1 zi5), or wangzi (王子 wang2 zi5) if he is a son of a king.
	www.chineseculture.info /eandg/nobility.htm (848 words)

	Asian History & Modern Society \| Asian American Poll \| GoldSea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Chinese army, skilled in fighting in the plains with infantry and war chariots, were confronted with skilled archers on horseback.
		But in the 1901, the Chinese court, faced with growing military losses at the hands of aggressive foreign colonial powers, finally to conceded that ‘Tests of strength with the bow, infantry and cavalry archery have no place in military practice and in the present day and age are no longer useful...
		Chinese archery manuals stress two processes: that of gaining a firm stance (known as ‘gu’) and of maintaining maximum concentration (known as ‘shen’).
	goldsea.com /Poll/Asia/asia_11228.html (1651 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chinese literature may be divided into three major historical periods that roughly correspond to those of Western literary history: the classical period, from the 6th century
		The seminal works of Chinese prose are those that, with the Shi Jing, constitute the Five Classics.
		The great Chinese poet Li Qingzhao (Li Ch'ing-chao) is renowned for ci concerning her widowhood.
	members.lycos.co.uk /xuy/a2z/literature.htm (2642 words)

	YANG CHU IN THE HISTORY OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHYIn an earlier paper1 I described Yang Chu'
		Because of wars and intrigues, the lives of the ambitious nobility had never been secure, and the weaker the traditional ritualism was the riskier public life became: furthermore, as militarism, ambition and greed became dominant, public life became increasingly less satisfying from an ethical or public-spirited point of view.
		The nobles of the feudal period were beautiful and pure in mind and body because their food was pure and rich....They forbade themselves many varieties of food; wolf's tripe, dog's kidney, brains of the suckling pig, entrails of fish, rump of domestic goose, breast of stag, gizzard of bustard, liver of chicken.....”
		Perhaps it was the presence of a religious justification (in the form of the Protestant ethic: the sacredness of property and the fallenness of flesh and blood) which ensured that modernity was not rejected in the West as it was in China.
	www.idiocentrism.com /china.yanghist.htm (6994 words)

	Nobility - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Nobles typically command resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members of their societies, and may exercise religious or political power over them.
		The liege could be the monarch or another noble, forming a hierarchy, usually with a king at the top.
		Traditional ranks among royalty, peers, and nobles are rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Nobility (631 words)

	Cymbidiums
		Throughout Chinese history, the Cymbidium has been a symbol of virtuosity and friendship with its reputation for longevity, elegant simplicity, and sweet fragrance.
		In ancient times, the Chinese nobility collected the Cymbidium species, and during the Wei Dynasty (220AD-265AD) the art of cultivation spread to aristocratic Chinese families.
		Chinese Cymbidiums typically grow high in mountains on rocky outcrops among bushes and bamboo thickets.
	nmog.org /html/cymbidiums_.html (498 words)

	MOUNTED
		The Chinese court in exile, south of the Yangtze in Nanjng, was preoccupied with the rituals of court and maintaining their social customs.
		Over the next four centuries this would cause the southern "legitimate court" to be viewed as archaic and pompous, and by the end of the 6th century, it was generally agreed that the southern emperor had lost the mantle-of-heaven, by which authority he ruled.
		Chinese nobility, Jacobite Feudal I believe, Reg Kn (F) These are Sung Chinese figures pressed into service I think.
	www.pioneer-net.com /~garcia/mounted.htm (818 words)

	HealthWWWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Medicine fostered by the Chinese nobility comprises a system of diagnosis and treatment based on extensive study of scholarly texts, rigorous examinations, and formal practice.
		In this way we use traditional Chinese physiology to formulate a diagnosis in the metaphorical language of "Dampness", "Heat", "Deficiency", "Constraint", etc. We get to know the particular way each patient is experiences his or her "disease" as much as we try to put a conceptual label on their disorder.
		Traditional Chinese medical texts teach that anger expresses the righteousness of the soul and is a healthy response when appropriate and immediate.
	www.healthwwweb.com /overview/ancient.html (1280 words)

	Daoism - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The development of religious Daoism was welcomed by Chinese emperors who wanted a strong popular religion as a check on growing Buddhist influence in the country.
		In addition, there were figures from Chinese folklore such as the pair of guardian gods of all house gates and city gates, the god of kitchens (see Zao Shen), and many other gods of nature.
		Monastic monks and nuns, including many of the Chinese nobility, took vows to avoid meat, alcohol, killing, lying, and stealing, and to live in celibacy.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761555647___3/Daoism.html (461 words)

	Alternative Therapies for Women's Health \| Acupuncture \| Chinese Herbal Medicine \| Asheville, NC \| Lorraine Harris \| ...
		Chinese medicine may be used instead of or in conjunction with Western medicine for the successful treatment of menstrual problems and menopausal discomforts.
		There are many advantages to the use of Chinese medicine for a variety of women's health complaints.
		Chinese medicine is one of the most holistic medical systems available today.
	www.chimedicineworks.com /womens_health.html (123 words)

	Baxter's EduNET - Time Machine
		K'ang-hsi actively supports Chinese arts and culture and through this wins much support from the traditional Chinese nobility.
		The longest reign of any Chinese emperor was that of Ch'ien-lung (who ruled from 1736 until his death in 1799, although from 1796-99 his son was technically ruler), the grandson of K'ang-hsi.
		Under his reign, much of ancient Chinese culture was preserved, but many books considered unfavourable to the Manchu or those that contained what were felt to be dangerous ideas were destroyed.
	www.edunetconnect.com /cat/timemachine/250cj.html (431 words)

	Introduction to Chinese Brush Painting
		The great privilege, wealth and high status accorded the great masters of calligraphy were not unlike the rewards lavishly bestowed upon the early immortal masters of Western (European) art during the medieval and pre-medieval periods of Western history.
		For this reason, the Chinese aristocracy - the ruling class and its cultivated nobility, along with the spiritually-advanced intellectuals or sophisticated literati - discovered that devotion to the mastery of Chinese Brush Art was, indeed, an ennobling pursuit of mind and spirit, enriching human life and enhancing the highest principles and ideals of Chinese culture.
		The Chinese aristocracy and its supportive literati class..."had the cultural background for mature, philosophical thought, and their artistic sensibilities had been heightened by long nurturing of an appreciation for beauty and harmony."
	www.nanrae.com /lesson-pg2.html (438 words)

	Yuan
		The Chinese nobility were better educated than the Mongol invaders and the best scholars refused to teach in government schools, rather they founded private academies.
		As the Chinese nobility were not allowed to be involved in government, they were free to pursue art and literature.
		This had a variety of outcomes, the first was that the nobility despised the Mongols; also, the appointed leaders did not have a sufficient knowledge of traditional sources of Chinese revenue, and the Mongols treated foreigners better than they treated the Chinese.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/yuan.html (673 words)

	The Rise of the Military Power
		The Empress Suikô introduced Chinese court-ceremonies, and first established among the nobility the Chinese grades of rank.
		Chinese luxury, as well as Chinese learning, soon made its appearance at court; and thereafter the imperial authority appears to have been less and less directly exerted.
		The new ceremonialism must have rendered the personal exercise of the multiform imperial functions more difficult than before; and it is probable that the temptation to act more or less by deputy would have been strong even in the case of ail energetic ruler.
	www.sacred-texts.com /shi/jai/jai14.htm (4915 words)

	And So They Married Her
		Within, Isabel describes a magical night of colorful celebrations and opulent ceremonies, though there were later to be many dark moments in her association with the royal family-- including witnessing the seizure and imprisonment of the Emperor and Empress by the Republicans, which ended two hundred years of Manchu rule in China.
		As we approached, we passed horses being led by grooms, indicating the arrival of princes of the highest rank, for they alone were granted the privilege of riding horseback in the Forbidden City.
		In and about the pavilion were over a thousand officials and their ladies, Manchu, Mongol and Chinese in resplendent attire, and a small group of foreigners, mostly from the various legations.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /pythian/personal/passport/forbidden.html (2525 words)

	David Howard, Chinese Armorial Porcelain, Chinese and Japanese ceramic, porcelain, and pottery books. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The very interesting perspective of the "private traders" in Chinese export ceramics as opposed to that of the East India Company is explored by the author.
		The catalogue from the exhibition of Chinese export porcelain held Nov. 1989- Feb. 1990.
		Includes introductory articles conerning objects made in Japan and China for export to the West (Chinese and Japanese porcelains and cloisonne); objects made in Europe using oriental lacquer and porcelain; and objects made in Europe and inspired by the exotic Orient (primarily ormolu mounted porcelains and furniture).
	ceramicbooks.com /orient.htm (2373 words)

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