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Topic: Chinookan

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	Chinookan Family History
		The Chinookan villages were situated along the banks of the Columbia, near the mouths of its tributaries, and for the greater part on the north side.
		As a stock language the Chinookan is sharply differentiated from that of surrounding families.
		Most of the original Chinookan bands and divisions had no special tribal names, being designated simply as "those living at such a place." This fact, especially after the general disturbance caused by the epidemic of 1829, makes it impossible to identify all the tribes and villages mentioned by writers.
	www.accessgenealogy.com /native/tribes/chinook/chinookanfamilyhist.htm (886 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Chinookan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chinookan refers to several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
		In the early 19th century, the Chinookan peoples lived along the lower and middle Columbia River in present-day Oregon and Washington.
		The Chinookan tribes were those encountered by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 on the lower Columbia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chinookan (1274 words)

	[No title]
		Hajda's work is presently the definitive study of the Chinookan peoples at contact with Europeans, while Boyd's work is the basic study for Chinookan demography through the first century of the Modern period.
		The Chinookan language family can be divided into two branches: Lower Chinook spoken by peoples living on both sides of the river's mouth, and Upper Chinook spoken along both sides of the Columbia from its estuary upriver through the Gorge.
		Chinookan people generally shifted their residence twice a year, from a winter village or town, to summer locations.
	web.pdx.edu /~b5cs/virtualmeier/society.html (2238 words)

	Chinookan
		It should be understood that the Chinookans were people who spoke a similar language, but were not all of one tribal group.
		The Chinookan peoples of the lower Columbia and Northwest Coast were master canoe-builders, a skill which helped them immeasurably in coping with their environment.
		We set out early this morning and were shortly after joined by some of the Skillutes who came alongside in a small canoe for the purpose of trading roots and fish.
	www.nps.gov /jeff/lewisclark2/TheJourney/NativeAmericans/Chinookan.htm (17995 words)

	NMNH - Repatriation Office - Reports - Northwest - Memaloose Islands
		The mid-Columbia River region, particularly in the vicinity of The Dalles, was a cultural crossroads where groups from two distinct culture areas, the Northwest Coast and the Plateau, converged.
		Evidence of a bullet wound to the head suggests the probable cause of death and dates the burial to the historic period.
		Given that the cultural affiliation of the individual cannot be specified beyond the level of Upper Chinook, it was recommended that both the Warm Springs Confederated Tribes and Yakima Nation be consulted as to their wishes regarding the disposition of this set of remains.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /anthro/repatriation/reports/regional/northwest/memaloose.htm (1186 words)

	Northwest Indian Tribes
		The Chinookan nation was one of the most powerful native groups in Oregon.
		Most of the original Chinookan bands had no special tribal names, being designated simply as "those living at (place name)" This fact, especially after the epidemic of 1829, made it impossible to identify all the tribes and villages mentioned by early writers.
		Their language served as the basis for the Chinook Jargon which became the principal means of communication for the Indians from California to the Yukon, as well as trappers, traders and the majority of other individuals living and surviving in the territory.
	www.oregonpioneers.com /tribe.htm (1221 words)

	Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge Environmental Education Program: Oaks to Wetlands Adventure
		The Chinookan cultures used cedar for everything from houses to clothes to diapers.
		Chinookan towns were like small corporations, with people assigned jobs to produce dried wapato, dried fish, elk hides, and other products.
		Today, Chinookans of the Lower Columbia River are represented by the Chinook Tribe.
	www.fws.gov /ridgefieldrefuges/adventure/ls_cultural_chinook.htm (1102 words)

	BirdFest and Bluegrass 2007
		Established in 1965 for the protection of wintering waterfowl and migratory birds, the Refuge offers excellent birding and heritage opportunities.
		In addition to our natural treasures, cultural treasures include the site of the Chinookan village of Cathlapotle visited by Lewis and Clark, two Lewis and Clark campsites, and the Cathlapotle Plankhouse.
		The Friends of Ridgefield NWR is a non-profit community group dedicated to supporting the Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge.
	www.ridgefieldfriends.org /bf_index.htm (215 words)

	Backlash.com: Chinookan not Chinook - July 2006
		A common error is that all Chinookan Indians are Chinook Indians.
		While "English" is used informally to refer to the British most people today understand that it is the name of a language not a people and that "English-speaking nation" doesn't necessarily mean Great Britain.
		Chinookan is a linguistic classification that refers to several variants of a root language.
	www.backlash.com /content/ccn/2006/chinookan070906.html (366 words)

	Salishan, Sahaptian, and Chinookan
		anguages of the Chinookan group were spoken from the Pacific Coast to the lower end of the Columbia Gorge.
		The border between Lower Chinookan and Upper Chinookan languages was about the eastern end of the Columbia Estuary in 1805.
		This language is generally grouped with Upper Chinookan, but some linguists designate Kathlamat (which some label Middle Chinookan) as a third full branch of the Chinookan family.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=2724 (787 words)

	Fort Clatsop NMem: Administrative History (Chapter 2)
		The name Chinookan applies to the linguistic group made up of the different tribes or villages from the mouth of the Columbia up river to The Dalles.
		Within Chinookan society, there was division by class and rank, as well as by free and slave status.
		Status and influence were maintained by wealth and free Chinookans could elevate or lower their status in society through its accumulation or loss.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/focl/adhi2a.htm (708 words)

	Board Rooms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The volunteers are building a traditional Chinookan plankhouse about two miles from a village that Lewis and Clark visited on their epic journey 200 years ago.
		But when Lewis and Clark first saw it, in November 1805, it was one of the largest of about 50 Chinookan villages that stood along a 160-mile stretch of the Columbia River, from the gorge to the river's mouth.
		When, nearly 15 years ago, archaeologists first had the idea to construct a Chinookan cedar plankhouse based on the excavation data, they envisioned a building as historically accurate as possible, down to the construction methods.
	www.kidscastle.si.edu /issues/2005/july/digs.php (796 words)

	Chinookan language family
		Chinookan is a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples.
		Older linguistic classifications list Chinookan as a family of its own which consists of three languages with multiple lects:
		The Chinookan language family is now classified by Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999) as part of the Penutian language family.
	www.aaanativearts.com /chinookan_language_family.htm (260 words)

	Rebuilding a piece of history - News
		The opening ceremony, led by Chinookan Elders, was the culmination of more than 3,500 hours of research and construction, virtually all coming from volunteer labor and donated materials.
		Measuring 37 feet wide and 78 feet long, the plankhouse is a full-scale Chinookan-style split cedar dwelling, modeled after descriptions of a Chinook village as recorded by Lewis and Clark during their Voyage of Discovery.
		Cathlapotle was one of 19 Chinookan villages encountered by Lewis and Clark on their journeys, and was probably the largest.
	media.www.dailyvanguard.com /media/storage/paper941/news/2005/04/15/News/Rebuilding.A.Piece.Of.History-2614430.shtml?sourcedomain=www.dailyvanguard.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com (929 words)

	Head flattening at AllExperts
		Painting from 1847 by Paul Kane, showing a Chinookan child in the process of having its head flattened.
		The earliest known culture to bind their children's heads in order to produce more cosmetically pleasing head shapes was the ancient Egyptians of the third millenium BC.
		The practice was also known among the aboriginal inhabitants of Australia and certain tribes of North American Natives, most notably, the Chinookan tribes of the North West, the Choctaw of the South East.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/he/head_flattening.htm (322 words)

	Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Newsletter - June 2004
		They documented the thriving Chinookan community of Cathlapotle near the confluence of the Lake and Columbia rivers in 1805 and 1806, counting 14 plankhouses and estimating the population at 900 people.
		The public is well acquainted with the primary role of the Chinookan language as the major facilitator of aboriginal trade on the Northwest Coast, from the Columbia River to Yakutat Bay in Alaska.
		This broad zone of exchange is represented in the painting by the blankets, hats, and other apparel from communities north of the Columbia River, worn by Chinookan chiefs as symbols of their trading contacts.
	www.wshs.org /wshm/lewisandclark/newsletter/jun2004-newsletter.htm (2585 words)

	Native Use
		However, the first extensive account of native populations, culture and history came with the journals compiled during the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1806.
		Members of the expedition made contact with Chinookan tribes as they camped along the banks of the Columbia and its tributaries.
		Population figures of Chinookan people, provided by early explorers, varied widely and are often considered inflated.
	www.history.pdx.edu /guildslake/people/native3.htm (356 words)

	Chinookan Complexity
		The inside of a Chinookan house displays artwork reflecting a complex society.
		Chinookan people were expert woodworkers, utilizing cedar and other plant materials extensively.
		Utensils were also carved from bone, wood, shell, and cedar bark; or woven from spruce roots, beargrass, and cattail rushes.
	www.ccrh.org /comm/slough/chinook3.htm (317 words)

	Oregon History Project
		This 1859 reproduction of an 1846 sketch by Paul Kane depicts the Chinookan headman Cassino (pronounced káss-i-no), an important figure in the early history of the Oregon Country.
		Cassino’s life spanned the most tumultuous period in the history of Chinookan peoples, and his influence likely expanded and contracted as the Chinookan world rapidly changed.
		In 1841, the American explorer Charles Wilkes noted that, prior to the epidemics, Cassino was able to muster close to 500 warriors.
	www.ohs.org /education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=0DE94AA0-F6B6-6089-F8151469CCF2C07E (281 words)

	Klahowya, Sikhs! 500 Words Unite the Pacific Northwest
		By contrast, Jargon has only rudimentary grammar and a 500-word vocabulary.
		(Some authorities claim as many as 800 words.) Jargon must not therefore be compared to true Chinookan languages.
		The entry of the great fur companies into the Northwest economy brought Eastern tribal tongues, English, Canadian French and even Hawaiian into Jargon.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/world_languages/12367 (570 words)

	National Geographic: Lewis & Clark—Abandoning the Boats (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During this leg of the journey, the men battled a strong current and frequently had to portage around the river's falls.
		Chinookan Indians were a constant source of harassment; their repeated attempts to steal the expedition's supplies nearly provoked open hostilities many times.
		Getting around all the falls proved too great a challenge, and less than a month after leaving Fort Clatsop the expedition abandoned its canoes, striking out overland for the mountains with horses acquired from the hospitable Walla Walla tribe.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /lewisandclark/journey_leg_16.html (128 words)

	Science News for Kids: Feature: A Plankhouse Past (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Chinookan people in the Northwest were one group that was hit particularly hard.
		On the banks of the Columbia River, just 10 miles downstream from Portland, researchers discovered a wealth of remains from a large Chinookan village that Lewis and Clark had visited twice on their journey.
		Based on the material they picked up, the researchers were able to piece together much of what Chinookan life was like 200 years ago.
	www.sciencenewsforkids.com /articles/20050727/Feature1.asp (1305 words)

	Printable Version (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Members of the Corps had problems with the Chinookan language and culture, and became alienated and paranoid through misunderstandings.
		Their Christian faith and prejudiced impressions tainted their portrayal of the Chinookan people in their now famous journals.
		Excerpts from the Corps' journals will be reexamined in lift of this more complete picture, and slide images will highlight the encounters between the Chinookan people and the members of the Expedition.
	www.newportnewstimes.com /articles/2005/07/13/arts/arts13.prt (253 words)

	NMNH - Repatriation Office - Reports - Northwest - Memaloose Islands
		Given this, together with the fact that Upper Memaloose Island was located at the outer limits of Upper Chinookan influence, it seems not unlikely that both Upper Chinookan and Sahaptin speaking peoples utilized this island for burial purposes.
		Evidence of a bullet wound to the head suggests the probable cause of death and dates the burial to the historic period.
		Given that the cultural affiliation of the individual cannot be specified beyond the level of Upper Chinook, it was recommended that both the Warm Springs Confederated Tribes and Yakima Nation be consulted as to their wishes regarding the disposition of this set of remains.
	abbot.si.edu /anthro/repatriation/reports/regional/northwest/memaloose.htm (1186 words)

	First Nations Languages Program
		Chinookan phonology and morphology are both plainly visible in Chinookan-contributed GRCW items, irrespective of original Chinookan word class.
		While GCW does exhibit extensive phonological distortion of CW’s Chinookan contribution, this variety is found to be virtually indistinguishable from GRCW in other respects, suggesting that both varieties go back to a common ancestral CW.
		The data adduced here are consistent with an hypothesis that the latter arose when Chinookan speakers, the only contributors to CW who could have systematically distinguished between different Chinookan word categories, improvised a simplified Chinookan largely free of the most complex of Chinookan forms, the Verb.
	fnlg.arts.ubc.ca /40ICSNLabstracts/HenryBZenk.htm (174 words)

	Texts of the North American Indian
		This, combined with an epidemic of cholera, about 1830, almost exterminated two populous villages, and now there are but two survivors.
		The tribes at the Cascades, in numbers and in culture among the leaders of the Chinookan stock, owed their extinction largely to the same cause.
		Those who speak a dialect of the Chinook language number considerably fewer than two hundred, and the only Chinookan community is that of Nihhluidih (commonly known by the Shahaptian name of Wishham), a group of small houses scattered here and there on the volcanic rock that confines the Columbia at the Dalles.
	www.edwardscurtis.com /texts/chinookan.html (3650 words)

	ALRA: Clark County Indians Were Not Cowlitz (2)
		It is generally accepted that at the time of Lewis and Clark, 1805-1806, and at least up to 1830, the lower Lewis River was held by the Cathlapotle Tribe, part of a group of Chinookan speakers found in permanent camps from the Dalles to the sea.
		There is strong evidence that the Cathlapotle Village and the Lewis River area remained inhabited by groups descended from the Cathlapotle Chinookans, the same group met there by Lewis and Clark, and likely including Klickitats brought to the Fort area in 1820s and later.
		Inland tribes, including the Cowlitz, were meat hunters and horse riders, whereas the Chinookan peoples were primarily marine, eating salmon, clams, eels, smelt, seals, whales and wapato, a water plant.
	www.landrights.org /cowlitz2.htm (1259 words)

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