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Topic: Chinookan languages

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	Chinookan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinookan refers to several groups of Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
		In the early 19th century, the Chinookan peoples lived along the lower and middle Columbia River in present-day Oregon and Washington.
		The Chinookan tribes were those encountered by the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805 on the lower Columbia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinookan (157 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Languages in the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Chamorro, or Chamoru, is the native language of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
		Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico) which continue to thrive despite their small size.
		A language isolate, the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Languages-in-the-United-States (8431 words)

	Chinookan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinookan is a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples.
		Chinook Jargon is a pidgin based on Chinookan and with many loan words from other languages, previously used in trade along the northwestern North American coast.
		Watlala was spoken in north-central Oregon along the Columbia River Gorge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinookan_languages (264 words)

	Edward Sapir - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As he was leaving for a teaching position at the University of Chicago, one of very few research universities then in the United States, he enabled Leonard Bloomfield to obtain support from Ottawa to do fieldwork on Cree, essential to his project of historical reconstruction in Algonkian.
		His special focus among American languages was in the Athabaskan languages, a family he was especially fascinated by: "Dene is probably the son-of-a-bitchiest language in America to actually know...most fascinating of all languages ever invented" (Krauss 1986:157).
		Among the languages and cultures studied by Sapir are Wishram Chinook, Navajo, Nootka, Paiute, Takelma, and Yana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sapir (887 words)

	Language family - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/a/n/Language_families_and_languages.html (886 words)

	Chinook - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinookan nation of Native Americans, and their language.
		Chinookan languages, in specific, Coastal Chinook and Upper Chinook
		Chinook Jargon, a pidgin hybrid of Chinookan, Nootka, Chehalis, French and English
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinook (113 words)

	Chinookan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Chinookan groups include the Cathlamet, Cathlahmahs, Chilluckittequaw, Clatsop, Chahcowah, Clackama, Clowwewalla, Cushook, Echelut (Wishram-Wasco), Killaniuck, Klickitat, Multnomah, Skilloot, Wahkiakum (Wac-ki-a-cum), Wappato, Wascopan, and the Watlata (Cascade or Wishram).
		Most surviving Chinookan natives live in the towns of Bay Center, Chinook, and Ilwaco in Washington state.
		Chinookan also refers to a language family of two Northwest Coast Native American languages: Upper Chinook (Wishram-Wasco) and Lower Chinook.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/c/ch/chinookan.html (95 words)

	Don Macnaughtan - Lane Community College Library - American Indian Languages of Western Oregon
		Penutian languages - a family that is rather loosely defined - were spoken on the central Oregon Coast, along the Lower Columbia, in the Cascades, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Rogue Valley.
		An isolated Salish language (Tillamook) was spoken on the northern Oregon coast, and a small pocket of the Hokan family (Shasta) was spoken in the southern Rogue Valley.
		It is possible that Chinookan speakers came down the Columbia River from Central Oregon and split apart the Salish language family at the mouth of the Columbia.
	www.lanecc.edu /library/don/orelang.htm (1141 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Penutian, pt. 1
		You have reached the first page on Penutian Languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 4-29-2002 The Chinookan languages (Macro-Penutian) comprise the Chinookan sub- branch of the Penutian branch of the Macro-Penutian family of languages.
		Although the languages became extinct in the 20th century, efforts are being made to revive them by the Costanoan people.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/penut1h.htm (882 words)

	Chinook - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Chinookan nation of Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest, which inhabited the lower Columbia River valley in what is now Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia.
		The Chinook Jargon is a form of that language, technically known as a pidgin or contact language, which evolved to allow the inhabitants of the Columbia River region to discuss business.
		This jargon was adopted by various newcomers (e.g., Chinese immigrants), who used it throughout the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, and contributed a number of words to local Canadian English and American English dialects (e.g.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Chinook (524 words)

	The Ultimate Clatsop Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Clatsop (in the original language, La t cap, meaning "placed of dried salmon) are a small tribe of Chinookan-speaking Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
		The Clatsop dialect used by the tribe is a nearly-extinct dialect of the Lower Chinookan language, a language in the Oregon Penutian family.
		The tribe was encountered at the mouth of the Columbia in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Clatsop (542 words)

	Penutian languages - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in Washington, Oregon, and California.
		The name is based on the words meaning 'two' in the Wintuan, Maiduan, and Yokutsan languages (which is pronounced something like [pen]) and the Utian languages (which is pronounced something like [uti]).
		A number of the languages are no longer spoken leaving researchers with no new data to work with.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Penutian (715 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		The earliest attempt at a classification of the Indian languages of the United States and British America was made by Albert Gallatin in 1836.
		To facilitate intertribal communication, we frequently find the languages of the more important tribes utilized by smaller tribes throughout the same region, as Comanche in the southern plains and Navajo (Apache) in the South-West.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10189 words)

	[No title]
		The Chinookan language family can be divided into two branches: Lower Chinook spoken by peoples living on both sides of the river's mouth, and Upper Chinook spoken along both sides of the Columbia from its estuary upriver through the Gorge.
		Chinookan societies were stratified, divided into classes of free individuals and slaves.
		Chinookan people generally shifted their residence twice a year, from a winter village or town, to summer locations.
	web.pdx.edu /~b5cs/virtualmeier/society.html (2238 words)

	NPS Archeology Program: Kennewick Man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		This includes language both as a part of culture and as the primary means for its transmission, while recognizing that culture and language "are not necessarily correlated" (Sapir 1921:212-220).
		I will argue that other languages of this region -- in particular, the Athabaskan Nicola language, the seven Interior Salishan languages, the Kootenai language, the Numic languages, and Kiksht, a Chinookan language -- spread into the region after proto-Sahaptian was established here (see Map 1).
		Firstly, the Numic languages are distributed in a broad fan-like sweep of territory between southeastern California across Nevada and Utah to southern Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado, with the Comanche (a Shoshonean-speaking group) established on the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains.
	www.cr.nps.gov /archeology/kennewick/Hunn.htm (8917 words)

	Lewis and Clark Trail Expedition, Chinook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The Chinook Indians at the coast north of the river, spoke one of the Chinookan languages and to the south, another.
		Chinook Jargon was the trading language of the entire Northwest, from the time of the earliest explorers.
		Chinookan though, was the North American Indian language family of Washington and Oregon long before Caucasians arrived, used in trading by Native Americans up and down the coast of what is now Canada and the United States.
	www.willapabay.org /~anne/chinook.htm (783 words)

	Chinook and Clatsop Traditional Culture - Language
		"The Chinookan languages, are languages that originated on the Columbia River from the Dalles on down to the mouth and up and down the coast a little ways.
		But this is a Pigeon that was based on the Chinookan language, and that's how it started.
		The way we've learned the language-- the way that it was used at my home here or with the tribes that I work for — its use is purely an Indian language.
	www.trailtribes.org /fortclatsop/language.htm (797 words)

	Language families and languages - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Most languages are known to belong to language families ("families" hereforth).
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=18190 (763 words)

	Timetemple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		A vocabulary and outlines of grammar of the Nitlakapamuk or Thompson tongue (the Indian language spoken between Yale, Lillooet, Cache Creek and Nicola Lake) together with a phonetic Chinook dictionary, adapted for use in the province of British Columbia.
		Pocket dictionary of the Chinook jargon: the Indian trading language of Alaska, the Northwest Territory and the northern Pacific coast.
		Practical Chinook vocabulary: comprising all and the only usual words of that wonderful language arranged in a most advantageous order for the speedily learning of the same, after the plan of Right Rev. Bishop Durieu O M.I., the most experienced missionary and Chinook speaker in British Columbia.
	timetemple.com /index.php?option=content&task=view&id=4 (1765 words)

	[No title]
		At one time it was used as a lingua franca (any of various hybrid or other languages that are used over a wide area as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech) in the Northwest U.S. and on the Pacific coast of Canada and Alaska.
		This is the tongue spoken by a few in each of the tribes residing in the middle and lower divisions of Oregon Territory.
		Explain: Lingua franca is an agreed upon language used as a medium or communication between people who speak different languages.
	www.fs.fed.us /npnht/old/educ_guide/word_docs/lingua_franca.doc (503 words)

	HistoryLink Essay:Lewis and Clark camp near Salmon Creek in Clark County on November 4, 1805.
		Long before the coming of Europeans, the Chinookan peoples, situated on a major trade route and possessing abundant natural wealth, were great traders who relished hard bargaining.
		Unlike the sea-going fur traders who visited the mouth of the Columbia, the Corps of Discovery was often dependent on the generosity of Indian hosts for their subsistence, and felt the hard bargaining Chinookans were taking advantage of their situation.
		Clark did not sleep well at the Salmon Creek camp the night of November 4, 1805, because of the noise made by swans, geese, ducks, and other birds on a small nearby island -- "they were emensely numerous and their noise horrid" (Journals, v.
	www.historylink.org /essays/printer_friendly/index.cfm?file_id=5174 (1086 words)

	078: Inverse / Topic
		Inverse marking languages came into theoretical prominence during the heyday of Relational Grammar, for which their peculiar use of verb agreement, which is normally thought of as a perquisite of subjecthood, and the formal similarity of inverse and passive constructions, formed a particularly intriguing puzzle, which still captures the attention formal theoreticians.
		In several languages of the Kuki‑Chin branch of Tibeto‑Burman, spoken in western Burma and eastern India and Bangladesh, a simple inverse marking system has developed from the marking of deictic orientation on motion verbs (DeLancey 1980).
		In two Dravidian languages, Kui (Winfield 1929) and Pengo (Burrow and Bhattacharya 1970), we find a similar system of inverse marking with consistent subject agreement, which appears to have the same cislocative origin as the Chin and Loloish inverse constructions.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~delancey/sb/LECT7-8.htm (5030 words)

	Lewis & Clark in Columbia River Country
		The Chinookan languages are the original languages from along the Columbia here, where Chinook Wawa developed out of a need for people to communicate that didn’t have a common language.
		There are people who would argue that it’s actually a post-contact language, that is, it came out of just the fur trade and all that.
		It has, ten percent of it is French, ten percent of it is English, so the English portion of Chinook Wawa probably came in right at the beginning of fur trade.
	washingtonhistoryonline.org /L&C-columbia/culture/chinook-wawa.htm (213 words)

	INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN - Online Information article about INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN
		treasury, as a student of American Indian languages in the larger sense.
		Navy," which added much to our knowledge of the languages of the Indians of the Pacific coast regions.
		adoption of language as the means of distinction and classification of the American aborigines north of Mexico for scientific purposes became fixed.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /I27_INV/INDIANS_NORTH_AMERICAN.html (2889 words)

	Chinook Language (Tsinuk, Clatsop, Shoalwater, Coastal Chinook)
		The Chinookan languages are considered by most linguists to be part of the Penutian family of languages.
		This page is still under construction--only Cherokee and the Algonquian languages are currently fully completed.
		Language materials for the Chinook Jargon, a trade pidgin based on Chinook, Nootka, French, English, and other languages of the Northwest Coast.
	www.native-languages.org /chinook.htm (219 words)

	Rogue Valley Independent Media Center
		Just as the Scandinavian heritage of Ballard distinguishes it from the rest of Seattle, she said, the evolution of language in the Northwest has progressed to the point where it can be distinguished from the rest of the country.
		Participants were not asked to say, "Yah, sure, ya betcha." Rather, Ballard was selected as representative of the region because it is one of the oldest communities in the state, with a well-established population of native speakers.
		Many had even resented the assumption by the Times that they even had a slang language, as well as their claim that it was "coming soon to a high school or mall near you".
	rogueimc.org /en/2005/05/4711.shtml (2865 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Misc. Pidgin/Creole
		You have reached the page for Miscellaneous Pidgins & Creoles which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		It is made up of words from the Chinookan, Salishan, Wakashan, and Sahaptian groups of American Indian languages, as well as both French and English.
		By the 1890's, it was recog- nized as a trade language or "international idiom," being widely used for communication among Indians whose native languages differed, and with their Caucasian neighbors in British Columbia and elsewhere in Canada and the Pacific Northwest..
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/mipch.htm (1150 words)

	Klahowya, Sikhs! 500 Words Unite the Pacific Northwest
		The native languages of Chinookan-speaking First Peoples are as complete, as complex and as evocative as any true language.
		In practice, speakers used sign language, facial expression and vocal intonation to convey subtleties.
		This was precise enough for trade, but US courts have ruled that the terms of some treaties drawn up in the last century were not clear to all signatories, since they were negotiated in Jargon.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/world_languages/12367 (562 words)

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