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Topic: Chirality physics

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Chirality (mathematics)

Asymmetry

Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Ferromagnetism

Entropy

Hysteresis

Paramagnetism

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	Chirality
		A chiral molecule is one that is not superimposable on its mirror image; it has the property of rotating the plane of polarisation of plane-polarised monochromatic light that is passed through it.
		Cyclooctatetraene is a tub-shaped molecule; its 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl derivative is chiral.
		Perchlorotriphenylamine (the 'perchloro' bit derives from the replacement of all of the hydrogen atoms with chlorine) is heavily sterically hindered and the molecule is in the shape of a propellor.
	www.rod.beavon.clara.net /chiralit.htm (993 words)

	Chirality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chirality (Greek handedness, derived from the word stem χειρ~, ch[e]ir~ - hand~) is an asymmetry property important in several branches of science.
		An example of an achiral organic compound forming chiral crystals is benzil.
		Racemic acid is the racemic form of tartaric acid forming a mixture of two enantiomorphic crystals each form consisting of one of the two enantiomers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chirality (224 words)

	Describing Chirality: Home page
		This background is to be kept in mind when appreciating the importance of chirality, whether in science or in everyday life.
		Chirality is an old theme in many branches of chemistry and biology, with overwhelming practical importance, and physicists have long paid interest in symmetry matters.
		As a result, there is a wealth of published articles dealing with chirality in the physical sciences.
	chirality.ouvaton.org /homepage.htm (682 words)

	UCD News
		Now a research team led by Dr Hans-Benjamin Braun, UCD School of Physics, has found that handedness or ‘chirality’ is an emergent property of quantum matter.
		Chirality comes from the Greek word 'kheir' for hand, and describes the character of an object or structure that is not superimposable on its mirror image — the human hand is just one of the many examples of chirality in nature.
		In condensed matter physics, a chiral arrangement of spins has been thought to be related to various exotic properties of certain materials such as high-transition temperature superconductors.
	www.ucd.ie /news/dec05/121205_naturephysics.htm (330 words)

	Physics Today January 2001
		The presence of orbital angular momentum introduces a form of chirality to the superconducting state.
		Among the chirality's various implications, the most striking is perhaps the set of quasiparticle states that are localized at the surface and possess a chiral spectrum.
		Indeed, it was proposed that chiral superconductors could show quantum Hall-like effects even in the absence of an external magnetic field.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-1/captions/p42box1.html (257 words)

	Chirality (physics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mathematically, chirality is the sign of the projection of the spin vector onto the momentum vector: Left is negative, Right is positive.
		Chirality for a Dirac field, represented by the wave function ψ, is defined to be one of the two eigenvalues of the operator γ
		After the observation of neutrino oscillations, which strongly implies that neutrinos have some mass and have relative chirality like all other fermions, the revised theories of the electroweak interaction now include both right- and left-handed neutrinos, and none is any longer a chiral theory.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Chirality_(physics) (1035 words)

	THEORETICAL PHYSICS: ON THE AETHER AND BROKEN SYMMETRY
		Chiral symmetry is easiest to describe if we adopt the slight idealization that the lightest quarks, the up quark (u) and down quark (d), are massless.
		It assumes physical laws are identical in all frames of reference and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant throughout the Universe and is independent of the speed of the observer.
		In physics, a field is an entity that acts as intermediary in interactions between particles, and which is distributed over part or all of space, and whose properties are functions of space coordinates, and except for static fields, also functions of time.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050708-6.htm (2750 words)

	Materials Physics Chirality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chiral objects interact differently with left- or right- circular polarized light, depending on their handedness.
		The lower figure is the amount that the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light has been rotated upon transmission through the film shown (circular birefringence).
		As expected from comparisons to chiral or cholesteric liquid crystals, the chiral film rotated the plane of polarization of the light.
	www.physics.queensu.ca /~robbie/chirality.html (391 words)

	11-Dimensional Chirality? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This implies that elementary particles must be endowed with a definite handedness, or 'chirality'...It turns out that definite chirality only exists in spaces with an odd number of dimensions.
		This means that space must have an odd number of dimensions, and hence spacetime must have an even number of dimensions, otherwise there would be no chirality in the laws of nature.
		Remember that scientific theories are not "correct", they only serve to organize our observations (according to organizational principles.) Therefore, its not that the universe has 11 dimensions, its that the best way to explain the universe is using 11 dimensions.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=66834 (447 words)

	Table of contents : Nature Physics
		The physics of core-collapse supernovae - pp147 - 154
		Abstract - The physics of core-collapse supernovae
		Emergence of soliton chirality in a quantum antiferromagnet - pp159 - 163
	www.nature.com /nphys/journal/v1/n3/index.html (815 words)

	Electron Physics Group
		The Electron Physics Group, part of NIST’s Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology has the mission of advancing measurement science for the deter-mination of electronic and magnetic properties of nanometer-scale systems.
		Measuring the magnetic properties of nanostructures and the role of magnetic nanostructure in macroscopic structures through the development and use of novel lithographies and magnetic microscopies.
		The wall begins as a vortex, is transformed into a transverse wall, goes back to a vortex of opposite chirality, and finally ends up as a transverse wall again.
	physics.nist.gov /Divisions/Div841/Gp3/epg_home.html (204 words)

	Eotvos and Novel Equivalence Principle Tests
		Chirality and parity are emergent phenomena - components collectively evolve discrete symmetry system properties absent and unpredictable from any smaller subset.
		Optical rotation is not diagnostic of geometric chirality.
		Physical helicity has the same sense as optical rotation (±55.6°/mm at 5000 nm[95]).
	www.mazepath.com /uncleal/eotvos.htm (7763 words)

	Classical Z0 fields
		The chirality selection in the biomatter is a large parity breaking effect, which has not found satisfactory explanation in the standard model.
		In the recent models based on the standard physics, a collapse to a flhole tends to occur.
		Chirality selection in vivo suggests that L_p is at least of order cell length scale.
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /~matpitka/zvac.html (643 words)

	MIT Physics Faculty: Mildred S. Dresselhaus
		The high sensitivity of the Raman spectra to diameter and chirality, particularly for the characteristics of the radial breathing mode, which are also uniquely related to the same (n, m) indices, thereby providing a structural determination of (n, m) at the single nanotube level.
		We have devised a way to prepare arrays of aligned bismuth nanowires down to 7 nm diameter (embedded in an anodic alumina template), 50-100 microns in length, with a wire density of ~ 1011/cm2, with their wire axes along a common crystalline orientation, and preserving the crystal structure of bulk bismuth.
		During that time she switched from research on superconductivity to magneto-optics, and carried out a series of experiments which led to a fundamental understanding of the electronic structure of semi-metals, especially graphite.
	web.mit.edu /physics/facultyandstaff/faculty/millie_dresselhaus.html (1106 words)

	Professor David Avnir - Research Group
		The main message is that the chemistry and physics of organic molecules are carryable within ceramic matrices, allowing a plethora of novel and classical applications, and providing new insight on properties of both the organic component and of the matrix itself.
		Various useful applications have been already demonstrated, including both the physical alteration of metal properties, the formation of new catalysts with superior performances, and the induction of new, unorthodox reactivities to the metals.
		The general approach for the preparation of the new metallic composites involves a room temperature metal synthesis by the chemical reduction of the cation, which is carried out in the presence of the desired organic molecule, with a carefully selected reducing agents.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /employee/avnir/topics.html (1670 words)

	Chirality (mathematics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or more particularly if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone.
		Many other familiar objects exhibit the same chiral symmetry of the human body (or enantiomorphic) —gloves, glasses, shoes, legs on a pair of pants, etc. A similar notion of chirality is considered in knot theory, as explained below.
		For example the unknot and the figure-eight knot are achiral, whereas the trefoil knot is chiral.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chirality_(mathematics) (535 words)

	Talk:Chirality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chirality appears in many more contexts than those mentioned and the additional keywords mathematics, physics and chemistry (particularly latter two) are not explicit enough in relation to their current contents.
		For biological systems, as well the human body, chiral structures are of paramount importance and enantiomers differ inherently in their behaviour.
		Generally, the division of chirality into separate fields without extensive cross-linking is problematic for one obvious platitude: The mathematical basis allows physical modelling and considerations which are thereafter applied in most major natural sciences...
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Talk:Chirality (459 words)

	OSU Physics: Calendar of Events
		This allows for a consistent physical interpretation in which fields are ascribed to an extended spin space of given dimension.
		Each dimension constrains the allowed symmetries and representations, and features fermions in the fundamental representation, vector bosons in the adjoint, and chirality as a good quantum number for the interactions.
		The gauge and flavor degrees of freedom can be related to the scalar symmetry generators in such an extended space, similarly to the Kaluza-Klein idea.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /calendar/event.php3?id=695 (145 words)

	WFU Physics Seminars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Most biomolecules are "chiral" or handed, that is to say they exist in two left and right-handed mirror image forms.
		The answer may lie in fundamental physics: the parity-violating weak neutral current produces a very slight energy difference between left and right handed molecules, which may become amplified over an evolutionary timescale, and our calculations of this energy difference show that the natural L-amino acids are indeed more stable than their "unnatural" D mirror images.
		Homochirality is such a characteristic signature of life that finding molecules all of one hand on other planets could be a signature of life or prebiotic chemistry, and we are building a polarimeter to Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH) on missions to Mars and other solar system bodies.
	www.wfu.edu /physics/seminars/1999_Spring/macdermot.html (233 words)

	cluster analysis 1
		Apart from the widespread use of organic chiral materials (like chiral liquid crystals), artificially produced chiral structural thin films of inorganic materials are realized in recent years and seem to be a promising new optically active medium.
		Transmitted light intensity of linearly polarized light (after propagating across plain water or water with sugar) through a polarizer was measured by rotating to different angles.
		The structure of the inorganic chiral thin film is similar to that of a cholesteric or twisted-nematic liquid-crystal layer.
	grad.physics.sunysb.edu /~qwen/chiralthinfilms.htm (876 words)

	Helicity -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		The helicity of a particle is defined as the projection of a spin vector
		Therefore, if a particle's spin vector points in the same direction as the momentum vector, the helicity is positive, and if they point in opposite directions, the helicity is negative.
		However, the helicity of a massless particle is always equal to its chirality.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/Helicity.html (84 words)

	MSU Solar Physics / Astronomy & Space Physics REU Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Additionally, each year there are a few opportunities for REU research in the solar-stellar connection (dynamo theory, data analysis), solar magneto-hydrodynamics, plasma physics and space hardware development.
		The REU Program in the Solar Physics group gives participants an opportunity to develop skills for contemporary research under the guidance of internationally known solar physicists.
		This REU is a great opportunity to learn about the sun, which is rarely taught in class, hear about cutting edge solar research, and to gain independence in a research setting.
	solar.physics.montana.edu /reu (780 words)

	The Center for Science Writings at Stevens Institute of Technology
		Physically defective theory (e.g., 10^500 acceptable vacua) is unlimited if it generates journal acreage unconstrained by observation.
		Physics is written to ignore left and right hands (chirality; physics is achiral).
		When chirality appears (angular momentum in classical and quantum theory; the Weak Interaction; gyrotropy) exceptions are inserted.
	www.stevens.edu /csw/cgi-bin/blogs/scientific_curmudgeon/?p=19 (1117 words)

	Emergence of soliton chirality in a quantum antiferromagnet : Abstract : Nature Physics
		Left- and right-handed chiral matter is present at every scale ranging from seashells to molecules to elementary particles.
		In magnetism, chirality may be inherited from the asymmetry of the underlying crystal structure, or it may emerge spontaneously.
		The soliton chirality observed by polarized neutron scattering is in agreement with theoretical predictions and is a manifestation of a Berry phase
	www.nature.com /nphys/journal/v1/n3/abs/nphys152.html (252 words)

	Amazon.com: Pions to Quarks: Particle Physics in the 1950s: Books: Laurie Mark Brown,Max Dresden,Lillian Hoddeson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This distinctive collection of essays, discussions, and personal reminiscences focusing on the intellectual and social development of elementary particle physics from 1947 to 1963 is based on the May 1985 International Symposium of Particle Physics in the 1950s, held at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory on Batavia, Illinois.
		These essays also range from sociological analyses of the particle physics subculture and the political aspects of research funding to discussions of symmetry and axiomatic field theory.
		Between 1947 and 1963, a period freely referred to here as "the fifties," elementary particle physics was growing up and undergoing the triumphs and pains of its adolescence.
	www.amazon.com /Pions-Quarks-Particle-Physics-1950s/dp/0521309840 (816 words)

	Discussion of Chirality
		An object is said to be chiral if it lacks a center of inversion symmetry (i.e., if it cannot be superimposed on its mirror image after a rotation).
		The mirror image of your right hand looks like your left hand; and no matter which way you rotate or translate your left hand in space, you can never fit it on top of your right hand to make the two look identical.
		Chirality is a fundamental property of nature and can be found anywhere from elementary particles and the weak nuclear force to
	physics.unl.edu /~tgay/content/Chirality.html (100 words)

	Vesselin I. Dimitrov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Physics 132 – General Physics II (spring 2003)
		Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 1990
		Associate Professor of Nuclear Physics, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, 2000-2002
	www.nd.edu /~vdimitro (200 words)

	Describing Chirality: Tutorial
		Conclusion: triangle (a) is chiral as a two-dimensional (2D) object.
		Chirality can be similarly defined in every conceivable dimension; As far as principles go, chirality is not related to dimension three in any way.
		Since describing chirality is simpler in the 2D case, the tutorial on the gauge description of chirality is focused on the 2D case.
	chirality.ouvaton.org /twodim.htm (210 words)

	Chirality - Chemistry 2001
		The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 concerns work with chiral molecules.
		These chiral molecules can be used to control or speed up different chemical reactions.
		The Chirality Game is presented with the support of The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.
	nobelprize.org /educational_games/chemistry/chiral/index.html (93 words)

	Chemical Evolution (Stephen Mason) - book review
		I am used to thinking of chemistry as one of the less interesting of the natural sciences, sandwiched between the splendour of physics and the miracles of modern molecular biology.
		The chapter on genealogy and reproduction is fairly standard stuff and the chapter on the origins of life could have been extended, but the overall presentation is good.
		It gives a physical explanation of the L-amino acid and D-sugar chirality of biological systems.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Chemical_Evolution.html (434 words)

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