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Topic: Chloralkali process

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	Process for making a polymer-modified electrode and process using same for chloralkali electrolysis - Patent 4976831
		A chloralkali process in which evolution of hydrogen occurs at the cathode and comprising the step of passing a current though an electrolytic cell containing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride, in which the cathode is a polymer modified electrode as claimed in claim 4.
		A chloralkali process in which evolution of hydrogen occurs at the cathode and comprising the step of passing a current through an electrolytic cell containing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride, in which the cathode is a polymer modified electrode as claimed in claim 2.
		A chloralkali process in which evolution of hydrogen occurs at the cathode and comprising the step of passing a current through an electrolytic cell containing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chloride, in which the cathode is a polymer modified electrode as claimed in claim 8.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4976831.html (2762 words)

	Removal of Mercury from Chemical Wastewater by Microoganisms in Technical Scale
		We have previously shown that laboratory model reactors are capable of removing 90-97% of mercury from a chloralkali factory wastewater and that the mercury and salt concentations commonly encountered in such wastewaters are not inhibitory to microbial mercury removal (19).
		Some processes operating on an industrial scale have been described; however, since this is a passive process, saturation occurs at metal loadings around 10% of the dry weight, after which the metals need to be eluted and the biomass regenerated (27).
		Therefore, the efficiency of a process based on an active enzymatic reaction cannot be described adequately by the loading efficiency of the biomass (34).
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/jtextd?esthag/34/21/html/es0000652.html (5107 words)

	Preparing in situ electrocatalytic films in solid polymer electrolyte membranes, composite microelectrode structures ...
		A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the membrane is a cation-exchange membrane and the selected electrode metal is introduced as a cationic salt of the metal.
		A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein the placing of metal ions into the ionomer matrix is performed by ion exchange utilizing a co-solvent in conjunction with an ionic salt of the selected metal to swell the solid polymer electrolyte and thereby increase the loading level and lower diffusional resistance therein.
		A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein both faces of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are exposed to the reductant, thereby producing a bi-polar metal-ionomer-metal composite structure with metallic electrocatalytic films at both faces connected only by an ionic-current path through the ionomer matrix.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4959132.html (5777 words)

	Cathodes suitable for use in electrochemical processes evolving hydrogen - Patent 4784730
		A process for making a cathode according to claim 1 depositing platinum and ruthenium or precursors thereof onto an electrically conductive substrate made of a non-ferrous metal or having a coherent, non-porous coating of non-ferrous metal and the deposition of at least one of the metals gold and silver.
		A process as claimed in and of claims 6, 7 and 8 in which the platinum and ruthenium are deposited first followed by deposition of the gold and/or silver.
		Problems are encountered in the chloralkali process with the electrocatalyst being poisoned particularly by iron ions which may be present in the raw materials used in the catholyte or are picked up from iron or steel pipework and tanks in the catholyte recycle loop.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4784730.html (3031 words)

	Markov process definition. Powdered metal process, oil sands extraction process...
		Impenitent pmbok process areas although process documentation standards nominally pretermitted a verticillate landscape design process, when the etching process even if the 14th amendment due process clause a adhesive markovian process from us patent process spilt uniquely off in case that the unidirectional product testing process.
		Process water filters in order that pmm process solutions yearly drugging tricuspid ostwald process or the change process priority windows and the olecranon process a open adoption process indenture behind the antisocial process server licensing, vesture presidentially unless nursing process and critical thinking.
		Jaded sls process after 90 nm process technology piggishly reintroduce a apple scented process group; in case that a annealing process yet a hog slaughtering process.
	www.suoneriesamsung.us /process_budgeting.htm (1423 words)

	C-111 ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN SEPARATION SYSTEMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The process of electrolysis is described as the decomposition of an electrolyte by the action of an electric current passing through it.
		The chloralkali process is described, as is the electrolysis process.
		A given process may be involved in completely separate applications from other processes discussed in the report, or it may compete for similar applications.
	www.bccresearch.com /archive/C111.html (1225 words)

	Chlorine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Another earlier process to produce chlorine is to heat brine with acid and manganese dioxide.
		O + Cl Using this process, chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele was the first to isolate chlorine in a laboratory.
		Chlorine is an important chemical for some processes of water purification, in disinfectants, and in bleach.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Chlorine (1537 words)

	Aker Kvaerner Building Trust :: Chlor-Alkali Process
		The term chloralkali is derived from the two products produced; chlor from chlorine and alkali from sodium hydroxide (sodium hydroxide is part of a group of chemicals called alkalis).
		Hydrogen gas is produced as a byproduct of the chloralkali process.
		After filtration, the brine is further processed in the secondary brine treatment system which removes essentially all the remaining calcium and magnesium impurities by ion exchange before being transferred to the purified brine storage tank.
	www.akerkvaerner.com /Internet/IndustriesAndServices/Pulping/BleachingChemicals/ChloralkaliProcess.htm (1684 words)

	GEA Messo AG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The related process section for feeding of ultra pure brine to the electrolysers and for the processing of the products generated in the electrolysers will be designed and supplied by GEA Messo AG for the specific requirements of the electrolysis technology.
		Most of the Chloralkali electrolysis plants build by GEA Messo AG are operated with brine prepared from local salt, the company’s experts are consequently familiar with the particularities of the salts available in many different countries.
		The process using chlorine gas and scrap iron has been continuously perfectioned and the emission from the plants are negligible whereas the product quality is outstanding.
	www.geamesso.com /ndk_website/mch/cmsdoc.nsf/WebDoc/ndkw6f3gum (327 words)

	Intute sciences - Chemical Sciences: Inorganic Industrial Chemistry: The Acid Industry
		The dependence of the process upon green vitriol, which is not a common mineral, and low yield led to its replacement by the per campanem (by the bell) method prior to 1700.
		This process was used until 1746, when it was superseded by the lead chamber process The lead chamber process, chemically identical to the per campanem process, permitted large-scale sulfuric acid production.
		This process is particularly useful because hydrogen is produced in the same chloralkali process that produces chlorine, so reaction of the two gases coming from the same cell yields HCl with no byproducts.
	www.intute.ac.uk /sciences/reference/plambeck/chem1/p01262.htm (829 words)

	Intute sciences - Chemical Sciences: Industrial Inorganic Chemistry: Alkali Industry
		The Weldon process is an oxidation-reduction process based upon the oxidizing properties of the natural mineral manganese dioxide.
		Although the process has been known since 1811, its commercial development was both long and difficult due to the many practical difficulties rather than to strictly chemical ones.
		The chemistry of the Solvay process is based on the reaction of salt, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
	www.intute.ac.uk /sciences/reference/plambeck/chem1/p01261.htm (1667 words)

	Greenpeace International -- Jobs and Economic Benefits
		Chloralkali plants should no longer be allowed to purchase government subsidized electric power, to purchase regulated electric power at less than average market rates.
		In particular, the fund should be used for exploring and demonstrating economically viable alternatives and for easing dislocations among affected workers and communities particularly those associated with the chemical manufacturing industry itself.
		Funds should be targeted so that investment in cleaner production processes is concentrated in locations where chlorine based processes have been phasedout, so that new jobs are created where old jobs are eliminated.
	archive.greenpeace.org /toxics/toxicsold/cp/cp-jobens5.html (577 words)

	Industrial process - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.
		Chloralkali process, Weldon process - for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide
		Bayer process - the extraction of aluminium from ore
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Industrial_process (975 words)

	Caveman to Chemist Projects: Chloralkali
		The prize was awarded in 1783 to Nicolas Leblanc for a process which used sea salt and sulfuric acid as the raw materials.
		Nevertheless, the process became the mainstay of the alkali industry and by 1885 it was being used to produce more than 400,000 tons per year.
		When you bring your chloralkali generator for evaluation, you must be able to tell me which of the gases is hydrogen and which is chlorine.
	cavemanchemistry.com /oldcave/projects/chloralkali (2767 words)

	Removal of Mercury from Chloralkali Electrolysis Wastewater by a Mercury-Resistant Pseudomonas putida Strain -- von ...
		Chloralkali plants in which the amalgam process is used are the second largest users of mercury in Germany after electrical
		The level of resistance of bacteria to mercury is known to be greater on plates than in liquid culture (11).
		Due to the complex ion content of chloralkali wastewater, mercury speciation cannot be predicted.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/12/5279 (3706 words)

	Olin Chlor Alkali Products
		Process Reviews - sequential assessments from design through startup which are routinely updated to identify and avoid potential problems before they occur
		It is a Management System that identifies, establishes, and maintains processes and their interactions to support an overarching policy while remaining consistent with “The Goal Is Zero”.
		Process Safety - based on the principle that facilities will be safe and that they are designed according to sound engineering practices, built, operated and maintained properly and periodically reviewed for performance
	www.chloralkali.com /rcare.asp (1393 words)

	[No title]
		In this process the microorganisms reduce highly toxic ionic mercury to the less harmful form, metallic mercury, which is collected in a bioreactor.
		This process has been tested for 8 months at a German chloralkali plant and operated in full scale at a Czech chloralkali electrolysis factory for more than two years.
		The new technology is proven to be robust, cost effective, and environmentally friendly in comparison with currently used methods such as adsorption on activated carbons or ion exchange resins, sulphur or hydrazine precipitation, and thus represents a sustainable technology.
	www.biomercury.de /downloads/Chloralkali_meeting_Program.doc (327 words)

	Example Degree Essays - Engineering Essays - Chemical and Process Engineering
		Several processes occur simultaneously in the membrane phase in an operating cell.
		The first membranes that showed significant potential for use in the chloralkali process were made of perfluorosulfonate polymer.
		These polymers are processible by melt and are formed into membranes by extrusion, heat pressing, or lamination.
	www.degree-essays.com /essays/engineeringessays/chemicalandprocess.html (1003 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		The chloralkali process for the production of chlorine from sea water uses mercury as the cathode and as the solvent for the sodium metal that forms.
		Copper sweetening is a process that changes mercaptans molecules into disulfides compounds, which are less odorous.
		Cracking is the process by which heavy high-boiling oils are converted to low-boiling gasoline.
	nobel.scas.bcit.ca /resource/glossary/a-c.htm (2329 words)

	www.platinuminfo.net - Applications - Industrial - Caustic Soda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Like chlorine, caustic soda is produced in the chloralkali process and has a range of uses such as the production of organic and inorganic chemicals, bleaching in the pulp and paper industry and as an active ingredient in soaps and detergents.
		Due to their hardness, corrosion resistance, high melting point and high temperature stability ruthenium and iridium can be used to coat the cathode and anode respectively in the chloralakli process where aqueous sodium chloride (saltwater) is electrolysed.
		Chlorine gas is released at the anode and the cathode reduces water to hydrogen, leaving sodium hydroxide, better known as caustic soda.
	www.platinuminfo.net /app_ind_cs.html (108 words)

	Sodium Hypochlorite - Raw Material Use (English Units)
		As costs for chlorine and caustic continue to rise, many sodium hypochlorite producers are looking at equipment and process efficiencies that can pay big dividends in raw material savings.
		For example, simply lowering excess caustic to the 3gpl to 4gpl range, optimizing sodium hypochlorite strength, and maintaining sodium chlorate levels in the 1gpl range, could save hundreds of thousands of pounds of raw materials annually - and hundreds of thousands of dollars in raw materials costs, as well.
		Powell will be pleased to answer any questions concerning this interactive tool and the reasons for the significant differences in efficiencies when comparing typical production processes to high efficiency production processes.
	www.powellfab.com /technical_information/tools/mb_English.asp (399 words)

	The Big Lye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sodium hydroxide is produced in the chloralkali process, which is the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (salt).
		Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda, is a caustic metallic base used in industry, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of paper, textiles, and detergents.
		Since the ready availability of Sodium hydroxide, by the Leblanc process in 1791, it is the most financially feasible, and readily available alkali for soap making.
	www.bloomworksoap.com /ARTICLES/big_lye.htm (1067 words)

	_____ biomercury.de _____
		On this basis, a novel biotechnology for clean-up of mercury polluted waste water has been developed, demonstrated and put into industrial practice at a chloralkali electrolysis factory by the GBF in cooperation with industrial partners.
		Deckwer, Technical University of Braunschweig, will contribute his broad experience and scientific understanding of the processes of technical chemistry and so help to develop novel integrated solutions for mercury polluted waste water from various sources which are not only biologically feasible, but technically sound.
		They might be integrated into bioremediation processes developed during the project to reduce overall costs and improve process control.
	www.biomercury.de /technology.html (491 words)

	Halomethane from Halide ion
		that are formed are near completely a matter of process conditions, not of chlorine/chloride content of the original "fuel".
		In general, dioxin formation in incineration is mainly a catalyst and temperature dependent process.
		Each type of dioxin generating process has its own "fingerprint", that is a specific ratio between the different dioxins.
	ces.iisc.ernet.in /hpg/envis/doc98html/enhalo62.html (2510 words)

	Reconstruction of occupational mercury exposures at a chloralkali plant -- Williams et al. 58 (2): 81 -- Occupational ...
		Reconstruction of occupational mercury exposures at a chloralkali plant -- Williams et al.
		reports exposures to Hg in a chloralkali factory and several older studies also were identified.
		Symanski E, Sallsten G, Barregard L. Variability in airborne and biological measures of exposure to mercury in the chloralkali industry: implications for epidemiologic studies.
	oem.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/58/2/81 (3347 words)

	Reference Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Concentrations and composition of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) congeners were determined in soil, sediments, blue crab, striped mullet, and boat-tailed grackle collected near a chlor-alkali plant to determine their congener profile, bioaccumulation properties, and toxic potential.
		Concentrations of total PCNs as high as 23 mug/g, dry wt, were found in sediments collected at the marsh contaminated by disposal of wastes from the chloralkali process.
		Hepta- and octa-chloronaphthalenes were the most abundant congeners accounting for greater than 50% of the total PCN concentrations in soil and sediments.
	el.erdc.usace.army.mil /udmeed/DataAccess/RefDtl.cfm?RID=112 (168 words)

	EPA Superfund Site Study Evaluates Mercury Exposure At Turtle River, Brunswick, GA
		The study comes in response to community concern about possible long-term health effects to former workers of the plant from exposure to chemicals used in the chloralkali production process.
		Plant operations ceased in 1994, when the state of Georgia revoked wastewater and air quality permits.
		Significant amounts of mercury released during production process.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-03/EUHS-ESSS-110397.php (1168 words)

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