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Topic: Chloramine

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	Water Quality Association Chloramine - Are there negative health effects?
		Chloramine is formed as a result of the reaction between applied chlorine and ammonia present in the natural water or ammonia that has been added to react with chlorine so that a combined chlorine (chloramine) residual will be formed.
		Chloramine is used principally in systems requiring a reduction in tastes and odors, or a reduction in disinfection byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs).
		In water systems that use chloramine as the principal disinfectant, ammonia is added at a point downstream from the initial chlorine application so that microorganisms, including viruses, will be exposed to the free chlorine for a short period before the chloramine is formed.
	www.wqa.org /sitelogic.cfm?ID=348 (304 words)

	Chloramine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chloramine (monochloramine) is chemical compound with the formula NH Cl. Although it is important, NH Cl is invariably used as very dilute solutions where it is used as disinfectant.
		Aquarium owners must remove the chloramine from their tap water because it is toxic to fish.
		Chloramine must also be removed from the water prior to use in kidney dialysis machines, as it would come in contact with the bloodstream across a permeable membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chloramine (448 words)

	CHLORAMINE
		Chloramine, formed by the reaction of ammonia with chlorine, is increasingly being used in the disinfection of drinking-water.
		Chloramines are also formed in swimming pools from the reaction of chlorine with nitrogen-containing contaminants, and trichloramine has been measured in swimming-pool air.
		Chloraminated drinking-water (predominantly in the form of monochloramine) was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in female and male mice and rats without demonstrating clear evidence of carcinogenic activity.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol84/84-02-chloramine.html (395 words)

	Chloramine Facts - Citizens Concerned About Chloramine (CCAC)
		Chloramine must be completely removed from the water in dialysis treatment using extensive carbon filtration and a reverse osmosis or Cation filtering system to remove both chlorine and ammonia from the water.
		Chloramine is toxic to fish, amphibians, and water-based reptiles and marine invertebrates.
		Chloramine must be removed from the water with a GAC (granular activated carbon) filter followed by a reverse osmosis or Cation filter.
	www.chloramine.org /chloraminefacts.htm (2367 words)

	Chloramine \| Region 9: Water \| US EPA
		Chloramines are used for maintaining a disinfectant residual in the distribution system so that disinfected drinking water is kept safe.
		Since chloramines are not as reactive as chlorine with organic material in water, they produce substantially lower concentrations of disinfection byproducts in the distribution system.
		Chloramine, like chlorine, is effective in controlling biofilm, which is a slime coating in the pipe caused by bacteria.
	www.epa.gov /region09/water/chloramine.html (562 words)

	Central Coast Water Authority Water Education - Chloramines
		Chloramines in that water would be toxic, just as chlorine is toxic, and must be removed from water used in kidney dialysis machines.
		Chloraminated water is no different than chlorinated water for all of the normal uses we have for water.
		Chloramines are toxic to fish and must be removed from water, just as chlorine is toxic and must be removed.
	www.ccwa.com /chloramines.htm (1655 words)

	Glossary: Chloramine
		A class of organic amines, chloramines are produced when ammonia and chlorine (as hypochlorous acid) react with each other.
		Chloramine is increasingly used in water treatment plants rather than chlorine, as chloramine is much more stable and will not dissipate from water, ensuring disinfection until it reaches the consumers.
		In chlorine water treatment, a combination of inorganic chloramines is formed as disinfection by-products, also referred to as combined chlorine residuals.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/abc/chloramine.htm (125 words)

	API : Articles: Chlorine and Chloramine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chloramine (NH2Cl) is a compound formed by mixing ammonia and chlorine in water.
		Higher levels of chloramine are required to the same job as a lower dose of chlorine.
		Chloramine then enters the bloodstream and binds to iron in the hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
	www.aquariumpharm.com /en_us/articles/chlorine_chloramine.asp (1001 words)

	Chloramine Water Contaminant Information for Water Filtration Treatment
		Chloramine is formed as a result of the reaction between applied chlorine and ammonia present in the natural water or ammonia that has been added to react with chlorine so that a combined chlorine (chloramine) residual will be formed.
		Chloramine is used principally in systems requiring a reduction in tastes and odors, or a reduction in disinfection byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs).
		In water systems that use chloramine as the principal disinfectant, ammonia is added at a point downstream from the initial chlorine application so that microorganisms, including viruses, will be exposed to the free chlorine for a short period before the chloramine is formed.
	waterfilters.net /water-university/water-contaminants/Chloramine.htm (953 words)

	City of Palo Alto Utilities, - Chloramine FAQs
		Chloramine is a disinfectant used in drinking water to remove bacteria and viruses.
		Chloraminated water is safe for people and animals to drink, cook with, bathe in, water the garden, and use for all other general uses.
		Chloramine must be removed from the water before provided to fish, reptiles, shellfish, and amphibians that take water directly into their bloodstream.
	www.cpau.com /docs/factsheets/water/quality/chloramine.html (1451 words)

	Chloramine level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chloramine, a combination of chlorine and ammonia, is used effectively to prevent waterborne diseases.
		Chloramine, when compared to chlorine, forms a significantly lower amount of “disinfection byproducts” such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).
		Chloraminated water is safe for drinking, bathing, cooking and all other daily uses.
	www.valleywater.org /Water/Water_Quality/How_we_clean_your_water/Chloramine/index.shtm (355 words)

	Water purification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although chloramines are not as effective as disinfectants, compared to chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite, they are less prone to form THMs or haloacetic acids.
		It is possible to convert chlorine to chloramine by adding ammonia to the water along with the chlorine: The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramine.
		Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification, wherein ammonia is used a nitrogen source for bacterial growth, with nitrates being generated as a byproduct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Water_purification (4148 words)

	Chlorine and Chloramine
		Chloramine is a combination of chlorine and ammonia.
		But, chloramine isn't as good at killing off the microorganisms in the water as chlorine, so higher levels of chloramine are often used.
		Thats one of the main reasons that chloramines are being used instead of chlorine.
	www.csd.net /~cgadd/aqua/art_chlorine.htm (1858 words)

	Campus water disinfectant to change to chloramine: 01/03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chloramine, a compound formed by adding ammonia to chlorine, is more stable than chlorine and lasts longer in the water distribution system, providing increased protection from bacterial and viral contamination, said Patricia Martel, SFPUC general manager.
		Although chloraminated water is perfectly safe for humans and most mammals to drink, chloramine is toxic to fish and amphibians like tadpoles that pass water directly through their gills into the bloodstream.
		Although chloramine is a better disinfectant, the addition of ammonia to water will require more operational attention to prevent nitrification in Stanford's water supplies, she said.
	www.stanford.edu /group/news/report/news/2003/january22/water-122.html (614 words)

	What Are They Putting In My Tap Water Now?
		Chloramine, a chlorine-ammonia compound, is more stable in the water system than chlorine, and only slowly breaks down into chlorine and ammonia.
		Chloramine disinfection, however, is preferable to chlorine for almost all uses: drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening, and pets.
		Chloramine and the small amount of ammonia produced in breakdown are neutralized in digestion, but chlorine can lead to eye and nose irritation, anemia, stomach discomfort, and damaged hair and skin.
	www.thegreenguide.com /doc/ask/chloramine (644 words)

	City of Mountain View - Chloramine Conversion
		Chloramine is a chemical compound composed of chlorine and ammonia.
		Chloramine is a chemical compound composed of chlorine and ammonia and is considered a better choice than chlorine alone for disinfection.
		As with chlorine, chloramine is harmful to fish (saltwater and freshwater), reptiles, shellfish, and amphibians that live in water.
	www.ci.mtnview.ca.us /citynews/chloramine.htm (1820 words)

	Bio-Elite FAQ Chloramine and FISH
		Chloramine (NH Cl) is a compound that is formed when chlorine and ammonia combine in water.
		Chloramine acts differently to chlorine in that it causes little damage to the gills but passes through the membrane and into the bloodstream.
		RO (Reverse osmosis) does not remove chloramine, as the chloramine is able to pass through the permeable membranes just s it can pass through the membranes of the fish’s gills.
	www.bio-elite.com /chloramine_faq.htm (421 words)

	EVMWD - Website - Chloramine Facts
		The chloramination process is accomplished by treating water with a compound of ammonia and chlorine, as opposed to the current procedure that uses only chlorine.
		Even though the chloramination procedure is a more popular and simple method of water disinfection, it may require changes on behalf of some of our customers.
		Chloramine has the ability to sustain itself in the water longer than chlorine, thus providing consistent bacterial control.
	www.evmwd.com /depts/engineering/water_quality/chloramine_facts.asp (456 words)

	Chloramine Conversion in North San Jose and Alviso
		Chloramine is a combination of chlorine and ammonia that is considered a better disinfectant.
		Chloraminated water is safe for people and animals to drink, cook with, bath in, and for all other general uses.
		Chloramine, a combination of chlorine and ammonia, must be neutralized or removed for these purposes.
	www.sjmuniwater.com /chloramine.htm (284 words)

	Department of Public Utilities - Chloramine Conversion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Chloramination is not a new disinfection process; in fact, it has already been successfully used through the United States and Canada.
		Chloramines are harmful only when they directly enter the bloodstream through the dialysis process.
		Chloramines in that water would be harmful, just as chlorine is harmful and must be removed from water used in kidney dialysis machines.
	www.ci.rocky-mount.nc.us /utilities/kidneydialysispatients6-12-02.htm (661 words)

	Chloramine Conversion \| Mid-Peninsula Water
		Chloraminated water is completely safe for people to drink, bathe in, clean scrapes or cuts, water the garden, and for most other purposes.
		The San Francisco Water Department expects the level of chloramine present in its tap water to be 2 mg/liter with chlorine to ammonia ratio 5:1.
		Chloramine must be removed as it binds to iron in red blood cell hemoglobin, causing reduced cell capacity to carry oxygen.
	www.midpeninsulawater.org /view.php/id/67 (1567 words)

	Chloramine in San Francisco Bay Area Drinking Water Advantage Realty, San Francisco East Bay, Hayward real estate, ...
		But when he finally went there to investigate in 2004 he decided they were right: Chloramine, a chemical disinfectant that had been added to their water, appeared to be a factor in the skin rashes and other ailments from which some people were suffering.
		The most disturbing aspect of chloramine is how the public is treated when they bring their concerns about health effects to public health officials and those in charge of the water systems.
		Suspecting that chloramine might be responsible, since nothing else was new to her water supply, she immediately sent a letter to the editor of newspapers throughout Chittenden County.
	www.joannegardiner.com /ChloramineinSanFranciscoBayAreaDrinkingWater.html (5320 words)

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