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Topic: Chloramphenicol

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	Chloramphenicol: Bacteria and Antibacterial Drugs: Merck Manual Professional
		Because of bone marrow toxicity, the availability of alternative antibiotics, and the emergence of resistance, chloramphenicol is no longer a drug of choice for any infection, except serious infections due to a few multidrug-resistant pathogens that retain susceptibility to this antibiotic.
		However, outcomes of chloramphenicol treatment of meningitis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant pneumococci have been discouraging.
		Chloramphenicol should not be used topically because small amounts may be absorbed and, rarely, can cause aplastic anemia.
	www.merck.com /mmpe/sec14/ch170/ch170d.html (304 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Chloramphenicol
		Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of microorganisms; it is still very widely used in low income countries because it is exceedingly cheap, but has fallen out of favour in the West due to a very rare but very serious side effect: aplastic anemia.
		Chloramphenicol palmitate ester is inactive, and is hydrolysed to active chloramphenicol in the small intestine.
		Chloramphenicol is extremely lipid soluble, it remains relatively unbound to protein and is a small molecule: it has a large apparent volume of distribution of 100 litres and penetrates effectively into all tissues of the body, including the brain.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Chloramphenicol (1799 words)

	Beekeeping - Article - Chloramphenicol
		Chloramphenicol should not be given orally to ruminating animals because it is almost completely inactivated by rumen bacteria.
		Chloramphenicol is inappropriate for use in animals intended for food because of potential health hazards to consumers.
		Chloramphenicol is not active against protozoans in contrast to the tetracyclines.
	www.beekeeping.com /articles/us/chloramphenicol.htm (2117 words)

	CHLORAMPHENICOL
		Chloramphenicol was first isolated in 1948 from Streptomyces venezuela, derived from a soil sample (collected in Venezuela) and used later that year against an outbreak of epidemic typhus in Bolivia with great success.
		Chloramphenicol and its metabolites are rapidly excreted in the urine and feces.
		Chloramphenicol is most often the preferred drug against resistant Salmonella and E. coli infections of G.I. tract of such animals as cattle, swine, horse and cat.
	compepid.tuskegee.edu /syllabi/biomedical/Physiology/physiology352/chapter4.html (669 words)

	Chloramphenicol
		Chloramphenicol use may accumulate to toxic levels in very young animals (in first few weeks of life) and as they are not able to remove it from their bodies as effectively as adult animals.
		Chloramphenicol should not be used in patients with abnormal bone marrow, non-regenerative anemia, or circulating abnormal blood cells.
		Chloramphenicol should not be used in breeding animals nor in pregnant females nor in newborns.
	www.marvistavet.com /html/body_chloramphenicol.html (595 words)

	644. Chloramphenicol (WHO Food Additives Series 23)
		chloramphenicol to rats, inhibition of the conversion of n-hexane to 2-hexanol by rat liver or lung microsomes occurred.
		Chloramphenicol also had adverse effects on development in a separate study in which fertilized eggs with embryos at the 14- or 20-somite stages were explanted and exposed to chloramphenicol at concentrations of 0, 200, or 300 µg/ml for 22 - 24 hours.
		Seaman, A.J. Sequels to chloramphenicol aplastic anemia: Acute leukaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v23je02.htm (16231 words)

	Traces of Chloramphenicol in Chinese Bee Products: Origin, Development, and Resolution
		Chloramphenicol (also called Chloromycetin) is a potent antibiotic that has limited uses; it is considered a mainline therapy for typhoid fever and other systemic salmonella infections, and as a secondary choice in treating some infections that may prove resistant to other antibiotics.
		Chloramphenicol is a potent antibiotic that may eliminate the disease in hives, but is no longer a permissible method; it had been in use previously in the U.S. and other countries, before being withdrawn due to restrictions on its entry into food products.
		The detection limit for chloramphenicol was 0.3 g/kg (ppb) and for streptomycin was 50 g/kg (ppb).
	www.itmonline.org /arts/bees.htm (1354 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Chloramphenicol (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chloramphenicol (klor-am-FEN-i-kole) is used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria.
		Chloramphenicol may cause gray skin color, low body temperature, bloated stomach, uneven breathing, drowsiness, pale skin, sore throat and fever, unusual bleeding or bruising, unusual tiredness or weakness, or other problems in the infant.
		Chloramphenicol is best taken with a full glass (8 ounces) of water on an empty stomach (either 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals), unless otherwise directed by your doctor.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202127.html (1543 words)

	FDA/CFSAN - LC/MS/MS Analysis of Chloramphenicol in Crab Meat - Lib. 4302
		For identification purposes, the ion ratios (of each daughter ion versus the base daughter ion) of the fortified crab versus those of the chloramphenicol standards, agreed within 10% (relative) at chloramphenicol concentrations of 0.25-1.0 ppb, but increased to up to 21% for the m/z 257 ion in one set of the 0.10 ppb fortified crab.
		Chloramphenicol residue may be present in the tissue of treated food producing animals thereby posing a health risk to some consumers.
		The chloramphenicol was then extracted from the aqueous phase remaining in the second centrifuge tube, by adding fifteen milliliters (15mL) of EtOAc, capping tightly and shaking vigorously by hand for about one (1) minute.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~frf/lib4302.html (2844 words)

	Chloromycetin (Chloramphenicol) drug warnings and precautions - prescription drugs and medications at RxList
		Chloramphenicol sodium succinate must be hydrolyzed to its microbiologically active form and there is a big lag in achieving adequate blood levels compared with the base given IV.
		The oral form of chloramphenicol is readily absorbed and adequate blood levels are achieved and maintained on the recommended dosage.
		Since chloramphenicol readily crosses the placental barrier, caution in use of the drug is particularly important during pregnancy at term or during labor because of potential toxic effects on the fetus (gray syndrome).
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/chloramphenicol_wcp.htm (619 words)

	Chloramphenicol Use (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There is little information in the literature addressing chloramphenicol dosing and serum concentration monitoring in adults.
		Studies have not been done to show a correlation between trough levels and toxicity, and no studies to date have been able to show a correlation between levels and clinical efficacy and the development of resistance.
		The following guidelines are based on what is known about the dosing of chloramphenicol for patients with multi-drug resistant enterococcal infections including neutropenic patients.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/chloro.htm (236 words)

	Chloramphenicol in Honey - Frequently Asked Questions
		Chloramphenicol is banned for use in food-producing animals, including honey bees, in Canada as well as in a number of other countries.
		The CFIA is monitoring a voluntary food recall for the detection of chloramphenicol in buckwheat honey based on a health risk assessment conducted by Health Canada.
		Chloramphenicol is banned in Canada for use in food-producing animals and therefore, it is illegal to sell any product containing this drug.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /dhp-mps/vet/faq/faq_chloramphenicol_honey-miel_e.html (662 words)

	Problem Set 1
		Chloramphenicol is incompletely absorbed and/or is eliminated by first-pass biotransformation in the liver
		Treatment of data for the glucuronide, analogous to your procedures for unchanged chloramphenicol, indicate a renal clearance of 96.3 ml/min and a cumulative excretion in the urine of 60.5% of the dose after i.v.
		The bacteriostatic effect of chloramphenicol in the urine is primarily caused by its metabolites
	www.bumc.bu.edu /www/busm/pharmacology/Programmed/Problem1.html (1452 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Chloramphenicol (Otic) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chloramphenicol (klor-am-FEN-i-kole) belongs to the family of medicines called antibiotics.
		Chloramphenicol otic drops are used to treat infections of the ear canal.
		Chloramphenicol may increase the blood levels of these medications: alfentanil, chlorpropamide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tolbutamide, and warfarin.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202126.html (978 words)

	806. Chloramphenicol (WHO Food Additives Series 33)
		CHLORAMPHENICOL First draft prepared by Dr R. Fuchs Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 1.
		EXPLANATION Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a broad spectrum antibiotic used in cattle, swine and poultry in dose ranges of 22-66 mg/kg bw.
		Effects of florfenicol, chloramphenicol, and thiamphenicol on phagocytosis, chemiluminescsnce, and morphology of bovine polynuclear neutrophil leucocytes.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v33je03.htm (4932 words)

	Chloramphenicol ear drops
		Chloramphenicol is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which means it is effective against infections caused by a wide variety of bacteria.
		Chloramphenicol therefore controls the infection and remaining bacteria die or are killed by the body's immune system.
		Chloramphenicol ear drops are administered into the ear to treat various types of bacterial ear infections.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /medicines/100003109.html (770 words)

	NEJM -- Absorption of chloramphenicol sodium succinate after intramuscular administration in children
		Because it is thought that chloramphenicol is poorly absorbed after intramuscular administration, we compared blood levels of chloramphenicol after intramuscular administration with those after intravenous administration in children with a variety of diagnoses.
		The peak level of chloramphenicol was 19.5 +/- 5.99 micrograms per milliliter (mean +/- S.D.) in 11 children after the first dose and 31.4 +/- 12.99 micrograms per milliliter in 51 children after two or more doses.
		The peak level of chloramphenicol was 19.4 +/- 6.37 micrograms per milliliter in eight children after the first dose and 28.2 +/- 11.09 micrograms per milliliter in nine children after two or more doses.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/short/313/7/410?query=prevarrow (341 words)

	Chloramphenicol (Otic) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chloramphenicol otic drops are used to treat infections of the ear canal.
		Chloramphenicol otic solution has not been studied in pregnant women.
		Chloramphenicol may increase the blood levels of these medications: alfentanil, chlorpropamide, phenobarbital, phenytoin, tolbutamide, and warfarin.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202126 (1001 words)

	CHAPTER 18 — CHLORAMPHENICOL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In very toxic cases the dosage can be doubled, if necessary, but it is recommended that this be combined with cortisone to diminish the risk of a toxic crisis, which may occasionally occur in these cases.
		It is therefore recommended that treatment of the initial infection with chloramphenicol should be continued for at least 14 days.
		Although the use of TAB, when combined with the chloramphenicol therapy, appeared to diminish the relapse rate, this is not recommended as a routine.
	www.worldortho.com /huckstep/typhoid/chapt18-21.html (596 words)

	Chloramphenicol (Ophthalmic) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chloramphenicol ophthalmic preparations are used to treat infections of the eye.
		Chloramphenicol ophthalmic preparations have not been shown to cause birth defects or other problems in humans.
		Chloramphenicol ophthalmic preparations have not been reported to cause problems in nursing babies.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202125 (1039 words)

	Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol Resistance in Systemic Haemophilus influenzae Disease
		In late August 1983, a 19-month-old girl was transferred from the Dominican Republic to a hospital in Houston, Texas, with a diagnosis of relapsing Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis.
		She was treated with ampicillin and chloramphenicol for 72 hours and then changed to chloramphenicol alone for 9 more days after the initial Hib isolate was demonstrated to be B-lactamase positive.
		She was again started on chloramphenicol and was given three doses of ceftazidime before arrival in Houston.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000269.htm (1116 words)

	Chloramphenicol scare slows Louisiana seafood sales
		The discovery of chloramphenicol by Louisiana and Florida prompted the Food and Drug Administration in mid-June to increase the amount of imported shrimp and crawfish it was testing.
		The FDA, which lowered its minimum acceptable level from 5 ppb chloramphenicol to 1 ppb in late May, is also working on improving its technology to detect 0.3 ppb chloramphenicol, the level at which Canada and the European Union are testing.
		China banned the use of chloramphenicol in aquaculture in March and is implementing measures to ensure shrimp and crawfish are tested for the antibiotic, Chinese officials assured the FDA at a June 5-6 meeting in Washington, D.C. — Steven Hedlund
	www.seafoodbusiness.com /archives/02jul/foodsafty_1.htm (624 words)

	Ewan's Information page on Chloramphenicol
		Chloramphenicol is a powerful anitbiotic, and is used for serious infections like typhiod and meningitis.
		However taking chloramphenicol during the final weeks of pregnancy is not recommended as that it can be in the breast milk.
		Chloramphenicol is a schedule 4 drug which means that you have to get a prescription from a docter to get it.
	redgum.bendigo.latrobe.edu.au /~ejdowie/chlor.html (437 words)

	Chloramphenicol eye preparations - Patient UK
		Chloramphenicol is used to treat bacterial infections of the eye, such as conjunctivitis.
		It is important to continue using chloramphenicol for a further 48 hours after the eye appears normal, to ensure that all of the bacteria have been killed.
		Chloramphenicol may sometimes cause a mild burning or stinging sensation when first put into the eye.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/30002617 (949 words)

	Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin, CHPC) - VeterinaryPartner.com - a VIN company! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Chloramphenicol should not be used in breeding animals or in pregnant females or in newborns.
		Vaccinations should not be given during a course of chloramphenicol.
		For this reason, chloramphenicol has been banned from food animal use in the united states as well as from human use.
	www.veterinarypartner.com /Content.plx?P=A&C=31&A=624&S=0 (707 words)

	Chloramphenicol - Evanston Northwestern Healthcare (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bone marrow suppression is thought to be dose related with serum concentrations >25 mcg/mL and reversible once chloramphenicol is discontinued; anemia and neutropenia may occur during the first week of therapy
		Gray syndrome is characterized by circulatory collapse, cyanosis, acidosis, abdominal distention, myocardial depression, coma, and death; reaction appears to be associated with serum levels greater than or equal to 50 mcg/mL; may result from drug accumulation in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function
		Increased toxicity: Chloramphenicol inhibits the metabolism of chlorpropamide, phenytoin, oral anticoagulants
	www.enh.org /healthandwellness/bioterrorism/hf025900.aspx?lid=1093 (477 words)

	Chloramphenicol (Otic)
		Chloramphenicol otic solution has not been studied in pregnant women.
		Gray syndrome may be especially likely to occur in children, who are usually more sensitive than adults to the effects of chloramphenicol.
		The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of chloramphenicol ear drops.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/c/chloramphenicol-otic.shtml (960 words)

	Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9
		The chloramphenicol resistance determined by TnP, and by various other R plasmids, is due to the synthesis of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)
		This enzyme catalyses the formation of acetylated derivatives of chloramphenicol which are inactive as inhibitors of protein synthesis
		The amino acid sequence of CAT predicted from the nucleotide sequence is identical to that determined by Shaw and coworkers
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v282/n5741/abs/282864a0.html (544 words)

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