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Topic: Chlorate

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Chlorite

Perchlorate

Chloric acid

Ammonium perchlorate

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	Chlorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5.
		Chlorates are powerful oxidizers and should be kept away from organics or easily reducible materials.
		Chlorates were once widely used in pyrotechnics, though their use has fallen due to their instability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chlorate (94 words)

	Pesticides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chlorates are strong oxidizers used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives, matches, printing fabrics, paper pulp processing, weed killers, and as a weak antiseptic (2-3 percent solutions have been used as mouthwash).
		Chlorates of alkali metals are approved for use in toothpaste at concentrations of 5 percent or less and for other uses at 3 percent or less by the European Union (EEC Cosmetic Directive, 1990).
		Chlorates are principally toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
	www.oehha.org /water/pals/chlorate.html (4284 words)

	Chlorate [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chlorate ion An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge.
		Chlorates are the salts of chloric acid Chloric Acid (HClO3, CAS 7790-93-4) is a weak acid.
		Chlorates are powerful oxidizers The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes.
	www.wikimirror.com /Chlorate (477 words)

	Feeding Sodium Chlorate to Livestock To Kill Salmonella and E. coli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Feeding Sodium Chlorate to Livestock To Kill Salmonella and E.
		This enzyme coincidentally converts the chlorate to chlorite, which kills the harmful bacteria.
		The cost of using sodium chlorate at a meat processing facility could be less than 10 cents per pig, estimates ARS microbiologist Robin C. Anderson.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/mar01/sodium0301.htm (520 words)

	Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorate
		Chlorate is rapidly absorbed via roots and leaves and is translocated throughout the plant causing respiration increases, catalase activity decreases and depletion of food reserves.
		Incubation of erythrocytes with chlorates induces concentration-dependent oxidation of haemoglobin.
		Chlorates are used as herbicides but at concentrations over 20 gram/L. In fresh water situations the worst case situation would be a pulp mill discharging 100 mg/L of chlorate into a river with a minimal dilution of 20:1 for a final concentration of 5 mg/L. This should not affect plant growth.
	wlapwww.gov.bc.ca /wat/wq/BCguidelines/chlorate.html (6707 words)

	Chlorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chlorate is the common name of the polyatomic ion ClO
		Most applications which used chlorates in the past now use perchlorates instead.
		Dalian North Potassium Chlorate Works Specializes in the production of potassium chlorate, but also produces various chlorates, perchlorates, acetates, and other chemicals.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Chlorate.html (133 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Brine electrolysis
		The first chlorate plant was built in 1886 in Villers-St. Sepulchre in Switzerland, where chlorate was electrochemically produced in cells made of wood and equipped with a diaphragm.
		The catholyte is evaporated in a multi-effect evaporator.
		Chlorate formation is promoted by the use of saturated brine, acidic solution, and temperatures close to the boiling point of the solution.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-b01-brine.htm (6571 words)

	FINNCHEM North-America - Sodium chlorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sodium chlorate is a powerful oxidant, especially in acid solutions.
		Sodium chlorate is produced by electrolysis of sodium chloride solution (brine).
		The main end use of sodium chlorate is on-site production of chlorine-dioxide, a key bleaching agent for the environmentally friendly ECF (elementary chlorine free) chemical pulping process.
	www.finnishchemicals.com /finnishchemicals/finnchem_4210100200.html (212 words)

	NRDC Technology offer - POTASSIUM CHLORATE
		Potassium chlorate, an important salt of potassium widely used for manufacture of safety matchesIt is also used in pyrotechniques, pharmaceutical industries and for other minor uses.
		In pyrotechnics potassium chlorates may be mixed with certain organic compounds such as lactose to give a relative cool flame so that certain dyes may be incorporated in the mixture to give coloured flames.
		Potassium chlorate is also used in the explosive percussion caps, in pharmaceutical industry and dyes as oxidising agent.
	www.nrdcindia.com /pages/potachl.htm (484 words)

	Chlorate as an analog of nitrate - Nitrate uptake and reduction - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of ...
		Chlorate is an analog of nitrate and can be used to select for mutants which are deficient in nitrate reductase or transport (see e.g.
		Chlorate may not be a useful analog for the root high-affinity nitrate transport system (Kosola and Bloom, 1996).
		Kosola KR, Bloom AJ 1996 Chlorate as a transport analog for nitrate absorption by roots of tomato.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/nuptake/nu00004.htm (280 words)

	DASEES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sodium chlorate treatment reduced the population o each O157:H7 strain approximately 2 logs (from 10 4 to 10 2) in the rumen and from 10 6 to 10 3 in the feces.
		Respiratory nitrate reductase activity possessed by Salmonella also catalyzes the intracellular reduction of chlorate (an analog of nitrate) to chlorite, which is lethal to the microbe.
		Chlorate treatment may provide a means to reduce foodborne pathogens immediately before harvest.
	www.fass.org /dasees/swine/nachlorate.asp (1792 words)

	A gallery of potassium chlorate photomicrographs.
		Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst in the decomposition of the chlorate, and a greater volume of oxygen was therefore generated in a comparable time period.
		Potassium chlorate is a commonly used chemical in the manufacture of safety matches and pyrotechnics.
		Potassium chlorate is more ionic in character, and thus has a higher melting temperature, making it more difficult to work with.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artsep04/bjchlorate.html (862 words)

	FINNCHEM Europe - Sodium chlorate
		Main end use of sodium chlorate is on-site production of chlorine-dioxide, key bleaching agent for environmentally friendly ECF(elementary chlorine free) chemical pulping process.
		Consumption of sodium chlorate continues to grow world wide in Pulp&Paper industry, because due to environmental reasons chemical pulp mills are replacing chlorine by chlorine-dioxide as primary bleaching agent.
		Crystalline sodium chlorate can be delivered in standard 20¿ containers in big bags (500/1000/1050 kg) or in small bags (25 kg).
	www.finnishchemicals.com /finnishchemicals/finnchem_4204540200.html (242 words)

	EXTOXNET PIP - SODIUM CHLORATE
		The herbicide is mainly used on non-crop land for spot treatment and for total vegetation control on roadsides, fenceways, ditches, etc. Sodium chlorate is also used as a defoliant and desiccant for cotton, safflower, corn, flax, peppers, soybeans, grain sorghum, southern peas, dry beans, rice and sunflowers (1, 207).
		A single dose of 5-10 g/person of sodium chlorate can prove to be fatal in adults, as can a single dose of 2 g/child in small children.
		Sodium chlorate may persist in soil for 6 months to 5 years, depending on rate applied, soil type, fertility, organic matter, moisture, and weather conditions.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /pips/sodiumch.htm (927 words)

	Preparing chlorates
		Depending on the type of anodes used in the chlorate cell, the purification step may also be skipped and the electrolysis continued untill all chloride has been converted into perchlorate.
		If all chlorate dissolves upon heating without the addition of extra water, allow the water to evaporate untill a thin crust of chlorate forms on the surface (indicating that the saturation point has been reached).
		Barium chlorate is somewhat more soluble and to prevent losses it is a good idea to use the impure barium chlorate 'waste' from this procedure in the electrolyte of a new cell.
	www.wfvisser.dds.nl /EN/chlorate_EN.html (6258 words)

	Chlorates and perchlorates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chlorates and perchlorates are chemically related but from a pyrotechnical standpoint perchlorates are generally safer to use.
		Potassium chlorate is extensively used commercially since it is cheaper than potassium perchlorate, and many accidents have happened that might have been prevented if the corresponding perchlorate was used instead.
		Chlorates are the easiest to prepare, but again, the use of chlorates is not recommended for amateur use.
	huizen.dds.nl /~wfvisser/EN/kclox_EN.html (309 words)

	Kinetics of Perchlorate- and Chlorate-Respiring Bacteria -- Logan et al. 67 (6): 2499 -- Applied and Environmental ...
		Biomass yields for acetate were not significantly different with oxygen, chlorate, and perchlorate as electron acceptors.
		of chlorite during the breakdown of chlorate ( 6, 40).
		Reduction of (per) chlorate by a novel organism isolated from a paper mill waste.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/6/2499 (4329 words)

	Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Populations In Sheep Can Be Reduced By Chlorate Supplementation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The intracellular reduction of chlorate to chlorite kills nitrate reductase-positive bacteria; however, species that do not reduce nitrate are not affected by chlorate.
		Therefore, it has been suggested that ruminants be supplemented with chlorate prior to shipment for slaughter in order to reduce foodborne illnesses in human consumers.
		On the basis of these results, it appears that chlorate treatment can be an effective method for the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 populations in ruminant animals immediately prior to slaughter.
	www.cattlefeeder.ab.ca /herd/ahfs20030201.shtml (304 words)

	Tests for Chlorate and Perchlorate
		The ability to test for trace amounts of Chlorate in Perchlorate is particularly useful when it comes to making other Perchlorates from Sodium Perchlorate especially Ammonium Perchlorate as you don't want any Ammonium Chlorate to be formed under any circumstances.
		The presence of small amount of Chlorate in Perchlorate is ok so long as you are aware of the problems/dangers that it poses.
		If the you are testing a very concentrated solution of Sodium Chlorate for the presence of Perchlorate you may mistake the precipitate of K Chlorate that you may get (since the solution is very concentrated).
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Campus/5361/chlorate/tests.html (1577 words)

	Chlorate Discharges from Pulp Mills: An Examination of Effects on River Algal Communities
		This study examined the potential effects of chlorate on natural freshwater, riverine diatom communities characteristic of many livers in western Canada.
		These results indicate that chlorate discharged from new or upgraded pulpmills into freshwater river environments will not cause environmental changes to the dominant algal producers such as diatoms.
		Chlorate toxicity; pulp mill pollution; algal growth; diatoms; river ecology; nitrate uptake.
	www.cciw.ca /wqrjc/27-3/27-3-473.htm (249 words)

	Analysis of products
		The possibility of chlorate contamination of homemade perchlorate is inherent to the process, and a test for the presence of chlorate is then essential.
		It may be used to distinguish between chlorate and perchlorate, but not to determine wheter your homemade perchlorate is pure enough to be handled as pure perchlorate.
		When in the process of purifying chlorates, it is quite usefull to determine wheter the chlorate has been succesfully separated from chlorides or not.
	www.wfvisser.dds.nl /EN/analysis_EN.html (1927 words)

	Heparan sulphate proteoglycans and spinal neurulation in the mouse embryo -- Yip et al. 129 (9): 2109 -- Development
		Chlorate inhibits sulphation of GAGs in cultured mouse embryos.
		Chlorate reduces the sulphation of GAGs in the posterior neuropore region.
		Heparan sulphate staining is reduced dramatically after chlorate treatment (B), whereas chlorate plus heparan sulphate-treated embryos show increased heparan sulphate staining, particularly in the ectodermal basement membrane (C, blue arrows), indicating access of exogenous heparan sulphate to embryonic tissues.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/9/2109 (6563 words)

	Potassium Chlorate Lab Safety Precautions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Heating the solid chlorate Heat the test tube GENTLY for a few minutes, holding the burner in your hand, moving the flame around, and gradually ease the potassium chlorate into melting.
		When the chlorate is solid, it is most difficult to keep in the test tube.
		Once the chlorate is melted, it is easier to control, yet it is extremely dangerous if it does contact a reducing agent such as a piece of paper, wood, or skin.
	www.chemistrycoach.com /potassium_chlorate_lab_safety_pr.htm (921 words)

	Nexen Inc.
		We are the third largest manufacturer of sodium chlorate in North America with five Canadian facilities: Nanaimo, British Columbia; Bruderheim, Alberta; Brandon, Manitoba; Amherstburg, Ontario; and Beauharnois, Quebec.
		Brandon is currently the world’s largest sodium chlorate facility, and has one of the lowest cost structures in the industry, significantly enhancing our competitive position in North America.
		Chlorate production capacity is now 70,213 short-tons per year and chlor-alkali capacity is 109,430 short-tons per year.
	www.nexeninc.com /Operations/Chemicals (512 words)

	Selective Effects of Sodium Chlorate Treatment on the Sulfation of Heparan Sulfate -- Safaiyan et al. 274 (51): 36267 ...
		H]GlcN in the presence or absence of sodium chlorate.
		Differential Effects of Chlorate Treatment on 2-O- and 6-O-Sulfation of NS Domains-- The effects of chlorate treatment on the O -sulfation of NS domains were assessed by anion exchange HPLC analysis of the disaccharide
		A, the overall effects of chlorate on the sulfation of the total HS polymers were assessed using the data in Table I, including the proportions of the different domain types (determined from the data in Fig.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/51/36267 (5097 words)

	chlorate. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
		Commercially, a chlorate is derived when a hot aqueous metal chloride solution is decomposed by electrolysis, forming chlorine gas at the anode and metal hydroxide at the cathode (with evolution of hydrogen); the chlorine reacts with the hydroxide to form the hypochlorite, which decomposes to form the chlorate.
		Potassium chlorate is a colorless crystalline substance that melts at 356°C and decomposes violently at about 400°C. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in making explosives and matches; a mixture of potassium chlorate with phosphorus, sulfur, or any of numerous organic compounds (e.g., charcoal or sugar) explodes upon friction or percussion.
		Perchlorates are safer to handle than chlorates; they are more stable when exposed to heat or shock.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/chlorate.html (498 words)

	THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORATE AND CHLORITE IN DRINKING WATER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A method of determining chlorate and chlorite, capable of detecting low levels, would be of use to those responsible for monitoring drinking water and the operators of treatment works.
		Chlorate and chlorite occur as disinfection by-products during water treatment and so can be present in drinking water.
		Nitrate is an interference on chlorate due to its close elution and high levels of nitrate can raise the limit of detection for chlorate.
	www.fwr.org /waterq/fr0390.htm (244 words)

	Glossary: Chlorate
		The term chlorate can also be used to describe any compound containing the chlorate ion, normally chlorate salts (e.g.
		The chlorate ion is a natural breakdown product of chlorine dioxide (e.g.
		The chlorate ion is a water disinfection byproduct found in drinking water when chlorine dioxide or hypochlorite (a type of chlorine disinfectant) are used as disinfectant.
	www.greenfacts.org /glossary/abc/chlorate.htm (96 words)

	Spectroscopic characterization and ligand-binding properties of chlorite dismutase from the chlorate respiring ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spectroscopic characterization and ligand-binding properties of chlorite dismutase from the chlorate respiring bacterial strain GR-1 -- Hagedoorn et al.
		Spectroscopic characterization and ligand-binding properties of chlorite dismutase from the chlorate respiring bacterial strain GR-1
		a chlorate reductase (EC 1.97.1.1) and a chlorite dismutase
	www.ejbiochem.org /cgi/content/full/269/19/4905 (3663 words)

	Universal Immunoprobe for (Per)Chlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- O'Connor and Coates 68 (6): 3108 -- Applied and ...
		Formation of reductases and enzymes of the formic hydrogenlyase complex in the wild type and in chlorate resistant mutants.
		Chlorate formation during chlorine dioxide bleaching of softwood kraft pulp.
		Chlorate and nitrate reduction in the phototrophic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodobacter sphaeroides.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/6/3108?view=full&pmid=12039773 (3770 words)

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