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Topic: Chloride ion

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	Trace Minerals - Research
		Chloride is a prominent negatively charged ion of the blood, where it represents 70% of the body’s total negative ion content.
		Chloride is a by-product of the reaction between chlorine and an electrolyte, such as potassium, magnesium, or sodium, which are essential for human metabolism.
		Chloride salts are essential for sustaining human metabolism and have none of the effects of isolated chlorine gas.
	www.traceminerals.com /research/chloride.html (1166 words)

	Crystal Structure of Cesium Chloride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ionic radius of the cesium ion is 1.88 angstroms and that of the chloride ion is 1.67 angstroms.
		In this case the cation is the larger ion, and the ratio of radii for the anion and cation is r
		All of the octahedral holes are occupied by cesium ions.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/Crystals/IonicSolids/CsCl.html (250 words)

	Chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule.
		Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion.
		Chloride is found in many household liquids like water and other beverages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chloride (251 words)

	Electrolytes, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Bicarbonate by MedicineNet.com
		Chloride: Chloride is the major anion (negatively charged ion) found in the fluid outside of cells and in blood.
		Increased chloride (hyperchloremia): Elevations in chloride may be seen in diarrhea, certain kidney diseases, and sometimes in overactivity of the parathyroid glands.
		The normal serum range for chloride is 98 - 108 mmol/L. Bicarbonate: The bicarbonate ion acts as a buffer to maintain the normal levels of acidity (pH) in blood and other fluids in the body.
	www.medicinenet.com /electrolytes/article.htm (672 words)

	ionic structures
		The sodium ion in the centre is being touched by 6 chloride ions.
		It doesn't matter whether you end up with a sodium ion or a chloride ion in the centre of the cube - all that matters is that they alternate in all three dimensions.
		Positive ions are attracted to the lone pairs on water molecules and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds may form.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /atoms/structures/ionicstruct.html (1038 words)

	Chlorine
		Chlorides of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are true ionic compounds in which the chlorine exists as the chloride ion.
		The permanganate ion is reduced, and the chloride ion is oxidized to molecular chlorine.
		As is the case with the electrolysis of cold sodium chloride solutions, chlorine gas is produced at the anode and the hyroxide ion is produced at the cathode.
	www.uncp.edu /home/mcclurem/ptable/cl2.htm (603 words)

	Another transmembrane protein structure solved by Rockefeller scientists
		The revelation of the hourglass shape brings new insights to the mechanism by which a chloride ion is stabilized inside the channel.
		Chloride channels sit at the boundary junctures of a cell, allowing negatively charged ions, called anions, to pass through the membrane into the cell cytoplasm or intra-cellular organelles.
		The potassium ion channel, by contrast, is a tetramer, meaning its overall structure comprises four identical or similar subunits.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-01/ru-atp011802.php (930 words)

	Chloride Ion Sensor
		The Chloride Ion Sensor is one of the sensing elements that are coupled to the WESP.
		It measures chloride concentration in concrete to determine the effect of the chloride on the rebar.
		The measurement of the chloride ion is by the use of a molecular imprinted polymer (MIPS) membrane of polypyrrole and polystyrene sulfonate coated over inter-digitated AgCl electrodes.
	www.jhuapl.edu /ott/technologies/technology/articles/P01898.asp (358 words)

	Preparation of organic phosphonium chloride - Patent 6169209
		The chloride ion preferably is derived from an alkali metal chloride such as lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, rubidium chloride, or cesium chloride, an alkaline earth metal chloride such as beryllium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or strontium chloride.
		The chloride ion-containing compound is employed in the form of an aqueous solution in which 1 g of the chloride ion-containing compound is dissolved preferably in 1 to 20 g of water.
		Otherwise, the chloride ion-containing compound can be added to a portion of water in an amount not to reach the saturation concentration, and thus prepared aqueous solution can be mixed with an aqueous mixture solution containing an organic solvent in which a phosphonium bromide and a chloride ion are contained.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6169209.html (5085 words)

	Ion Channels for Beginners Page 4
		The three main groups of ion channels are 1) the voltage-gated channels such as the sodium and potassium channels of the nerve axons and nerve terminals, 2) the extracellular ligand-activated channels which includes channels such as GABA and glycine receptor channels, most of which are regulated by ligands that are "neurotransmitters".
		Chloride channels in excitable tissues function in the same way as the potassium channel in that they serve to "dampen" the electrical excitability of the neuron.
		Chloride channels contribute to processes as diverse as membrane excitability, transepithelial transport, regulation of cell volume and regulation of pH of intracellular organelles.
	opal.msu.montana.edu /cftr/IonChannelPrimers/beginners4.htm (9238 words)

	ChemLab - Chemistry 3/5 - Qualitative Analysis of Anions - Chemistry
		Chloride and iodide ions are formed when a chlorine or iodine atom gains an extra electron, to form a negatively charged ion.
		The sodium and nitrate ions are spectators to the precipitation reaction between silver and chloride ions.
		This is because hypochlorite and chloride ions are in equilibrium with chlorine and hydroxide ions:
	www.dartmouth.edu /~chemlab/chem3-5/qual_an/full_text/chemistry.html (1182 words)

	Corrosion mechanisms of steel reinforcement in concrete
		It was found the presence of calcium nitrite decreased, or in some cases eliminated the potential shifts associated with different chloride ion concentrations in solution, thereby, greatly reducing or eliminating the possibility of galvanic corrosion effects.
		Plain carbon steel specimens were exposed to chloride ion concentration gradients by two chloride solutions on the same piece of steel connected by a salt bridge.
		The resulting models for steel specimens exposed to chloride ion concentration gradients were at varying times indicative of a diffusion controlled reaction, while the models for steel exposed to uniform chloride concentration represented an activation controlled reaction.
	digitalcommons.uri.edu /dissertations/AAI9707387 (323 words)

	ELIT Chloride ISE - Chloride Ion Selective Electrode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Chloride is extracted from butter by heating with dilute nitric acid and measured by direct potentiometry.
		Chloride is extracted from mayonnaise by dissolving in 1Molar nitric acid and measured by direct potentiometry.
		Chloride is extracted from soil by shaking with deionised water and measured by direct potentiometry on the filtered solution.
	www.nico2000.net /analytical/Qchloride.htm (3150 words)

	substitution in complex ions - ligand exchange
		Concentrated hydrochloric acid is used as the source of chloride ions because it provides a very high concentration compared to what is possible with, say, sodium chloride solution.
		Chloride ions are bigger than water molecules, and there isn't room to fit six of them around the central cobalt ion.
		In the presence of chloride ions (for example with chromium(III) chloride), the most commonly observed colour is green.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /inorganic/complexions/ligandexch.html (1332 words)

	Serum Chloride
		When the serum chloride determination by the autoanalyzer is out of proportion to the determination by the chloride titrator technique, the presence of bromide is highly probable, and a serum bromide analysis should be performed.
		The quantity of chloride excreted into the urine (i.e., not reabsorbed by the tubules of the nephron) is not constant, but varies from day to day depending on whether the kidneys are trying to conserve or eliminate chloride.
		The virtual absence of chloride in the urine in the presence of a metabolic alkalosis is a strong indication that total body chloride depletion is present.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=cm.chapter.5559 (2714 words)

	unit01-sect01-les03-knowb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The chemical formula for sodium chloride is NaCl because the 1+ charge of a sodium ion is balanced completely by the 1- charge of a chloride ion and vice versa.
		The iron(II) ion is represented by the symbol Fe The Roman numeral II indicates the charge on the iron ion.
		For example, the ammonium ion is a group of bonded atoms (one nitrogen and four hydrogen atoms) that have lost one electron.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/chem2202/unit01/section01/lesson03/2-know-b.htm (1207 words)

	Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ionic radius of the sodium ion is 1.16 angstroms and that of the chloride ion is 1.67 angstroms.
		The insertion of sodium ions into the octahedral holes causes the structure to expand so that the chloride ions are not in contact with each other.
		All of the octahedral holes are occupied by sodium ions.
	www.chm.davidson.edu /ChemistryApplets/Crystals/IonicSolids/NaCl.html (219 words)

	PITTING CORROSION
		Another chloride ion at the same location then dissolved some more of the passive layer until the bare metal was exposed.
		A similar model was presented along the lines that the chloride ion diffused thorough the passive layer to the metal surface and then caused dissolution of the metal.
		The difference between this mechanism and chloride ion dissolution is the location of the process.
	www.egr.uri.edu /che/course/CHE534w/chapter4PittingCorrosion.htm (2321 words)

	Hydrogen Chloride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These chlorides fume in air and are readily hydrolysed to yield either an acid or an acidic oxide.
		Chlorides are the salts of Hydrochloric Acid, and they are also produced in the direct reaction between their constituent elements.
		In the laboratory, a mixture of Cuprous Chloride, and Hydrochloric Acid, is used for converting Benzene Diazonium Chloride, to Chlorobenzene, in the Sandmeyer Reaction.
	www.ucc.ie /ucc/depts/chem/dolchem/html/comp/hcl.html (823 words)

	Nu EnergyTM Sodium Chloride Ion-valve Technology
		Calcium chloride (used to chlorinate swimming pools) was explored as a possible non-radioactive substitute.
		This reaction generates a potential difference between the carbon cathode cylinder and alloy anode rod that allows energy to be efficiently transported from the sodium chloride ions.
		The anode alloy that is used in Nu Energy™ sodium chloride ion-valves is similar to an alloy that was used in the late 1960's, early 70's, for welding aluminum.
	www.nuenergy.org /alt/sodium_chloride_valve.htm (766 words)

	HHMI News: Ion Channels Enable Bacteria to Resist Stomach Acid
		According to Miller, ion channels from bacteria have proven enormously useful to researchers studying the structure and function of ion channels because the bacteria enable the scientists to produce sufficient quantities of the proteins for their studies.
		As ion channel researchers, weve been so happy at the boon of high-quality protein weve received from these bacterial genomes, that the whole question of why the channels are even there has been largely ignored, said Miller.
		And what switches this bacterial chloride channel to an open state is not a neurotransmitter or voltage change, as is the case with their homologs in the mammalian nervous system, but a high extracellular acid concentration.
	www.hhmi.org /news/miller.html (1066 words)

	Chloride definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Chloride: The major anion (negatively charged substance) in the blood and extracellular fluid (the body fluid that lies outside cells).
		The balance of chloride ion (Cl) is closely regulated by the body.
		Elevations in chloride may be seen in diarrhea, certain kidney diseases, and sometimes in overactivity of the parathyroid glands.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9940 (211 words)

	elec_nuc.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this example, chloride ion is donating a lone pair to form a new bond with carbon.
		The chloride ion is at the origin on the curved arrow that indicates this bond change.
		The chlorine atom that is expelled as chloride ion accepts and electron pair from the S-Cl bond, but it does not make a new covalent bond, so it is neither electrophile or nucleophile.
	web.chem.ucla.edu /~harding/tutorials/elec_nuc/elec_nuc.html (872 words)

	Water Permeability and Chloride Ion Diffusion in Portland Cement Mortars: Relationship to Sand Content and Critical ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The effect of the sand content on the development of pore structure, the permeability to water, and the diffusivity of chloride ions was studied on portland cement mortars.
		An electrically-accelerated concentration cell test was used to determine the coefficient of chloride ion diffusion while a high pressure permeability cell was employed to assess liquid permeability.
		The coefficient of chloride ion diffusion varied linearly with the critical pore radius as determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry while permeability was found to follow a power-law relationship vs. this critical radius.
	ciks.cbt.nist.gov /garbocz/paper64/paper64.html (239 words)

	Lithium chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Li ion acts as a weak Lewis acid under certain circumstances; for example one mole of lithium chloride is capable of absorbing up to four moles of ammonia.
		Lithium chloride may be prepared most simply by reaction of lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
		For a short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured as a substitute for salt, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of the compound were recognised.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lithium_chloride (379 words)

	Common Ion Effect
		We can use the common ion effect when we are doing a gravimetric analysis of Chloride ion in a sample.
		The procedure calls for the precipitation of the chloride ion in the sample to be analyzed using Silver Nitrate.
		Then the silver chloride is filtered and washed, but instead of washing the Silver Chloride with pure water we use a.01 M HCl solution.
	members.aol.com /profchm/comonion.html (677 words)

	Solid-State Half-cell (Mono) and Combination Chloride Electrode (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Duff, E. J., and Stuart "Potentiometric determination of chloride in inorganic orthophosphates in citrate-buffered media" Talanta, 22, 901 (1975) 3.
		Hara, H., Y. Wakizaka, and S. Okazaki "Silver chloride pre-treatment for the direct potentiometric determination of chloride in stream waters using a solid-state chloride ion-selective electrode" Analyst, 110, 1087 (1985) 4.
		Selmer-Olsen, A. R., and A. Oien "Determination of chloride in aqueous soil extracts and water samples by means of a chloride-selective electrode" Analyst, 98, 412 (1973) 8.
	www.weissresearch.com /Chloride.htm (311 words)

	The Common Ion Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Present in silver chloride are silver ions (Ag) and chloride ions (Cl¯;).
		Silver nitrate (which is soluble) has silver ion in common with silver chloride.
		Sodium chloride (also soluble) has chloride ion in common with silver chloride.
	dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us /webdocs/Equilibrium/Common-ion-effect.html (335 words)

	Crystal Structure of a Soluble Form of the Intracellular Chloride Ion Channel CLIC1 (NCC27) at 1.4-A Resolution -- ...
		Chloride ion channels, located both within the plasma membrane and other internal cell membranes (1, 2), are involved
		Chloride channels fall into several classes based on their sequence relationships.
		An unusual feature of the CLIC family of ion channels is that they exist in both soluble and integral membrane forms.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/276/48/44993 (5659 words)

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